INDEPENDENT CLAUSES AND PHRASES.

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pressed would be : Where are your fathers? But by making the phrase your fathers independent, we render it emphatic.

All independent nouns and pronouns are in the nominative

case.

PUNCTUATION. - Independent words, phrases, and clauses are to be set off by commas. (See examples.)

EXAMPLES ANALYZED.

1. "Such, said I, is the vanity of all earthly ambition."

As this diagram shows, the independent clause may be treated as the principal clause, and the main proposition be considered as an object clause. This, however, while grammatically correct, does not properly interpret the true relation of the parts, as it makes that the primary proposition which is designed to be only subordinate.

2. "The sun having set, we were obliged to discontinue our observations."

Analyze in the same manner all the examples in this lesson, and

parse the independent clauses and phrases.

CONSTRUCTION.

Construct three sentences, each containing an independent clause, and

three sentences each containing an independent phrase.

LESSON XCIX.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

Analyze the following compound sentences by diagram and orally. State of what kinds of clauses they are composed. (See Lesson XCI.)

1. The clouds of sorrow gathered round his head, and the tempest of hatred roared about his dwelling.

2. Science may raise thee to eminence, but religion alone can guide thee to felicity.

3. If thou go, see that thou offend not.

4. Discover not a secret to another, lest he that heareth it put thee to shame.

5. Happiness is more equally diffused among mankind than most persons suppose.

6. While every one praises truth and sincerity, how few there are who constantly practice them!

7. The secrets of nature remain so long undiscovered because so many think they know them.

8. When good men rule, the people rejoice; but they mourn under the tyranny of the vicious.

9. Industry brings pleasure; idleness, pain.

10. Favor is deceitful, and beauty is vain; but a woman that feareth the Lord, she shall be praised.

EXAMPLE. -"No man of sense ever took any pains to appear wise, as no honest man ever used tricks to display his own integrity."

SYNOPSIS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW.

OBSERVATIONS.

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3. Leading and subordinate clauses; subordinate clause introduced by if. Leading clause complex.

4. The first clause is the leading clause. The subordinate clause is complex. Put is the subjunctive mood.

5. The second clause is subordinate by comparison, expressed by than. 7. The second clause expresses the cause of what is asserted in the first as a leading proposition. The relation expressed is that of cause and effect.

9. The predicate verb of the second clause is understood. The comma is used to mark its omission.

10. The first part of the second clause of the sentence, a woman that feareth the Lord, is independent by pleonasm.

PUNCTUATION.-1. The semicolon is used to separate clauses when they are divided by commas. (See Sentences 8, 9, and 10.)

2. The comma is used to supply an omitted predicate verb, as in Sentence 9.

LESSON C.

SYNOPSIS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW,

Analysis.

[The numbers refer to those of the lessons.]

1. Sentences.........18, 19

Simple or com

2. As to Use....52 III. Clauses................91

USE OF CAPITALS.

153

LESSON CI.

USE OF CAPITALS.

Capitals should be used in the following cases:

1. In the titles of books, and in the heads of their principal divisions.

EXAMPLES. Pope's Essay on Man. - Brown's Grammar of the English Language. - The Acts of the Apostles. - The Analysis of Sentences.

2. The first word of every sentence, or of any clause or phrase separately numbered, should begin with a capital.

EXAMPLE. Parents should teach their children: 1. The duty of obedience; 2. The importance of industry; 3. The need of per

severance.

3. Names of the Deity should always begin with a capital. EXAMPLES. -God, Jehovah, the Almighty, the Supreme Being, Providence, the All-Wise, the Father, the Great First Cause.

Remark. Pronouns referring to the Deity need not begin with a capital unless they are used emphatically; as, "Shall He who created the ear not hear?" "The Deity revealed himself to Moses."

4. Proper nouns and adjectives, and all titles of office and honor should begin with a capital.

EXAMPLES.-The city of London is the capital of the British Empire. The President of the United States. -New York is situated on the Hudson river. -The prophet Elisha. - The Copernican system.

5. The letters I and O, when used by themselves as words, should be capitals.

EXAMPLE. -"Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O Lord." 6. Every line in a poem should begin with a capital.