LESSON XXXI.

ANALYSIS BY DIAGRAM.

The object of the diagram in the analysis of a sentence is to represent clearly to the eye the structure of the sentence, namely, its entire subject and its entire predicate, and the component parts of each, in their proper relations, as principal parts and adjuncts.

In this representation, the subject noun and the predicate verb are marked by heavy lines, drawn underneath, separated by a double dotted line, which forms the division between the entire subject and the entire predicate. The object is marked by a light line, and separated from the verb by a single dotted line. The adjunct is written below the word to which it belongs, either at the right or left, according to its proper position, separated from it by a perpendicular line and underscored by a light line. The position of the in the above will illustrate this; but it will be more clearly obvious in

In the manner shown above, indicate the analysis of the sentences

here given.

1. The full moon sheds a soft, pale light.

2. The bright sun scorched the green grass.

3. A diligent pupil always makes rapid improvement.

4. The sharp frost killed the young buds.

5. John carelessly lost his nice new book.

6. The frightened horse ran away swiftly.

DECLARATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 45

LESSON XXXII.

DECLARATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.

The predicate verb may be a single word or two or more words.

This will be seen in the following sentences: He went away. Did he go away? He has gone away. He will not go away. Would he have gone away?

The words did, has, will, would, have, etc., are used to help to express some circumstance connected with the being or action denoted by the verb.

The subject and predicate of a sentence may be combined in several ways: 1. To declare some fact; 2. To ask a question; 3. To express an exclamation; and 4. To give a command. Therefore, sentences are of four kinds: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative sentences.

A declarative sentence is one in which the predicate affirms or denies.

An interrogative sentence is one in which the predicate asks a question.

Of the above sentences, which are declarative, and which are interrogative?

Sentences are made interrogative by a slight change in the order of the words, or in the form of the predicate verb. Thus :

Declarative.

1. The moon is rising.

2. Henry has gone home.

3. John learns fast.

4. William went away.

Interrogative.

5. Is the moon rising?
6. Has Henry gone home?
7. Does John learn fast?
8. Did William go away?

To analyze an interrogative sentence, first put it in the form of

a declarative sentence, but without changing the verb. Thus:

Did William's brother recite his lessons well to-day?

Change the following declarative sentences to interrogative sen

tences, and analyze each by diagram.

1. My father will leave town to-morrow.

2. The European steamer made a short passage.

3. The idle boy did not study his lessons carefully.

4. The diligent pupil will always make great progress.

PUNCTUATION. -Interrogative sentences must always be fol

lowed by an interrogation point.

LESSON XXXIII.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES.

An imperative sentence is one that expresses a command or an entreaty.

In imperative sentences the subject is generally omitted.

It is understood to be the pronoun thou or you.

The following are examples of imperative sentences :

1. Read your book silently.

2. Now go away immediately.

3. Stop that runaway horse.

4. Do not remain away long.

5. John, study your lesson carefully.

The word John, in the last of these sentences, simply shows who the subject is. It forms no part of the structure of the sentence, and is, therefore, said to be independent.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES.

47

PUNCTUATION. - The name of a person addressed should be set off by the comma; as, "Tell me, William, if you can."

Exercise.

Write the analysis of the above five imperative sentences in diagram form.

The parenthesis indicates that the subject is understood; the brackets, that the noun William is independent.

LESSON XXXIV.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES.

An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses

some strong emotion, or a mere exclamation.

Exclamatory sentences often contain interjections.

The following are examples of exclamatory sentences:

1. How fast the horse runs !

2. O! how wrongly you have acted!

3. What a delightful time we had !

4. How wickedly and cruelly some people act ! 5. What a bad disposition that boy has !

Very often the words in such sentences need to be transposedthat is, placed in the same order as in declarative sentences. Thus, Sentence 4 transposed is, Some people act how wickedly and cruelly; and Sentence 5, That boy has what a bad disposition.

PUNCTUATION.- Exclamatory sentences should be followed

by the note of exclamation. (See Lesson XXVII.)

Exercise.

Put in diagram form the above five exclamatory sentences.

MODEL.

"Alas! how shamefully they have treated their friends!”

What is the analysis of a sentence? How is it made? What is the principal part of the subject? Of the predicate? What are adjuncts? How is a sentence built up? How is a sentence analyzed by diagram? In how many ways may the subject and predicate be combined? What is a declarative sentence? An interrogative sentence? An imperative sentence? An exclamatory sentence? What is the punctuation of each? What is the subject of an imperative sentence? What is transposition? When is it needed?

LESSON XXXV.

ORAL ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

After the sentence has been placed in diagram form, the pupil should be required to give an oral analysis of it. The following is an example. (For diagram, see Lesson XXXI.)

The good pupil thoroughly studies English history. Oral Analysis. This is a declarative sentence. The subject is the good pupil; the predicate, thoroughly studies English history. The subject noun is pupil, and its adjuncts are the and good. The