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REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS.

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The preperfect participle is always formed by prefixing having to the perfect participle; as, having seen, having

written.

A phrase beginning with a participle is called a participial phrase.

Exercises.

Analyze in diagram form the following sentences. Write a list of the participles, putting to the right of each the class to which it belongs.

MODEL.

Having received a serious injury, he was confined to his bed for a long time.

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The relation of the participle and its object is indicated in this diagram

by the single dotted line.

1. Being afraid, I could not make so great a venture.

2. Loving his parents fondly, he would not treat them disre

spectfully.

3. Playing at ball, he met with a very serious accident.

4. Having returned from the country, he resumed his work. 5. Being disturbed at the news, he immediately returned home. 6. He stood dismayed at the sight of so much suffering.

LESSON LXVI.

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS.

A complete verb has four principal parts: the present (infinitive), the preterit (imperfect indicative), the imperfect participle, and the perfect participle.

There are a few verbs that want some of these parts, and are therefore called defective verbs.

A regular verb is one that forms its preterit and perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, love, loved, loved. An irregular verb is one that does not form its preterit and perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, think, thought, thought; see, saw, seen.

Verbs that have both regular and irregular forms are called redundant verbs; as, dress, dressed, dressed, or, dress, drest, drest.

As the imperfect participle is always formed the same way, we need to know only the preterit and perfect participle of a verb to be able to form all its tenses.

For a complete list of irregular and redundant verbs, see APPENDIX.

SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF THE VERB See.

Principal Parts. Pres., See; Pret., Saw; Perf. Part.,

Seen.

Indicative Mood.-I see, I saw, I have seen, I had seen, I shall see, I shall have seen.

Potential Mood. -I may, can, or must see; I might, could, would, or should see; I may, can, or must have seen; I might, could, would, or should have seen.

Subjunctive Mood. (If) I see, (if) I saw.

Imperative Mood.-See (thou or you). (2d Pers. Sing.)

Exercise.

Write a similar synopsis for the following verbs, the principal

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PERSON AND NUMBER OF VERBS.

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LESSON LXVII.

PERSON AND NUMBER OF VERBS.

The person and number of verbs are those modifications which depend on the person and number of the subject.

The modifications, or inflections, for this purpose are very few. Those proper to the first person, singular, have already been given. The second person, singular, requires the ending st or est in the form of the verb itself, or in that of the auxiliary; except in the sujunctive mood.

Shall and will, however, are changed to shalt and wilt. Moreover, will in the second and third persons expresses the same as shall in the first person, namely, simply a future event; while will in the first person, and shall in the second and third person, imply the exercise of will or determination on the part of the speaker or writer.

The forms of all three persons, in the plural number, are the same as those of the first person, singular.

SYNOPSIS OF Love (Second Person, Singular).

Indicative. Thou lovest or dost love, lovedst or didst love, hast loved, hadst loved, shalt or wilt love, shalt or wilt have loved.

Potential.-Thou mayst, canst, or must love; mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst love; mayst, canst, or must have loved; mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have loved.

Subjunctive. (If) thou love, (if) thou loved. The third person, singular, in the present tense, indicative mood, adds s to to the verb; as, He loves, he sees, he thinks, he does.

The third person singular, in solemn style, often has the ending th instead of s; as, he loveth, he goeth, he hath, he doth.

In the verb have, the regular forms of the second and third persons, singular, are contracted into hast and has; as, I have, thou hast, he has (instead of havest and haves).

Exercise.

Write a synopsis of the tenses of the following verbs, in the person and number specified.

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THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, numbers, and participles.

The following is an example.

Conjugation of the Verb BE.

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