point regarding which I consulted you. And while so doing, you have confirmed my own judgment,-perhaps too liable to be swayed by partiality,-by expressing your conviction that this work is calculated to advance the reputation of its author.

Long may you be spared to be, as now, the life and soul of those scientific pursuits so successfully carried on in your own district! Many a happy field-day may you enjoy in connexion with that Society of which you are the honoured president. Would that all associations throughout our country were as harmless in their methods of finding recreation, as invigorating to body and mind, and as beneficial in their results to the cause of science! In exploring the beautiful fields, and woods, and sunny slopes of Worcestershire and Herefordshire, in earnest and healthful communings with nature, and, I trust, with nature's God,--the perennial springs of whose bounty are seldom quaffed in this manner as they ought to be,-I trust that much, much happiness is in store for you and for the other gentlemen of the Malvern Club,1 to whom, as well as to yourself, I owe a debt of grateful remembrance.

And for the still higher and nobler work which God has given you to do, may He grant you no stinted measure of His abundant grace, to enable you to perform it aright.

Ever believe me, dear Sir,

Yours most faithfully,

LYDIA MILLER.

1 The Malvern Club devotes stated periods,-monthly, I think,-to rambles over twenty or thirty miles of country, when the naturalists of whom it is composed,botanists, geologists, etc.,-carry on the researches of their various departments separately, or in little groups of two or three, as they may desire. They all dine afterwards together at an inn or farmhouse, as the case may be, where they relate the adventures of the day, discuss their favourite topics, and compare their newlyfound treasures. As a consequence of this, the Malvern Museum is a perfect model of what a local museum ought to be. There is no town or district of country where a few young men, possessing the advantage of an occasional holiday, might not thus associate themselves with the utmost advantage both to themselves and others.

CONTENTS.

LECTURE FIRST.

Junction of Geologic and Human History-Scottish History of Modern Date

-The Two Periods previous to the Roman Invasion: the Stone Age

and the Bronze Age-Geological Deposits of these Prehistoric Periods→

The Aboriginal Woods of Scotland-Scotch Mosses consequences of the

Roman Invasion-How formed-Deposits, Natural and Artificial, found

under them-The Sand Dunes of Scotland-Human Remains and Works

of Art found in them-An Old Church disinterred in 1835 on the Coast

of Cornwall-Controversy regarding it-Ancient Scotch Barony under-

lying the Sand-The Old and New Coast Lines in Scotland-Where

chiefly to be observed-Geology the Science of Landscape-Scenery of

the Old and New Coast Lines-Date of the Change of Level from the

Old to the New Coast Line uncertain-Beyond the Historic, but within

the Human Period-Evidences of the fact in remains of Primitive Wea-

pons and Ancient Boats-Changes of Level not rare events to the

Geologist-Some of these enumerated-The Boulder-Clay-Its preva-

lence in the Lowlands of Scotland-Indicated in the Scenery of the

Country-The Scratchings on the Boulders accounted for-Produced by

the Grating of Icebergs when Scotland was submerged-Direction in

which Icebergs floated, from West to East-Crag and Tail,' the effect of

it-Probable Cause of the Westerly Direction of the Current,

LECTURE SECOND.

Problem first propounded to the Author in a Quarry-The Quarry's Two

Deposits, Old Red Sandstone and Boulder Clay-The Boulder-Clay

formed while the Land was subsiding-The Groovings and Polishings of

the Rocks in the Lower Parts of the Country evidences of the fact-Sir

Charles Lyell's Observations on the Canadian Lake District-Close of

the Boulder-Clay Record in Scotland-Its Continuance in England into

the Pliocene Ages-The Trees and Animals of the Pre-Glacial Periods-

Elephants' Tusks found in Scotland and England regarded as the Re-

mains of Giants-Legends concerning them-Marine Deposits beneath

PAGE

I-43

the Pre-Glacial Forests of England-Objections of Theologians to the

Geological Theory of the Antiquity of the Earth and of the Human

Race considered-Extent of the Glacial Period in Scotland-Evidences of

Glacial Action in Glencoe, Gareloch, and the Highlands of Sutherland-

Scenery of Scotland owes its Characteristics to Glacial Action-The

Period of Elevation which succeeded the Period of Subsidence-Its

Indications in Raised Beaches and Subsoils-How the Subsoils and Brick

Clays were formed-Their Economic Importance-Boulder-Stones inter-

esting Features in the Landscape-Their prevalence in Scotland-The

more remarkable Ice-travelled Boulders described-Anecdotes of the

'Travelled Stone of Petty' and the Standing-Stone of Torboll-Eleva-

tion of the Land during the Post-Tertiary Period which succeeded the

Period of the Boulder-Clay-The Alpine Plants of Scotland the Vege-

table Aborigines of the Country-Panoramic View of the Pleistocene

and Post-Tertiary Periods-Modern Science not adverse to the Develop-

ment of the Imaginative Faculty,

PAGE

44-80

LECTURE THIRD,

The Poet Delta (Dr. Moir)-His Definition of Poetry-His Death-His

Burial-place at Inveresk-Vision, Geological and Historical, of the Sur-

rounding Country-What it is that imparts to Nature its Poetry-The

Tertiary Formation in Scotland-In Geologic History all Ages contem-

porary-Amber the Resin of the Pinus succinifer-A Vegetable Produc-

tion of the Middle Tertiary Ages-Its Properties and Uses-The Masses

of Insects enclosed in it-The Structural Geology of Scotland-Its Trap

Rock-The Scenery usually associated with the Trap Rock-How formed

-The Cretaceous Period in Scotland-Its Productions-The Chalk De-

posits-Death of Species dependent on Laws different from those which

determine the Death of Individuals-The Two great Infinites,

81-120

LECTURE FOURTH.

The Continuity of Existences twice broken in Geological History-The three

great Geological Divisions representative of three independent Orders of

Existences-Origin of the Wealden in England-Its great Depth and

high Antiquity-The question whether the Weald Formation belongs to

the Cretaceous or the Oolitic System determined in favour of the latter

by its Position in Scotland-Its Organisms, consisting of both Salt and

Fresh-Water Animals, indicative of its Fluviatile Origin, but in proximity

to the Ocean-The Outliers of the Weald in Morayshire-Their Organisms

-The Sabbath-Stone of the Northumberland Coal Pits-Origin of its

Name The Framework of Scotland-The Conditions under which it may

have been formed-The Lias and the Oolite produced by the last great

Upheaval of its Northern Mountains-The Line of Elevation of the Low-

land Counties-Localities of the Oolitic Deposits of Scotland-Its Flora

and Fauna-History of one of its Pine Trees-Its Animal Organisms-

A Walk into the Wilds of the Oolite Hills of Sutherland,

121-152

LECTURE FIFTH.

The Lias of the Hill of Eathie-The Beauty of its Shores-Its Deposits,

how formed-Their Animal Organisms indicative of successive Platforms

of Existences-Laws of Generation and of Death-The Triassic System

-Its Economic and Geographic Importance-Animal Footprints, but no

Fossil Organisms, found in it-The Science of Ichnology originated in this

fact-Illustrated by the appearance of the Compensation Pond, near Edin-

burgh, in 1842-The Phenomena indicated by the Footprints in the

Triassic System-The Triassic and Permian Systems once regarded as

one, under the name of the New Red Sandstone-The Coal Measures in

Scotland next in order of Succession to the Triassic System-Differences

in the Organisms of the two Systems-Extent of the Coal Measures of

Scotland-Their Scenic Peculiarities-Ancient Flora of the Carboniferous

Period-Its Fauna-Its Reptiles and Reptile Fishes-The other Organisms

of the Period-Great Depth of the System-The Processes by which

during countless Ages it had been formed,

PAGE

153-194

LECTURE SIXTH.

Remote Antiquity of the Old Red Sandstone--Suggestive of the vast Tracts

of Time with which the Geologist has to deal-Its great Depth and Extent

in Scotland and England-Peculiarity of its Scenery-Reflection on first

discovering the Outline of a Fragment of the Asterolepis traced on one

of its Rocks-Consists of Three Distinct Formations-Their Vegetable

Organisms-The Caithness Flagstones: how formed-The Fauna of the

Old Red Sandstone-The Pterichthys of the Upper or Newest Formation

-The Cephalaspis of the Lower Formation-The Middle Formation the

most abundant in Organic Remains-Destruction of Animal Life in the

Formation sudden and violent-The Asterolepis and Coccosteus-The

Silurian the Oldest of the Geologic Systems-That in which Animal and

Vegetable Life had their earliest beginnings-The Theologians and

Geologists on the Antiquity of the Globe-Extent of the Silurian System

in Scotland-The Classic Scenery of the Country situated on it-Com-

paratively Poor in Animal and Vegetable Organisms-The Unfossiliferous

Primary Rocks of Scotland-Its Highland Scenery formed of them-

Description of Glencoe-Other Highland Scenery glanced at-Probable

Depth of the Primary Stratified Rocks of Scotland-How deposited-

Speculations of Philosophers regarding the Processes to which the Earth

owes its present Form-The Author's Views on the subject,

• 195-240

BRAAMBURY, QUARRY OF, UPPER OOLITE, SUTHERLAND,

BREWSTER, SIR DAVID, ON THE CUTTLE-FISH AND BELEMNITE,

BRORA COAL-FIELD OTHER THAN THE TRUE COAL-MEASURES,

BRORA PEAT-MOSSES OF THE OOLITE,

257

309

252

256

281

CAUTION TO GEOLOGISTS ON THE FINDING OF REMAINS,
CLAY-BED OF THE NORTHERN SUTOR, LESSON TO YOUNG GEOLO-
GISTS,

CONGENERS OF THE CUTTLE-FISH, BELEMNITE, ETC.,

276

CROMARTY, CAVES OF, OR THE ART OF SEEING OVER THE ART