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NATIVITY OF THE POPULATION.-One of the most interesting results of the census is the classification of inhabitants according to the countries of their birth, presented, in an authentic shape, in No. 5 of the accompanying tables.

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This view of the living immigrant population is important, as serving to correct many extravagant notions which have attained extensive currency.

Another interesting branch of this inquiry, is that which concerns the inter-migrations of our native citizens among the states. The tables presenting a view of this movement will be most useful and valuable, in tracing the progress of different portions of the country. The facts developed will show how far one section has impressed its own characteristics and peculiar customs on others. It is found, that out of 17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated birth. Three hundred and thirty-five and settled beyond the states of their thousand natives of Virginia, equal to twenty-six per cent. of the whole, have found homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth one hunthirty-six per cent. of all the native citidred and sixty-three thousand, which is zens of that state living in the United States at the date of the census, and the very remarkable proportion of 59 per cent. of those remaining in the state of their nativity, North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabitants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among the Northern states, Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settlement of other parts of the country. Their proportion, about 25 per cent. of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the Southern States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter admitted as an element of the calculations. But the roving tendency of our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, and each succeeding census will prove ..278,675 that it is diminishing. When the fertile 70,550 plains of the West shall have been filled 54,069 up, and men of scanty means cannot, by 29,868 a mere change of location, acquire a - 95,022 homestead, the inhabitants of each state 2,210,828 will become comparatively stationary, and our countrymen will exhibit the same attachment to the homes of their childhood, the want of which is sometimes cited as an unfavorable trait in our national character.

We are thus enabled to discover, for the first time, of what our nation is composed. The investigations under this head have resulted in showing that of the free inhabitants of the United States, 17,736,792 are natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born in foreign countries, while the nativity of 39,227 could not be determined. It is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number of foreign-born inhabitants were residents of the free states, and 245,310 of the slave states. It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent. of the whole free population. The countries from which have been derived the largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the following statement:

Natives of Ireland in United States in 1850.. 961,719
Germany
.573,225
England

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The Deaf, Dumb and Blind-Age, Sex, Color and Condition.

DEAF AND DUMB.-No one thing, perhaps, better proves the value of the statistical details connected with our census, than its efficacy in pointing out the number of the unfortunate who come within the above designation, and who are unable to make known their own wants. Not only does it give us the aggregate in each state and in our whole country, but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes in the United States, that those who have been led to make their condition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each. It will appear from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored

133

to 632, of which 489 are slaves. The census of 1840 returned the number of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to create an opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the colored population of the North than among the whites; in fact, there were, by the census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes among the colored is less than among the white population; and among the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free colored one to each 3,005; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552.

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Total..

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.5,027 4,058 78 65 276 213 9,717 4,519 3,478 289 255 562 649 9,702

The directors of several institutions United States. Such a work would be for the deaf and dumb memorialized Congress, at its last session, to provide for the publication of a small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given the name, age, sex, residence, occupation, &c., of each deaf mute in the

of great value to such institutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it would be specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hundreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to

proclaim their wants the blessings of in- respecting the colored blind existed struction. In addition to its beneficent with the last census, as has been shown effects upon the afflicted, the information to exist respecting the deaf and dumb. thus imparted would furnish many inter- We present a table giving the numbers esting details, useful in a practical point and proportions of the deaf and dumb, of view. The method of deaf mute in- blind, insane, and idiotic, among the struction was introduced from Europe white, free colored and slaves, respectivethirty-five years ago. To study into the ly. From this table it will be seen that improvements effected there within that muteness and insanity are more prevatime, institutions in this country have lent among the whites, and blindness sent, at different periods, commissioners and idiocy among the colored. Among into different portions of Europe, and the the white population there appears to be result of their investigations appears to one blind person for each 2,445 persons; have led to the conclusion, "that in the among the free colored, one to each 870; matter of intellectual instruction we have and among the slaves, one to each very little to learn from European schools; 2,645. while in the very important point of religious instruction they are painfully inferior."

BLIND. By the preceding table, it will be seen that the number of persons in the United States who are destitute of sight is 9,702, of which 7,997 are white, and 1,705 colored-of which latter 1,211 are slaves. By the census of 1840, the number of white blind persons in the United States was returned at 5,030; the colored do., 1,892. The same error

INSANE..

An analysis with respect to native and foreign population, made from the returns, by Harvey P. Peet, LL. D., presents the fact that the blind and insane are much more numerous among our foreign population, which he attributes to "homesickness, change of climate, and the various hardships of an emigrant's lot," which have a strong influence in inducing insanity, and perhaps blindness.

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-IDIOTIC.

F. CL'D. SLAVES.

AggreM. F. M. F. M. F. gate.

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The Insane and Idiotic-Education-Pauperism.

135

institutions of the country on the first of June, 1850, or at the rate of one in every five free persons. The teachers number more than 115,000, and the colleges and schools near 100,000. We will endeavor to furnish, in a few weeks, a detailed statement of the condition of the American people as respects education, to which time it will be proper to defer extended remarks.

PAUPERISM.-No state in the Union is without its legal provisions for the protection and support of the indigent population. In many states they receive a care and attention which places them in an enviable condition compared with some of the laboring classes of other countries.

INSANE AND IDIOTIC.-The number of insane persons in the United States is given at 15,768-of whom 15,156 are whites, 321 free colored, and 291 slaves. The number of idiots returned is 15,706, distributed as follows: whites, 14,230; free colored, 436; slaves, 1,040. Total insane and idiotic, 31,474. Total whites, 29,386; total blacks, 2,086. By the census of 1840, these two classes of persons were returned together, (although not generally so understood,) and presented the following numbers: white insane and idiotic, 14,508; colored insane and idiotic, 2,926-total, 17,434. The returns make it appear that, with the white population in the United States there exists one insane person for each 1,290 individuals; among the free co- By the table annexed to this report lored, one to each 1,338; and among it will be perceived that the whole numthe slaves, one to each 11,010. With ber of persons who have received the respect to idiocy, the white population benefit of the public funds of the difpresents one to each 1,374 persons; the ferent states for the relief of indigent free colored, one to each 985; and persons, amounts to 134,972. Of this among the slaves, one to each 3,080. number there were 68,538 of foreign birth, and 66,434 Americans, while of the whole number receiving support on the first day of June, there were 36,916 natives, and 13,437 foreigners, making a total of 50,353 persons. Of those termed Americans, many are free persons of color. The entire cost of the support of these individuals during the year has amounted to $2,954,806. This aggregate may seem startling to persons who have paid but little attention to pauper statistics in our own and other countries; and it may be useful, and perhaps not amiss, to compare these facts with results as they are officially developed abroad.

Want of time will not permit a sufficiently detailed examination to arrive at the causes which present these unfortunate beings in such greater number than they appeared in 1840. From the manner of taking the census of 1850, they could not be rated higher than their actual numbers; and it follows, therefore, that the returns in 1840 must have been deficient, or that an error occurred in placing the figures in the tables. A more particular examination of both sets of returns will be made, previous to the printing of the seventh census, in which it is hoped the discrepancy will be satisfactorily explained. Throughout our In 1818, about $39,000,000, and during country increased attention is being the years 1832, 33, and '34, more than paid to the amelioration of the condition $100,000,000 was expended for the reof this class of our population, a feeling lief and maintenance of the poor of Engkept in active operation, and made to land and Wales, exclusive of the imyield continually practical fruits, mainly mense expenditure of the poor-law adthrough the instrumentality and devoted ministration in the unions and parishes. zeal of one American lady, whose In 1842 and '43, the amount of $50,000,reputation is not limited, and whose 000, and during each of the years 1847, influence is not confined to her native '48, and '49, there was expended $28,country. 500,000 in England and Wales.

EDUCATION. It was intended to accompany this report with a tabular statement presenting the statistics of education in the United States. We are compelled to defer such table to a future period for want of time to complete it. It may be satisfactory to state that near 4,000,000 youth were receiving instruction in the various educational

The entire number of paupers relieved by the public funds in England and Wales for nine years, from 1840 to 1848 inclusive, amounted to 13,193,425, equal to 1,649,178 persons per annum. In 1848, the number relieved was 1,876,541, by which it appears that one person in every eight was a pauper. The average number of those annually relieved, who are

public support. It appears, from a report of Mr. Duchatel, Minister of Commerce, that 695,932 persons received public alms at their own houses.

The Netherlands, in 1827, with a population of 6,167,000, contained 11,400 charitable institutions, which contributed to the support of 1,214,055 persons, about one fifth of the entire population.

States.
Maine

represented to have been "adult and
able-bodied paupers," amounted to more
than 477,000; and it is, on British author-
ity, asserted that in 1848 more than
2,000,000 persons in England and Wales
were kept from starvation by relief from
public and private sources. The total
public expenditure for the poor in Eng-
land and Ireland in 1848, amounted to
$42,750,000. Within the past seventeen
years, the poor-law fund expended in
England and Wales amounted to $426,-
600,000. This enormous expenditure,
accompanied as it is by immense private
contributions, falls far short of relieving
the wants of the poor of Great Britain.
While her population embraces a large
number of persons of princely estates,
and other classes composed of individu-
als of every variety of income, combin-
ing with it ease, comfort, and elegance,
the statistics of the nation prove that the
substratum of pauperism or want is of a
magnitude alarming to the English mor-
alist and thinker, as well as the states-
man, and of an extent and nature har-
rowing to all. The expenses of the or-
ganized benevolent institutions of France
amounted, in 1847, to 52,000,000 francs.
The number of distressed persons reliev-
ed amounted to about 450,000 annually.
We have no means of arriving approx-
imately at the number of paupers in Indiana
France, as the institutions above refer-
red to are confined to the cities and Missouri.
large towns, while among the rural com-
munes, which contain several millions
of landed proprietors, there are large
numbers of persons in the receipt of

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N. Hampshire. 2,853
Vermont.. 2,043 1.641 1,565 314
Massachusetts 6.530 9,247 4,059 1,490
Rhode Island. 1.115 1,445
Connecticut... 1,872
New-York....19,275 40.580 5,755
New-Jersey.
Delaware.....
Maryland... 2,591 1,903 1,681
Virginia.
N. Carolina... 1,913
S. Carolina... 1,313
Florida

1.816 576 1,339
Pennsylvania.. 5,898 5,653 2,654
569 128 240

Dis. of Col....

Georgia.

Alabama..
Mississippi....
Louisiana..

4.933

93,110

239

1,157

232,138

33

17,730

320

71,668

185 4.356

102

151,722

18 1,567

13

60,085

329 1,113

180

48,337

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Tennessee.

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Texas.
Arkansas..
Kentucky.

Ohio.
Michigan..

Illinois

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Wisconsin.
California..

Territories....

Aggregate..66,434 68,538 36,916 13,437 2,954,806

ART. V.-SHALL THE VALLEYS OF THE AMAZON AND THE MISSISSIPPI RECIPROCATE TRADE?

THE subject of South American trade, and especially that of the great empire of the Amazon, has been pressed by us in the Review, through the able pen of Lieut. Maury and others, with zeal and earnestness for many months past, and now that Congress is in session, we cannot allow the matter to flag. The following contribution presents many additional views which are new and striking, and deserving of serious consideration:

We now come to consider the means

this great Amazonian water-shed are to be developed, and the measures and steps which the policy of commerce suggests for securing to the world the free navigation of the Amazon.

The triumphs of commerce are peaceful; its achievements are seen in the spreading of civilization, in the march of civil and religious freedom, and in the dispensation of thrift, prosperity, and wealth among nations, as well as to individuals.

From the statements which I have aland modes by which the resources of ready made, all must admit that the

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