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show of goods, though it had an unfavorable feature attached to it-in so far as it was bazaar, anything and everything was saleable, if purchasers presented themselves. Consequent ly, many of the stalls were emptied of their contents keg before the time of closing. A11 again it was indissolubly conected with a great politica movement, which drove ne into two antagonistic parties. and gave a party coloring to a industrial development.

It was held in the Conve Garden Theatre in old Crow: street, and was a grand affair.

In 1847 Belgium came fr ward, with her Eposition d Industrie Belge. It was the third exhibition after Belgan became politically severed from Holland, and it received all the eclat which the presence:

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were exhibited on the quay, in the Nouvel Entrepot, a large edifice connected with commercial matters. Here Brussels lace was shown, so exquisitely fine that one pound's wegh of it was valued at 3,500 francs. Linen thread worth three times its weight in pure gold. This is a striking example of the manner in which labor imparts value to raw material.

the seventh and eighth expositions, Charles X. was expelled, | royalty and of official dignitaries could give. The gox1 and Louis Philippe elected to the monarchy. The eighth exposition was held in the Place de la Concorde. The ninth was held in 1839, in a building erected for the purpose in the great square (Carre de Marigny) of the Champs Elysees, and comprised a grand hall for the textile product of Mulhausen, a gallery and eight long apartments. It occupied an area of 120,000 square English feet, and cost £14,500. This exposition lasted sixty days. France had her tenth exhibition in 1844. The arrangements were on a grand scale, a scale which the French know how to adopt in their public demonstrations whether in war or at peace.

The spot selected was in the Champs Elysees, the Hyde Park of Paris. Twenty thousand square yards were covered with products of French industry. The hours for the general public were between twelve and four o'clock, but private admissions were obtained at an earlier hour by means of tickets. Any stranger showing his passport was admitted. It required galleries whose aggregate length was five miles, to display the contents of this building. In the centre there was a colossal statue of St. Louis, which served as a sort of guide in traversing the

numerous avenues.

Scanning the other nations, we find that Bavaria was the first country to provide a permanent building for the holding of Industrial Exhibitions.

England had had many attempts at Industrial expositions, prior to the date of which we write. Manchester in 1839 had a fair of this sort, to which the gentry and others lent, for the time being, whatever they thought would be of interest. Leeds, the woolen metropolis, followed with a similar exhibition. Then came the Free Trade Bazaar in 1845, which was a highly creditable

Later, in 1849, the French repeated the Exposition on the site of the one of 1844, between the great avenue of the Champs Elysees and the river Seine, but the building was much larger. It was about 675 long by 328 feet wide, exclusive of the space occupied by the agricultural department. Around the four sides of the building extended a galley o feet wide divided into two avenues by a double range of pilaster. Through this vast gallery the goods were di played.

Birmingham held an exposition the same year, at which electro plate, which now constitutes such an important department of trade, was first shown. Here, too, papier machi was first shown. Bronze castings constituted a very impor

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authority says: "Persons who have rooms to let are persuading themselves that a golden harvest is to be gathered. We presume to advise caution; although there will be a great influx of visitors, their stay will be short, and most of them will be content with humble accommodation."

Something about the price charged at the London Exhibition may be found interesting: Season tickets for gentlemen, £3 35.; and for ladies, £2 25. These cards were not transferable, and were the only admissions available for the first day. On the second and third days the rate of admission was one guinea for each person. From the fourth to the twenty-second the price was five shillings; on the twenty-sixth day the price was one shilling. The first trial of the Irish at exhibitions occurred in 1853, both at Cork and Dublin.

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VIENNA EXHIBITION, MAIN BUILDING-1873.

tant feature of this exhibition. More than 200,000 people visited this exposition, and it was very successful. Following this came the Exposition of works of Industry and Art, held in London in 1851. The Society of Arts originated the idea in August, 1849, and it became a settled plan in the month following. The Exhibition was arranged and conducted by the Council of this Society, and received no financial aid from the Government.

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The Prince Consort extended his patronage. No grant of public money was either looked for or hoped for. An immense sum was needed, but it was furnished from private capital. Speaking of this an authority says: The sum required is an immense one, but it is absolutely insignificant when considered with reference to the mighty interests the Exposition is to foster, strengthen and extend."

These persons gave little thought to the moneyed considerations, the paramount idea being that the Exhibition would give them a true test and a living picture of the point of development at which the whole of mankind had arrived in this great task, and a new starting-point from which all nations would be able to direct their future exertions.

This view was certainly the exponent of great truths. Knowledge is power, and through this Exhibition a knowledge of the various products of the earth would be obtained; again the application of science to the development of these, and the forms of beauty in which art can clothe them. From this distribution the knowledge of the boundless wealth of a nation would be obtained, and the necessity of union among nations for mutual protection. Skill was improved by comparison, and how to supply wants taught by observed deficiencies.

The building was erected in Hyde Park, London, and was 2,000 feet long, a little more than 300 feet across, with a roofed area of 900,000 square feet, or about 20 acres. The total cubic contents of the building was 33,000,000 feet, and the cost £150,000. America had 80,000 square feet in this building for her products.

Speaking of the accommodation of visitors in London, an

Following these came Munich, in 1854, with 4:4 acres ; Paris, in 1855, 221 acres; Manchester, in 1857, with 3.9 acres; Florence, in 1861, 63 acres; London again in 1862, with 256 acres; Amsterdam, in 1864, 10-2 acres; Paris, in 1867, with 31 acres; Vienna, in 1873, with 56.5 acres, and New York with 4:4 acres.

Restricting ourselves to this mere mention of the above, it may be added that Expositions became "catching" in '59, and the rivalry, while of peace and goodwill, was still very great. Money was not deemed of value when considered with reference to the great productive interest such expositions were to extend and strengthen. The Centennial Exposition will show the strength of the still young Republic.

Which is not stooped and decrepid as a century of years makes humanity but full of mental and physical activity, ready, with a piled up Pelion of renown, to start into a second century from the very summit of fame.

The Centennial City-There is one important respect in which our Exposition differs from all that have gone before. They were Expositions of Industrial Achievements, of the Progress of the Peoples of the World in Industrial Appliances and Pursuits, in Household Utensils and Manufacturing Apparatus, in the small Conveniences for Family Life and massive Machinery for Mines, Factories, etc.—ours is all this and more: it is a grand National Birthday Commemoration, a Celebration of the Memorable Events which attended and distinguished the Creation of a Nation on a new and untried Basis, its Entrance upon a new and untried Plan of Life, its Embarkation upon an unknown Ocean with no Chart or Compass derived from Experience of other Nations-nay, it is a glorious showing of the Marvelous Progress and Stupendous Development of our Republic during its First Hundred Years, Progress and Development which

THE STATE HOUSE IN 1774.

illustrate the superiority of a Pure and Genuine Democracy | public's Birth she pre-
over all other schemes of National Government and Polity,
and which attest the singular Wisdom and Sagacity of the
American Giants of a Hundred Years Ago in constructing
our Grand Ship of State and mapping out her course when
she was embarking upon a cruise unexampled in the history
of National Navigation.

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serves with jealous care
the old State-House,
better known as the
famous 'INDEPEN-
DENCE HALL," with
the hallowed" Liberty
Bell;" the unpretend
ing house wherein
lodged Thomas Jeffer-
son, and wherein he

Were this commemorative feature wanting, and were the American International Exhibition purely an Industrial Exposition, Philadelphia, as the first Industrial City, the great Manufacturing Centre, of the American Republic, would have been eminently the proper place for such an exhibit-wrote the Certificate but, as this commemorative feature is the predominant cha- of our Nation's Birth;

INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1876.

the quaint old "Car-
penters' Hall," where-
in, on the 5th of Sep-
tember, 1774, assem.
bled the First Conti-
nental Congress; be-
sides many other his-
toric edifices little less
interesting in their
Centennial memories.
We give herewith care-
fully executed illustra-
tions of the "Inde-
pendence" Buildings,
and of some of the
more noteworthy his-
toric edifices of Phila-
delphia, and propose to
add to the number in
our next issue.

The visitor to the
Centennial City natu-
rally seeks first the
most famous edifice of
the Western Word, the
grand old "Indepen-
dence Hall," and finds

racteristic of the exhibition, imparting to it the emphatic
designation of "The Centennial Exhibition," the peculiar
fitness of selecting Philadelphia as the place, above all others,
where it should be held, is universally conceded. Boston,, it an unpretending,

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FRONT FLEVATION OF INDEPENDENCE HALL AND ITS WINGS AND ANNEXES IN 1800,

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clared to the world the reasons why "these United Colonies" "of right ought to be free and independent States." The main building, "Independence Hall" itself, is just as it was one hundred years ago, except that the original steeple had been taken down in 1774, on account of some of its timbers having become decayed, and its place was temporarily supplied by a small belfry until 1828, when the present steeple, modeled from the original, was erected; the flagstaff in front of the steeple was placed there in 1861, and the flag unfurled thereon by Abraham Lincoln, about the 1st of March, when on the way to Washington to enter upon his eventful first term as President of the United States, and in 1869 a statue of Washington was placed on the pavement in front of the main door.

Entering at the main door, we find in the vestibule the old "Liberty Bell," in a conspicuous place of honor

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THE HOUSE WHERE THE "DECLARATION" WAS WRITTEN IN 1776. old-fashioned State-House," which, stripped of its unri--deprived of its glad clarion tone, it is eloquent in its

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valed historic associations, would appear insignificant in size and devoid of architectural pretence; the casual spectator, unacquainted with the true source of its greatness, and viewing it only in the light of modern ideas of State edifices, would pass it by with scarce a glance, to admire the Masonic Temple, the new building of the Young Men's Christian Association, the grand City Hall, the many handsome churches, the myriads of commercial palaces, and the superb modern mansions. But in this plain old State-House," just one hundred and one years ago, May 10th, 1775, there convened the most remarkable legislative assembly in the historic chronicles of the world-called together from all the diversified walks of life, but few of the members having had even the most limited experience in public affairs, they met, in the initial days of a great crisis, to deliberate upon and promote the best interests of a Continent, and to develope a Nation out of thirteen Colonies-such was the mission, though its members were yet to learn it, of the august Continental Congress, and well did this noble assembly of America's picked men fulfil it, when, within fourteen months later, in this same old" State-House," they "Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved;" and when, two days afterwards, in the logical and emphatic "Declaration of Independence," they de

dumb testimony of the proud day when it obeyed the prophetic injunction placed upon it at the time of its casting, twenty-three years before, "Proclaim Liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof."

Then, we pass into the east room m on the lower floor, wherein sat the Congress; the members, long since passed to their rest and reward, are brought before us in a series of portraits, whose authenticity as likenesses is perfectly assured by unquestionable evidence; while the table, chairs, the very inkstand-all things have been restored as nearly as possible to their respective places as they were when, on the 2d of August, 1776, the members of the Congress affixed their

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CARPENTERS' HALL IN 1774

CHRIST CHURCH IN 1760.

Graff, Jr., a young bricklayer, of who
Jefferson rented the second floor, cunsur
ing of a parlor and bedroom;" it was a
three-story brick "Messuage or Tese
ment," built by Mr. Graff in 1775; and
was sold by him, July 24th, 1777.
Jacob Hiltzheimer, who converted
first floor into a store, and some tre
afterwards built the house on the core
for a dwelling. Mr. Hiltzheimer died iz
1801, and in 1802 Simon Gratz, having
become owner of the property, added a
fourth story to the two buildings. The
old Hiltzheimer store was long renowned
as "Gratz's Store." The old house, as
well as its corner neighbor, is a capta!
business stand now; but it retains eno
of its "Declaration" aspect to be inter
esting to the patriotic American visitor.

We retrace our steps down Chestout street past "Independence Hall," an a little east of Fourth street, we discover the venerable Hall of the Carpenters

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names to the "fair copy" of the Declaration, engrossed on Society;" it stands back from the street, and the vacant parchment.

Passing over to the west room, we find the National Museum of invaluable relics of the Revolutionary era collected with great care and singular good sense by Colonel Frank M. Etting and his excellent co-committeemen, assisted by patriotic women and men of all parts of the country, who have given or loaned souvenirs of their ancestors and of other participants in the events of the Colonial and transition period.

The "square" in the rear, the old "State House Yard," tempts us to spend a few minutes under its beautiful shadetrees, and we readily recall the bright July day (the 8th) one hundred years since, and the concourse of patriots assembled here to listen to the reading of the Declaration of Independence by John Nixon; we can almost hear the old Bell ringing out its glorious proclamation.

FRANKLIN'S GRAVE.

"Independence Hall" stands on Chestnut street, covering, with its wings and annexes, the square from Fifth to Sixth streets. It is well known that the "Declaration" was drafted by a committee consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, R. R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman, and that Jefferson did the actual writing, while the others, especially Adams, revised his work, suggesting such amendments as they deemed requisite, before the great paper was reported to the Congress; the house wherein Jefferson wrote the Declaration is still standing on Market street, one door west of the corner of Seventh street, now known as No. 702 Market street; it is shown in our engraving as it was when it was the property of Jacob

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spaces at the street seen in our engraving are now occupe!
by large, showy business edifices, which dwarf the hallowed
"Hall," and give it an appearance of being even smaller
than it is; but its proud history cannot be obscured
the closest contact with the most elaborately showy modern
architecture, and we approach it with reverence as we recul-
lect that in its main room assembled the First Continental
Congress, at a time when the clouds were lowering, the
heavens darkening with portents of the approaching Reso
lutionary storm; as we enter the large assembly room,
imagination flies back to the 5th of September, 1774, and
we see Peyton Randolph in the chair, Charles Thomson with
pen in hand to record the important proceedings which, un-
known to the active participants, are to open the way to the
establishment of a new Nation, and we see, too, the dele
gates from twelve of the thirteen Colonies sitting and stand
ing around, solemnly impressed with the nature of the dunes
assigned them, and, as we thus, in imagination, contemplate
that august body, we cannot but be thankful that the quant
old "Hall" is so reverently preserved in its historic aspects

We walk down Chestnut and up Second street, and hear the sweet-toned chimes of old Christ Church inviting as o enter the sacred temple where Washington and many of bes compatriots were wont to worship; externally the edifice unaltered, while internally the old-fashioned box-like pess have given place to more modern and more comfortable pews, but otherwise the interior is much as it was a century ago. Christ Church is architecturally faultless, and wil doubtless be permitted long to stand as it does and has stood for nearly a century and a half. The most remarkable change is to be seen along the street, above and below the Church, the curious little old structures seen in our engraving having all disappeared "long, long ago," and their sites occupied by business houses of later styles, though plainer than those of the Centennial period. The tombs of Bishop White, and his brother-in-law, the Financier of the Revolution, Robert

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