Several other ways might be mentioned of applying the same principle here explained to horizontal windmills, particularly by making the flaps of the vanes standvertically or obliquely, or by making them or the vanes: of different other shapes; or, instead of frames for the vanes, the flaps might be suspended on uprights, fixed between the upper and lower arms, and the vanes might be made of a concave form, or the resisting side, and convex or angular, on the non-resisting.

They might also be constructed with only one set of arms, to which the perforated vanes might be fixed; but whatever may be the manner of applying it, the principle I claim the invention of, is as before described and. explained, being the manner of opposing alternately a resisting and a non-resisting surface, by dividing it intoseveral small spaces, which are so contrived and placed as to shut and oppose their whole extent collectively to the wind; when acting on one side, and when on the other, they all give way, and allow it to pass through with little or no resistance, except what is occasioned by the thin edges of the flaps, together with the small proportion of resistance made by the power requisite for opening them, or raising them up; but this resistance: may be reduced to almost nothing by poising the flaps in such a manner (by weights upon the lifters, or otherwise) as to rise very nearly of themselves, or at least to require only the smallest possible power or motion of the wind to raise them.

SECONDLY, with respect to Water-Mills,

The same principle, already explained, may also be' applied to horizontal water-mills, in proper situations, especially for wheels to go under water in the current of a river, or by the ebbing and flowing of the tide, where D 2 the

the situation will not admit of any fall for under-shot or over-shot wheels, or when the river is apt sometimes to rise, and sometimes to fall, so much that such wheels cannot be used advantageously.

At the same time, where mills of some sort would be of great utility in raising water to supply towns, country seats, &c. or for other purposes, a wheel, on the principle here mentioned, might be used in such places to great advantage, as it would go either wholly under wa、 ter, or partly so, and would always turn round the same way, whether the current was running down the river or up, as when affected by the tides, and therefore might be applied to tide-mills. This will be more apparent by referring to Figs. 6 and 7. AB is the horizontal waterwheel, placed in the current of a river or of the tide, either under the arch of a bridge, or in any other suitable place; at which it may be contracted by two walls, C and D, or by any other means, in order to render the current the stronger at the wheel. A is the side with the flaps shut, or the resisting side, where the current runs in the direction of the dait 1, B is the open or nonresisting side, advancing against the current. When it runs in the direction of the dait 2, B will be shut, and become the resisting side, and A will be open, and be the non-resisting side; consequently it is evident, that whichever way the current runs, the wheel will turn round in the direction of the four crooked darts d, d, d, d; and, if the over-laps were made on the side B, the wheel would always turn the reverse way,

The flaps for water-wheels of this sort may be made either of thin deal or other boards, or of thin plates of iron, copper, or other metal. These water-wheels may be stopped or regulated by a sluice, on either side, to stop the current, or to admit only so much as is thought necessary;

necessary; and there may also be sluices at C and D, when the wheel-sluices are shut.

open

to

It is thought unnecessary to give drawings of any part of the machinery connected with these wind and watermills, that being no part of the invention; for they may be applied to any sort of machinery whatever. And vertical wind-mills might easily be altered to this horizontal form, which saves a great deal of machinery at the top of the mill, and requires no attendance to turn it to the wind.

THIRDLY, with respect to other Purposes.

The same principle may be applied to several other purposes, as follows:

1st. It may be applied to the pistons of pumps, on a large scale, which, if divided into a number of long narrow valves or flaps, will be much better for such pumps than if all in one valve. The pumps may in this case be made square, and of any dimensions; and, having a lever or handle in proportion, may, with a sinall power, raise an immense quantity of water in a short time. Such pumps may either be worked by hand, by the horizontal mill, or by any other power, and might be of particular service on board of ship in case of a leak; for which purpose, portable or moveable pumps, of a great width, ́ might be kept on board of all ships, to be ready to put down the hatchways, or any other part, when necessary to throw out the water, which would be done more expeditiously in this manner than by boiling or otherwise, And even on board of ship the horizontal windmill might be used to work such pumps, which would be a very great relief to the seamen in many cases.

2d. To accelerate the motion of ships, vessels, or boats, by means of a flat surface, divided into a number

of

of spaces or flaps, which, when drawn or pushed the on-way, will act with its whole force against the water, and when the other, will give way, and easily be brought back, so as to re-act in the same manner. This may be done either by pushers, with long poles, or handles over the stern, or any other place, or by being suspended over the sides, and drawn backwards and forwards in various ways.

- 3d. For ventilators to let off the foul air at one part of a building, room, or window, and to admit the fresh air at another.

4th, To prevent the back draught in flues or vents of all sorts, and by that means keep the smoke of neighbouring vents from descending, and, in many cases, the vent from smoaking. Also to construct boxes or square tubes to put upon the tops, or other parts of vents, so as to open on one side and shut on the other, according as the wind blows,

5th. For sluices that are required to keep water out of-in on either side, as the ebbing and flowing of the tide, when wanted to be dammed up for mills or other purposes, or in embankments to keep the water out on the one side, and to let it off from the other.

6th. For the bottoms of buckets or barrels to draw water with; which, if constructed on this principle, would not require being overturned before they can be filled.

And, lastly, this principle may be applied to any other purpose, by which it is required to obtain or to produce motion or power, by the alternate action and re-action of resisting and non-resisting surfaces in fluids: of any denomination, or to produce effects by the alternate action and re-action of such fluids against surfaces of that description. In witness whereof, &c.

Specification

Specification of the Patent granted to ROBERT FRYER, of Rastrick, in the Parish of Halifax, in the County of York, Woollen-manufacturer, and JAMES BENNET, of Oldham-street, in the County Palatine of Lancaster, Woolstapler; for a Method of manufacturing, cutting, dressing, dying, and finishing of Cloth, the Warp whereof is composed of Silk, Cotton, Woollen, Vorsted, or Linen Yarn, and the Weft of Sheep's Wool or Lamb's Wool.

Dated June 21, 1800.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. Now KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we the said Robert Fryer and James Bennet do hereby declare that our said invention of a new method of manufacturing, cutting, dressing, dying, and finishing of cloth, the warp whereof is composed of silk, cotton, woollen, worsted, or linen yarn, and the weft of sheep's wool or lamb's wool, is described in manner following; that is to say: Our new method of manufacturing, cutting, dressing, dying, and finishing, of cloth, the warp whereof is composed of silk, cotton, woollen, worsted, or linen yarn, and the weft of sheep's wool or lamb's wool, consists, first, by carding, roving, and spinning, in the common method now used in the manufactory of wool into yarn fit for weaving into cloth, which composes the weft. Secondly, after the weft is manufactured, it is wove into a warp or warps of woollen, worsted, cotton, silk, or linen yarn, which is woven by causing the weft or woof to float or pass over two or three or more threads of the warp, for going under, or being attached to the cloth only by one or more threads of the warp, which causes it to form a roll or figure on the face of the cloth.

Thirdly,