buildings, (with or without fastenings or cements, according to the nature of the case,) if used and applied according to the principles exemplified by the drawings annexed, viz. water-pipes, sewers, tunnels, wells, conduits, cess-pools, culverts, cylinders for bridge-work, (thereby strengthening the structure, and relieving the water-way,) columns, pillars, colonnades, (either hol low or solid work,) steam-engine pits, capstan wells, arches, particularly reversed arches for the floors of pound-locks, water-ways, &c. in soft grounds; circular windows, or other apertures in warehouses, or other walls requiring strength, light, air, and security, conical or oval buildings, such as glass-houses, tile or lime kilns, ice-houses, &c. (where such will bear the expense of separate moulds,) staircases, (hereby capable of being formed into one detached piece of masonry entire, and secure from conflagration,) towers, turrets, summerhouses, and all other circular shells and buildings. And farther we declare, that it is practicable, and our intentention, to form and make the said clumps out of, or from any or all of the following materials, viz. earth, stone, clay, plaster, cements, composition, kiln-burnt materials, masonry, and of all other materials applicable to the construction of the aforesaid several buildings exemplified in the drawing hereof, or other circular buildings. And, lastly, we declare, that the said drawings are specifications of our principles, as applied to the cases exemplified, and as applicable to each and every case respectively, according to its particular modification. In witness whereof, &c.

EXPLANATION

EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWINGS.

Fig. 1, a, is a single clump, having its male point ins wards on the side in view. b, ditto, with the female point inwards, on the reverse of the same clump.

Fig. 2, a, ditto, with the male point outwards. ¿, ditto, with the female point outwards. N. B. Each of these figures, 1 and 2, represent a separate kind of clump, which being laid, one kind at a time, in a circular form, with the same sides uppermost, will make one course : see Fig. 5, for an example of one course of clumps, Fig. 1, a. Then add one course of Fig. 2, fitted in male and female (or joggled), and so on, alternate circles, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, to the end of the length designed; terminating the same with a cast-iron plate, flanch piece, or key clump, with two male sides, so as to admit of taking down for repairs, &c. This method will form a broken joint, such as the one exhibited in perspective view, Fig. 9.

Fig. 3, is an elongated clump, for forming solid colums, colonnades, (a) having its male point inwards, and (b) having its female point inwards.

Fig. 4, a clump elongated, as in Fig. 3. a, shews the view, with the male point outwards. b, the reverse of the same clump, with the female point outwards. N. B. These kind of clumps are an elongation of the clumps described in Figs. 1 and 2, and are to be laid into each other in the same manner, to form a column of solid work, as represented in Fig. 8, which shews the method of laying the elongated clump a, Fig. 4. If it be intended to construct a circular staircase, with the dome, light, &c. on this principle, one or more clumps in each course of work (be the same of brick, earth, stone, or other material, according to the design and

extent)

extent) must be of the elongated kind, to form the step of the stairs; all the rest being short clumps, to admit light and access through the aperture, of a spiral

ascent.

Fig. 5, shews the position of the clumps a, Fig. 1, according to the mode of laying them, with the male point inwards, as represented in the view. b, shews the reverse of the same clump, with the female point inward. The bottom circle in this and the next figure shew merely the position which a continuation of the clumps would take.

Fig. 6, shews three blank sides uppermost: these are merely for laying the first course on the ground, or (in some instances) for saving the 'expense of a cast-iron rim next the flanch of a branch piece. Their reverse must be always indented (or joggled) to fit the next course of clumps. If it be required to form a flush edge (such as the cheek of a window or door), it can be done by cutting down the clumps into half clumps, as represented by the dotted lines X, X, Fig. 9. Reveals, rabbets, grooves, &c. and returns of corners, elliptics, &c. may secure any variation by means of suitable cast-iron clamps, modified according to the particular contin. gency.

Fig. 7, shews the plan of a well or pipe, &c. the surface of the circle in view being put together with clumps, Fig. 2, the male side (a) pointing outwards.

Fig. 8, shews the plan of a solid column, formed of elongated clumps of the kind (a) Fig. 4, the male points outwards being in view. As this same modification contracts the circle to a smaller column, in that case fewer pieces will be required.

Fig. 9, is a perspective view, shewing a segment of the work (part of a circle), formed out of six clumps, VOL. II.-SECOND SERIES. laid

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laid in their order from Figs. 1 and 2, the bottom course having a blank side, as described in Fig. 6.

Fig. 10, part of a clump mainpipe, shewing the me thod of flanching in a cast-iron branch piece, in order to join the same to a branch-main. This can be performed with the help of an iron rim (joggled), as repre. sented in Fig. 11, or it can be fitted to blank sides next the flanch, and the opposite end of the bolt can be counter-sunk into perforated clumps.

Fig. 11, a cast-iron rim, indented (or joggled), to fit a course of clumps, as represented on the surface in view, in order to admit the flanch to slip in and out as required in its smooth surface.

Fig. 12, a plain cast-iron flanch, for joining a clumpmain in suitable lengths, to be occasionally taken down. They may also be laid in lengths, by means of a key clump, having two male sides, to have the joint banded with an iron hoop.

N. B. Rollers for gardens, or for agricultural purposes, &c. are to be made in the manner of the solid work, Fig. 8, fixing an iron gudgeon in the centre of the work, and flanching a cast-iron rim on each end.

N. B. In fitting the fianch of the joint or branch pipe, the end of the bolt-iron must be cut off, even with the inner flanch plate or blank-sided clump, and a female screw must be made in that end of the bolt, to receive one end of a prominent point, the flanching-nut being screwed on the other. By this means the smooth surfaces of the flanch plates will admit the joints to be slipt in or out of their birth at option, as in Fig. 13.

Specification

Specification of the Patent granted to JOHN VANCOUVER, of Tachbrook-House, in the County of Warwick, Esquire; for an Earth of peculiar Properties, which, by certain new Processes of Manufacture, is capable of being rendered a Substitute for Scap.

Dated July 23, 1802.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. Now KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said John Vancouver do hereby declare, that the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are herein after particularly described and ascertained as follows; that is to say: in the first place, I do proceed to describe the circumstances relating to the said earth of peculiar properties, by means of which the said earth may hereafter be distinguished and known. And in the next place, I proceed to describe the manufacturing processes by which the general properties, particularly the firmness and cohesion of the said earth, are improved, so as to render the same a valuable substitute for soap, in the various uses of the arts and of domestic life. The said earth is found in the parish of Tachbrook, near Warwick, on an estate be longing to the Right Honourable the Earl of Warwick, at the depth of from four to ten feet below the surface of the earth. It is not distinguished by any particular name, and is disposed or situated in the ground in three different strata or layers. The first or uppermost layer is of a greenish, or greyish colour; and the second layer is of a beautiful lilac, or light purple colour; and the third, or undermost, is generally white, although sometimes the white is found intermixed with the purple, The stratum upon which the said earth lies, is an indu rated

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