reason why, in the Orchardist, I lay such a stress on procuring warmth for the trees, by draining, shelter, and manure. It would be now lost time to attempt to recover the old varieties as an article of profit. If I have not expressed myself, in this Essay on the Nature of varieties, with so much clearness and conviction as might have been expected, it should be considered that it is an abstruse subject, very little understood, and requiring at first some degree of faith, observation, and perseverance. The prejudices of mankind revolt against it. They are not disposed to allow the distinction of nature; and they imagine, that in the act of engrafting or multiplying they give new life, whereas it is only continuing the existence of the same tree, stick, or bud. Observe what I said before :-the seed of the apple, when placed in the earth, germinates, and unfolds itself into a new plant, which successively passes through the stages of infancy, maturity, and decay, like its predecessors. I might say, all-created nature is similar in this respect ; though, from the circumstance that varieties are much longer lived than man, the plants have appeared to be possessed of eternal powers of duration; nothing sublunary, however, which possesses either animal or vegetable life, is exempt from age and death. Within the last twenty years I have travelled many hundred miles, and conversed with the most intelligent men in each country; and I now want to convince mankind, for no other reason than because it is their interest so to believe, that there is in creation an order of beings (engrafted fruits) so formed, that we have the power of multiplying a single variety, to whatever number of trees we please ;-that the first set arises from a small seed ;that the next and descendant sets are propagated by engraftings, Bbb 2 graftings, or from cuttings, layers, &c.;-and that although these trees may amount to millions, yet, on the death of the primogenious or parent-stock, merely from old age, or nibility of growth, each individual shall decline, in whatever country they may be, or however endued with youth and health. I say they shall gradually begin to decline; and in the course of time, or of centuries, to those who would prefer that expression, the whole variety will scarcely have a single tree remaining to show what the fruit was. Let those who are not disposed to assent to this statement, ask themselves what is become of the old lost varieties? did they die, or did wicked men maliciously cut them up? I, who am firmly convinced of the truth of what I have advanced on this subject, have no doubt but that the same would happen by engrafting on the oak or beech, if the mast raised from the engrafted tree did not produce the like; for there the question turns. It is not known, that the woodman in setting out his sapling oaks, always selects new seedling plants, and never continues one upon an old stool; and that if he should so blunder, that tree, from the stool, will neither have the freedom of growth, nor the size nor firmness of timber, equal to a new-raised plant. I wish I could persuade my friends, that with the same attention with which the woodman acts, the planter is to raise his orchard from the young fruits which thrive in the neighbourhood, or are in health, and full-bearing in the country whence they are to be brought. The fruit-grower should look to selection, cleanliness, and care. To me it is a circumstance perfectly indifferent, whether he is to use Mr. Forsyth's com position, position, Mr. Bullingham's boiled linseed oil, or my medication. I only maintain that the wounded parts of trees want something to destroy the insects and vermin, and heal the wood, from which the trees are kept in health. Let those who are blessed with fruit-plantations attend to their preservation, and not leave them to the state of unassisted nature. New Kind of Paint, proposed as an advantageous From the BIBLIOTHEQUE PHYSICO-ECONOMIQUE. IT is well known that a disagreeable smell is perceived on entering apartments newly painted in distemper; therefore till such apartments have been for some time exposed to the contact of the air, no one likes to inhabit them. The following process remedies these two inconveniencies, The method of operation is very simple; it consists in substituting the serum of beef-blood instead of size, which is usually employed to dilute the colouring matter. 1. The butcher must be requested to catch the blood of one or more oxen in clean vessels. When the bloodis become quite cold, that is, in about three or four hours after it has been drawn, the vessels are gently inclined, and by these means a transparent liquid is poured off, which has a slight smell of amber. It is strained through a piece a piece of linen, to separate from it the particles of blood that may be detached and mixed with it. 2. Some quick lime, upon which has been thrown a very small quantity of water only, for the purpose of diminishing the adhesion of its integral parts, must be reduced to powder. This powder is sifted, and it is instantly put away in boxes or bottles, very carefully closed. 3. When the two above-mentioned materials are to be used, the serum must first be poured into a wooden or earthen vessel, and a sufficient quantity of the pulverized lime added, to give the mixture such a degree of liquidity as to be easily spread with the brush over the surfaces that are to be covered with it. 4. Too great a quantity of this paint must not be prepared at once, for it very quickly becomes thick; and when it has too much consistence it cannot be used. This inconvenience is prevented by keeping it always at the same degree of fluidity, by the addition of a sufficient quantity of serum, which should constantly be kept near the vessel with the paint, to be used as occasion requires. 5. The colour when in this state should be laid on as speedily as possible. 6. As the colour resulting from the application of this preparation is always white, and one may sometimes wish to have a different colour, it is produced by ochreous earths of the red, yellow, black, or green kinds. A beautiful blue colour may likewise be obtained by employing blue glass, made with the oxyd of cobalt, provided the glass be reduced to an impalpable powder. 7. As the addition of coloured ochreous materials must Decessarily weaken the composition, it may be kept at the the same degree of solidity by adding a few whites of egg to the serum employed for diluting the composition; but care must be taken not to add too large a quantity, otherwise the paint would be liable to scale off. 8. This kind of paint can only be applied on wood or plaster, which have not been previously covered with oil-paint. 9. As a single coat is not sufficient, two or three may be laid on when the work is required to be performed correctly; but before a fresh coat is given, the former must be perfectly dry. 10. This paint is capable of taking a beautiful polish by friction, like any other kind; but it is preferable to dip the cloth, with which it is rubbed, in spermaceti rather than any other kind of oil. 11. For diluting white or coloured paint, only fresh serum, which has undergone no alteration, must be employed; otherwise the paint would be of a worse quality and less permanent. Many precautions are necessary, particularly in summer, for keeping the serum, because this fluid is very strongly disposed to putridity. It is therefore essential to keep it in a cool place, and to examine, before it is employed, whether it does not begin to smell disagreeably; for, in that case, it must not be used. For the same reason care must be taken to keep the vessels clean in which the serum is preserved, and to wash them often with warm water, to remove the altered particles of the fluid with which the sides of the vessel may be impregnated. M. Carbonell asserts, that this paint is permanent when prepared with good materials; it may even be employed for |