it grind well, and likewise in drying the old, exhausted bark for burning, also for drying the leather, hair, wool; glue-pieces, &c. &c.

By turning the cock in the pipe leading from the elevated vat, the warmth of the ooze may be regulated to little warmer than the heat of the animal when alive; by which the tanners and dressers of leather are enabled to work in the most severe and intense frost; the pores having been opened for the extraction of the blood, &c. and those whence the hair grew by this circulation, leaving the filth under the false bottoms, the clear, warm ooze, &c. having penetrated the fibres, they will admit materials for currying and bringing the leather to that state of perfection requisite for manufacturing for different purposes in a few days, and be of longer durability, more tough and elastic, of greater strength, and far less expensive, than by the former methods.

Let a vat or well (being made sound) be sunk at some distance from the vats with a pipe in it from P. This well being deep, and large enough to contain the ooze of any one of the vats below the bottom, any vat requiring to be emptied, it may be effected by placing the end of a pipe to the bottom of the vat, (the necessary circulation-holes being shut,) the other end of the pipe being in the well, but lower than the bottom of the vat, the ooze will pass into the well. The same well, pump, and boiler, will serve for several plants of vats by opening or shutting the valves against the circulation-holes in the vats leading to the well. This done, the whole of the ooze may be pumped into the elevated vat, whence it will run down into the boiler. A pipe, with a screw, may be fixed, or a trough placed, to the cock near the bottom of the boiler, to convey the ooze into the vat? thus you may remove the ooze from one set of vats to

another

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another with very little trouble by only altering the valve against the pipes leading to the well, and turning the cocks in the pipes leading from the boiler to the different plants of pits. Old vats in the common method, at a distance from each other, will require pipes from one to another to make circulation-holes.

N. B. The hides of horses, and other animals that die of themselves, the congealed blood, filth, and dirt, is seldom totally extracted, which prevents the ooze and other materials for dressing and currying from penetrating into the fibres. These hides, when tanned or dressed, are easily known, and are denominated casualty ones. By the adoption of my method of preparing the skins, the blood, &c. may be easily and more completely extracted; and these hides, when manufactured, will be nearly equal to slaughtered hides or skins.

N. B. From some experiments I have made for months past, I find as good leather may be made by my method of tanning from shavings, saw-dust, and chips, containing the tanning principle, particularly oak, as from bark. In witness whereof, &c.

Specification of the Patent granted to CHARLES Wyatt, of New Bridge-street, in the City of London, Merchant and Manufacturer; for his Invention of certain Improvements in the Apparatus for, and Mode of distilling, drying Coffee and Sugar. Dated August 2, 1802.

With a Plate.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. Now KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said Charles Wyatt do hereby declare that VOL. II. SECOND Series.

C

the

the nature of my said invention is described in manner following; that is to say: My improvements in distilling gousist of two parts; first, in applying steam to produce the heat required for distillation, and adapting an apparatus for that specific purpose; and, secondly, in varying the construction and disposition of common stills when fire alone is to be employed.

The process for distilling by steam is this. Steam is to be produced from water or other liquid contained in a closed boiler, and conveyed through proper tubes or channels either into the matter intended for distillation, or through it, or wholly or partially round or beneath, and in contact with the external surface of the still or vessel in which that matter is contained, or in any of those methods combined; that of introducing the steam wholly and totally into the body of the liquid to be distilled, so as to be mingled therewith, being the most effectual and advantageous.

The liquid being thus heated by the action or contact of steam, the subsequent parts of the process proceed in the same way, or nearly in the same way, as in common distillation over a fire.

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Figs. 1, 2, 3, (Plate I.) represent different views of one mode of constructing an apparatus for this purpose. Figs. 4 and 5 views of another mode; and Fig. 6 of a third mode; the uses of each part being explained in the references.

The parts essential to the system of distilling by steam may be omitted in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and then the apparatus will be applicable to the common mode of distilling by fire alone, which constitutes the variation stated to be the second part of the improvement on the mode of distilling; this part of the invention consisting in making the roof of the still a medium of condensation, and ap