manner. The scholarship and social position of the contributors are in quite another direction a further guaranty of the authority of the articles. Here there is no discrimination of sex or social caste: women and men, laymen and clerics, find their place on the pages of this splendid volume; bishops, secular priests, members of religious orders, professors in seminaries, colleges and universities, members of learned societies, writers of international reputation, lawyers, physicians, engineers, all have been called upon for information in their own especial fields. There are a multitude of topics dealt with in this volume on which it would be difficult for the generality of scholars to secure reliable information. Even where such information might be obtained in libraries, it would entail months of work to bring into narrow compass the information presented in such articles as those on the Benedictines. The articles on the various religious orders are assigned in every case after consultation with the heads of the orders in question, a fact which contributes in no small measure to the authoritative character of the work. The second volume is, in one important respect, an improvement over the first: there is in its articles a larger percentage of doctrine and a corresponding curtailment of biography. This is in entire accord with the demands of the hour. Information is needed on a great variety of subjects. The Catholic Church in this country is living amid a generation which has lost the key to the meaning of much that is vital in her institutions. People have a legitimate curiosity concerning the meaning of Catholic practices, the aims and purposes and mode of life of religious communities, and they want to know for many urgent reasons the Catholic ideal of education. From the two volumes that are before us it may reasonably be concluded that the Encyclopedia aims at satisfying every legitimate curiosity about the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Church. All who are interested in the work of education will find in these volumes a treasure house of the necessary and the useful. Many attribute the social unrest of the times to the failure of our schools to mould the characters of their pupils. It has been said, with some appearance of truth, that the schools of the day are educating our children away from industry and rendering them Ideaf to the social call. Such articles as that which sets forth the work of St. Benedict and his monks in civilizing the hordes of barbarians that swept down over Europe cannot fail to furnish many valuable suggestions in our present needs, as may be seen from this passage from the article on St. Benedict: "With Benedict the work of his monks was only a means to goodness of life. The great disciplinary force of human nature is work; idleness is its ruin. The purpose of his rule was to bring men back to God by the labor of obedience, from whom they had departed by the idleness of disobedience.' Work was the first condition of all growth in goodness. . . . . In the regeneration of human nature in the order of discipline, even prayer comes after work, for grace meets with no coöperation in the soul and heart of an idler. When the Goth 'gave over the world' and went to Subiaco, St. Benedict gave him a bill-hook and set him to clear away the briars for the making of a garden." But for our Catholic Schools in particular the Encyclopedia will prove a priceless treasure. Owing to the scanty means at their disposal, these schools are frequently unable to provide for either teachers or pupils an adequate library. Whatever else it may be necessary to forego, it is to be hoped that no Catholic school will be deprived of the incalculable advantage of having at hand for the use of teachers and pupils the Catholic Encyclopedia, where all can find in convenient form authentic information on all matters pertaining to their holy faith and to the history and practices of the Catholic Church. THOMAS EDWARD SHIELDS. Modern Classical Philosophers. Selections illustrating Modern Philosophy, Compiled by Benjamin Rand, Ph. D., Harvard University. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1908. Pp. xiii, 740. This work aims to present in a series of extracts some of the essential features of the chief philosophical systems in the modern epoch. The author is the well known compiler of the Bibliography of Philosophy which appears as the third volume of Baldwin's Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. He has done his work well. The selections are made with judgment and taste. The arrangement is, naturally, the chronological one followed by all historians of modern philosophy, and while there may be room for difference of opinion as to the advisability of lengthening here and there, or curtailing one or another chapter, no teacher who understands the difficulty of making judicious assignment of reading matter in the course on the Course on the History of Philosophy will fail to commend the work as a whole. Students who are conducting research work will, of course, find it necessary to go to the Complete Works of a philosopher. Those, however, who are looking for a general appreciation of the philosophers of the modern epoch will find this a very useful companion volume to their text-book. The volume is well printed. Here and there a typographical error, such as prosequator for prosequatur on p. 14 will, no doubt, be corrected in the next edition of the book. Perhaps space may be found in a subsequent edition for some extracts from the representatives of the Spiritualistic-Eclectic philosophy in France. WILLIAM TURNER. Many Mansions, being Studies in Ancient Religious and Modern Thought, by William Samuel Lilly. New York, Benziger Bros., 1907. Pp. xi, 260. This volume of Essays by the well known author of The Great Enigma and Ancient Religion and Modern Thought deals with some vitally interesting problems of religion and philosophy. The Essay on The Sacred Books of the East supplies in a most pleasing presentation many useful facts concerning the great collection of Oriental sacred literature and the distinguished scholar to whose indefatigable industry we owe the original plan and the partial completion of the project. The "Message of Buddhism to the Western World" and "Kant and the Buddha" are sympathetic studies-too sympathetic, some may incline to pronounce them-of the religious and philosophical tenets of Buddhism and a comparison of the most prevalent Oriental religious system with the philosophy which has dominated the thought of Europe since the beginning of the nineteenth century. "The Saints of Islam" takes the reader into the rare paths of Muslim Mysticism, a world practically unknown to students of medieval history, most of whom take account of the science and philosophy of the Arabians, but neglect this most interesting phase of Mohammetan civilization. The Essay on "Spinoza and Modern Thought" contains a clear exposition of Spinoza's idea of religious faith, and of his doctrine concerning the identity of God with Nature. But, it is hardly correct to say that by the word Substance Spinoza "means pretty much what Aquinas meant by it." The discussion, pp. 198 ff., of the "Labels " by which Spinoza's philosophy has been marked off as "atheism," "pantheism," "materialism," "ultraspiritualism" is interesting. When, however, Mr. Lilly singles out the doctrine of Divine Immanence as the deep, underlying truth "which has given Spinoza his hold upon the intellect of Modern Europe," is he not overlooking the dominant ethical motive of Spinoza's work, which, to our way of thinking, furnishes at once the secret of Spinoza's influence and the basis of reconciliation of the widely divergent estimates of his philosophy? The Study "Modern Pessimism" is an able plea for the recognition of the supernatural in an estimate of human life. The closing Essay on The Newest View of Christ" is a review of Professor Pflei on derer's Die Entstehung des Christentums. WILLIAM TURNER. Lexicon Scholasticum Philosophico-theologicum, in quo termini, etc., a B. Joanne Duns Scoto . . . exponuntur, declarantur, opera et studio R. P. Mariani Fernandez Garcia, O. F. M. Distributio Secunda Quaracchi, 1907. Pp. 193–384. This is the second fascicule of a very useful Lexicon, the first fascicule of which was noticed in the BULLETIN for January, 1907 (p. 148). The work is intended for the use of students of the writings of the Subtle Doctor. It explains terms, distinctions and phrases (effata) both theological and philosophical. The present number treats of terms, from Damnatorum punitio to Muteriae Primae Conditiones. WILLIAM TURNER. 1. 2. 3. Acta Pii PP. X Modernismi Errores Reprobantis. Collecta De Modernismo. Acta S. Sedis, cum notis canonicis, auctore La Liberté Intellectuelle après l'Encyclique Pascendi. 4. Cardinal Newman and the Encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis. An Essay by the Most Rev. Edward Thomas O'Dwyer, Bishop of Limerick, New York. Longmans, 1908. Pp. xi, 44. 5. 6. Translated from the A Catechism of Modernism. 7. Old Truths, Not Modernist Errors. An Exposure of Modernism. By the Rev. Norbert Jones, C. R. L. New York, Benziger. 1908. Pp. 54. 8. Theologische Zeitfragen. Von Christian Pesch, S. J. Vierte Folge: Glaube, Dogmen u. geschichtliche Tatsachen, Freiburg, Herder, 1908. Pp. vi, 242. 1. This is a convenient edition of the Latin text of the Encyclical Pascendi, the Decree Lamentabili Sane Exitu, and the Allocutio addressed by the Holy Father to the newly created Cardinals in the Consistory of April 17, 1907. The edition is furnished with a convenient index. 2. Father Vermeersch adds to the text of the Encyclical Pascendi several other pontifical documents relating to Modernism and supplies in ten pages of text a brief canonical commentary on the various decrees bearing on the subject. 3. The Bishop of Beauvais in a letter to a member of the Chamber of Deputies discusses the difficulty which arose in the mind of the layman on reading the condemnation of Modernism. He shows how vain is the fear by which some timorous souls are assailed, namely, that in condemning the errors of Modernism the Holy See placed obstacles in the way of scientific research in the domain of criticism and history. Reason and Good Sense, the traditional action of the Church, the text of the Encyclical itself are appealed to to show that "for two thousand years the Church has been the true Apostle, the only Apostle of true thought, of sound morality, of unfailing faith.” 4. The Essay by the Bishop of Limerick will, we have no |