twelfth or thirteenth century as the sole liturgical language throughout Egypt. The peculiarities of the older Sahidic dialect which, in the first edition, had been briefly indicated in the body of the grammar are now presented in a separate grammatical sketch of that dialect. (pp. 225-236).

(3) a Bibliography (by far the best and most complete up to date) of the Coptic literature.

(4) an excellent Chrestomathy (pp. 1-234) followed by Bohairic and Sahidic vocabularies (pp. 135-190); a table of the contents of the Chrestomathy, and a list of additions and corrections to the whole book (pp. 191-193).

In a general way, Fr. Mallon's book cannot be too highly commended. The author has read a good deal and felt he could write his own grammar, without copying from his predecessors. He may have erred here and there, mostly however in points of detail, and sometimes on account of the insufficiency or incorrectness of the materials at his disposal, rather than through his own failing rightly to interpret them. The few points we wish to criticise concern the general arrangement of the book, rather than its contents.

The remarks on the Sahidic dialect to be found pp. 113-115 of the Chrestomathy (not to mention others scattered throughout the grammar, for instance in sections 19, 20, 22, 36, 140, 151, etc.), would more fittingly have been placed in the sketch of Sahidic grammar which could easily be extended to the other dialects. In spite of the table of contents at the beginning of the book, we badly miss an index of all the words, particles, etc., mentioned in the grammar, also a table of contents alphabetically arranged, as for instance, in Stern's grammar. It might have been preferable to have a special title page for the Chrestomathy, so it could be found separately; the author wishing to make one volume of the two parts, a special mode of pagination ought to have been adopted for the Chrestomathy, starred Arabic figures for instance, as is often done in similar cases.

3). Father Chaine's Ethiopic Grammar was also written for the benefit of beginners, yet in most cases it will prove to be all the average student needs to complete a general survey of the Semitic languages. The grammar proper treats in three books of the Phonetics, the Morphology and the Syntax. In the first book the author has restricted himself to the most simple and general principles on which all grammarians agree. The morphology is concise and abundantly furnished with paradigms. Numerous examples generally taken from the Old and New Testament or from books easily accessible illustrate the

syntax. In a general way the author has aimed at being clear and practical rather than deep, and has carefully avoided discussing points not yet fully established. The Chrestomathy and vocabulary (pp. 228-266) are good as far they go, but, to our mind, rather short. If Ethiopic texts have become, of late, more common and more accessible to students of moderate means, there is, as yet, no good lexicon, outside of Dillman's, which is both too large and too expensive for beginners. The literature (pp. 267-272) is short, but strictly speaking, sufficient, thanks to the well known work of Fumagalli to which the author refers for further information. The paradigms exhibited throughout the morphology are repeated at the end of the book, where, with two indexes, one of the contents and another of the words, they form a fascicle which can be bound with the rest or be kept separate (pp. 273-308).

It would not be fair to close this notice without commending the directors of the Imprimerie Catholique of Beyrouth for the correct and beautiful execution of Father Mallon's and Father Chaine's books, This establishment, which is to the Université St. Joseph what the Clarendon Press is to the University of Oxford, is rapidly becoming one of the best equipped Oriental presses of the world. May it continue to grow and prosper !

H. HYVERNAT.

Elements d'Archeologie Chretienne, Notions Générales; Itinéraire des Catacombes; Basiliques et Eglises de Rome, par Horace Marucchi (Paris, 1903-1905), 3 vols. ; pp. 409, 590, 528. Manuel d'Archeologie Chretienne, par Dom H. Leclercq, 2 vols. (Paris, 1907, 590, 681).

Handbuch Der christlichen Archäologie, von Carl Maria Kaufmann (Paderborn, 1905), illustrated, pp. 632.

Manuale di Archeologia Cristiana, da C. M. Kaufmann, tradotta dal Sac. Dott. Ettore Roccabruna, illustrato, Fr. Pustet (Rome, 1908), pp. 558.

1. It is not often that almost simultaneously there appear three such excellent manuals of an ecclesiastical science as the aforesaid works. The first of them we owe to the erudite and laborious investigator of the catacombs, Orazio Marucchi, a prominent

disciple of Giovanni Battista De Rossi and Professor of Christian Archaeology at the Propaganda College, Rome. It deals principally with the catacombs, their construction and ornamentation, the epitaphs and the art-objects (frescoes, sarcophagi, etc.) that they contain or once contained. The reader will find in these volumes a detailed description of each particular catacomb, with critical observations whose value is enhanced by the fact that Professor Marucchi has toiled from early youth amid these monuments of ancient Christian piety, and is yet one of the most active of the little band of Roman scholars, priests and laymen, who pursue with religious ardour a deeper knowledge of the primitive Christian life as it now lies open before us in the great network of ancient Christian cemeteries that encircle the Eternal City.

2. To the indefatigable Dom Leclercq Christian scholarship is indebted for two admirable volumes that quite exhaust in every direction the province of Christian Archaeology in its broadest outlines, meaning thereby not only the archaeology of the Catacombs and the first four or five centuries of Christian life, but also that of the Early Middle Ages. His second volume is practically an introduction to a vast history of medieval Christian art, dealing as it does with all known channels created by the artistic spirit in its search of the beautiful as a means of worship. The reader will find here accurate information, often of a rare kind, concerning Christian paintings, mosaics, statuary and polychromy, basreliefs, ivories, carved stones, gold and silver work, artistic glass, terra cotta, castings, numismatics, textile objects, miniatures and the minor arts (medals, crystal work, artistic work in stucco, amber, wood, bone, etc.). Extensive and well-chosen bibliographies accompany each section, and numerous illustrations add to the value of the work. In the first volume the pages on the Jewish catacombs at Rome, the chronological classification of the Roman and Neapolitan catacomb frescoes, and the topographical classification (428-494) of all early Christian cemeteries, crypts, baptisteries, and chapels, are of primary value and serviceableness. A more delightful work for the scholarly ecclesiastical student or for any one interested in the manifold external forms of primitive ecclesiastical influence can scarcely be imagined.

3-4. Abundance and freshness of information, good order, accuracy of statement, and richness of documentation characterize the German manual of Dr. Kaufmann, an Italian translation of which is now offered to the public. In one volume it aims at presenting

the doctrine somewhat more elaborately set forth in the works of Marucchi and Leclercq. The work of Dr. Kaufman is very welcome, since the numerous manuals called forth in the seventies by De Rossi's Roma Sotterranea are now somewhat antiquated, least of all, however the valuable work of Northcote and Brownlow. In these pages of Dr. Kaufmann the student of Christian antiquities may follow the latest studies and researches in the catacombs and in all the earliest forms of Christian art (inscriptions, frescoes, statuary, sarcophagi, etc.).

THOMAS J. SHAHAN.

The Economic History of the United States, By Ernest Ludlow Bogart, Ph. D. Longmans (New York, 1907). Pp. xiii, 522.

Although nominally treating of the economic history of the United States this work is essentially a text-book history of production in the United States. As the Preface states, "there is traced the growth of industry, agriculture, commerce, transportation, population, and labor, from the simple isolated agricultural communities of the colonies to the complex industrial and commercial society of to-day." The history of tariff, currency, banking-crises, etc., is touched upon only incidentally in the way of explanation of industrial, commercial, or transportation changes, and problems of capital organizations, trade-unionism, immigration, etc., are outlined but briefly as concomitants of economic growth. The main thesis is throughout the development of the wealth-producing resources of the country.

Professor Bogart tells his story graphically and interestingly. Maps and illustrations are used freely, and accurate quantitative notions are conveyed by frequent statistical tables. The work is especially strong in the description of the mechanical operation and productive influence of agricultural and manufacturing machinery. In fact the whole plan, tone, and make-up of the book are well calculated to give the reader an intelligent comprehension of the production of physical wealth in the United States as it is actually carried on, and of how this gigantic, complex and unified wealth-producing organism has been developed from simple colonial beginnings. It is in this that the value of the work lies.

The book is intended for the use of students of both history and economics. For the former it supplies in convenient form those important facts of the development of the material basis of our national life which are often omitted from and never adequately explained in the text-book histories. The necessity of a firm grasp of these facts for a proper understanding of our political history is not contested. To quote from Professor Bogart, "The keynote of the national history of the United States is to be found in this work of winning a continent from Nature and subduing it to the uses of man. A truly gigantic task, it has absorbed the main energies of the American people from the beginning, and has been approached in significance only by the struggle to preserve the Union. Inevitably it has left its impress on the character and ambitions of the people."

The need of a descriptive study of American industrial life in its historical setting has long been felt by teachers of elementary economics. It is generally recognized that a clear quantitative and qualitative comprehension of the actual processes of wealth production greatly aids the student in understanding the nature of the problems to which the complexity of our industrial system gives use. Admittedly, too, the underlying forces can more easily be detected and their workings followed if these are studied first in their lowest terms in simple industry, and the disturbing factors introduced and explained in the order of their historical emergence. Yet even the best economic text-books fall far short of the desired presentation of the salient facts and interrelations of agencies in present day production in the United States, to say nothing of their failure to point out the revolutionary growth and changing relations of productive factors since colonial times. The result is that the student is pushed into the study of theories of exchange and distribution without definite ideas of the close interdependence of exchange and production or of the functions actually performed in the production of wealth by the factors claiming shares of the product in distribution.

The present work, therefore, should prove a welcome addition to the text-book material for the study of production.

D. A. MCCABE.