LOHAGHUR, a fortress of Hindostan, province of Gundwaneh, belonging to the rajah of Nagpore. Long. 81. 10. E. Lat. 20. 25. N.

LOHANNA, a town of Hindostan, province of Gujerat, belonging to the rajah of Deodhur. Latitude not ascertained.

LOHEIA, a considerable city of Yemen, in Arabia, situated on the coast of the Red sea. It lies at the bottom of a deep bay, protected from the sea by one large island, and a group of smaller ones to the northwest. It has no walls, but is defended by several towers, guarded by soldiers, and several of which will admit cannon. Many of the houses are built of stone; but the greater number are mud huts, thatched with grass. The harbour is so shallow, that vessels can only anchor at some distance from the town; and at low water even laden boats cannot approach it. A considerable trade is, however, carried on in coffee, which, though of inferior quality to that shipped at Mocha and Hodeida, is procured at a cheaper rate. Some merchants of Cairo, and about 40 Banians, have taken up their residence here. Indian goods brought direct from India pay a duty of 5 per cent.; but all goods brought down the Red sea pay 7 per cent. Presents are likewise necessary, The water at Loheia is bad, and the surrounding country sandy and barren. About six miles from the town is a mountain, affording considerable quantities of mineral salt. Long. 42. 44. E. Lat. 15. 44. N.

LOHNHUT, a small town of the Netherlands, in the province of Antwerp. Population 1600. 16 miles N. N. E. of Ant

werp.

LOHOEI, a town of China, of the third rank, in the island of Hainan.

LOHR, a town of the Bavarian states, in Franconia, on the Maine. The only me nufacture of consequence is glass. Popul tion 3000. 35 miles E. S. E. of Frankfort. LOHURDUNGA, a town of Hindostan, province of Bahar, district of Chura Nagpore. It is situated near a pass in the western hill, and formerly possessed a fort. Long. 85. 2. E. Lat. 23. 28. N.

LOICH, a river of Scotland, in Ross-shire, which discharges itself into Loch Long.

LOING, a river of France, which has its source on the borders of the Nievre, and falls into the Seine between Melun and Montereau, after a course of 50 miles.

LOIR AND CHER, a department in the central part of France, including the southern portion of the province of Orleannois. Its superficial extent is 2600 square miles. The face of the country is in general level, but has a barren and monotonous aspect, particularly in the south-east part, where it is covered with extensive heaths and

marshes. The climate is mild and healthy, except in the district of Romorantin, where the exhalations from the marshes are extremely noxious. The principal rivers that traverse the department are the Loire, the Loir, the Cher, the Cosson, and the Beuvron. The soil to the north of the Loire is much more fertile than on the south of that river, producing abundance of corn, fruit, and wine. Its pasturages are likewise good, and its forests considerable. The only mineral products are iron and flint-stones. The trade of the department consists in corn, cattle, wine, brandy, and a few manufactures. The department belongs to the 22 military division, and to the diocese of Orleans. In jurisdiction it is subject to the cour royale of that city. It is divided into the three arrondissements of Blois (the capital), Vendome, and Romorantin. These are subdivided into 24 cantons and 309 communes. Population 212,000.

LOIR, LE, a considerable river of France, which rises to the south of Chartres, in the department of the Eure and Loire, and falls into the Sarthe. Its course is upwards of 100 miles, and it is navigable 60 miles.

It

LOIRE, LA, the river of the longest and most interesting course of any in France, has its source far in the south-east of the kingdom, among the mountains of the Cevennes, department of the Ardeche, and, after flowing more than 500 miles, falls into the Atlantic, about 40 miles below Nantes. From its source it flows in a northerly direction as far as Orleans, whence to its embouchure, it holds a westerly course. becomes navigable at Roanne, only 40 miles north-west of Lyons. The great rivers which fall into it are the Allier, the Cher, the Vienne, the Mayenne, the Sarthe, the Sevre, and the Indre. It communicates with the Seine by the canal of Orleans, and with the Rhone, through the medium of a canal which joins it with the Saone, thus forming a water communication between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean through the very heart of the kingdom. The principal towns which it passes in its course are, Orleans, Blois, Tours, Saumur, and Nantes.

LOIRE, a department of France, situated not near the lower part of the river Loire, but in the latitude of Lyons, and adjoining the departinents of the Rhone and the Isere. Its superficial extent is 2000 square miles. It consists of a great valley, stretching along both sides of the Loire, and bounded by the mountains of Auvergne on the one side, and by those of the Rhone on the other. The climate is mild, and the soil, though stony in the mountainous districts, is in general fertile, producing the famous Coterôtie wine, with abundance of fruit; also maize and hemp. Of wheat little is raised;

but the pastures are good. As to minerals, the department contains considerable mines of lead and coal, with quarries of marble, mill-stones, and flint. The principal manufactures are of cotton, linen stuffs, and ribbons. It is divided into the three arrondissements of Montbrison (the capital), Roanne, and St Etienne. These are subdivided into 28 cantons, and 327 communes. Population 316,000.

LOIRE, HAUTE or UPPER, a department in the south-east of France, situated to the south of the preceding, and adjoining the departments of the Puy de Dome, the Ardeche, and the Lozere. Its superficial extent is 1870 square miles. The face of the country is extremely mountainous, being situated on the northern declivity of the Cevennes, at a considerable elevation. The soil is stony and volcanic, except in the vallies, where it is of tolerable fertility. The climate is warm in summer, but cold and stormy in winter. The principal rivers that traverse the department are the Loire, the Allier, the Lignon, and the Alagnon. Here is likewise a number of mountain torrents. The rearing and export of cattle is one of the principal sources of the subsistence of the inhabitants. Corn, however, is raised in a quantity equal to the consumption. The other productions are wine and fruit. Among its minerals are lead, antimony, and coal. The principal manufactures are lace, linen, and woollens. It is divided into the three arrondissements of Le Puy (the capital), Brioude, and Yssengeaux. These are subdivided into 28 cantons, and 272 communes. Population 268,000.

LOIRE, INFERIEURE or LOWER, a department in the west of France, formed of the south-east portion of the ancient province of Brittany, and bounded by the Atlantic and the departments of the Ille and Vilaine, Maine and Loire, Vendee and Morbihan. Its superficial extent is of nearly 3000 square miles, and its population of 408,000. The surface is in general level. Small hills are found in some parts; but nothing deserving the name of a mountain. The coast is low, and covered with a multitude of small lakes. The rivers that traverse it are the Loire, the Don, the Isac, the Erdre, and the Tenn. The climate is temperate and mild, but rather damp; the soil, though in some parts marshy, is in general fertile. The productions are corn, wine, fruit, different sorts of seeds for making oil, some flax, and large quantities of wood. From the moist nature of the climate, the pastures are good, and the stock of cattle excellent. The fisheries both in the rivers and on the coast are very productive. The mineral products are iron, coal, and salt, all of which are exported to a con

siderable amount. Its great resources and advantageous situation at the mouth of the largest river in the kingdom, render the manufacturing industry and commerce of this department extensive. By means of the Loire and its tributary streams, it carries on a brisk traffic with the departments of the interior; and the foreign trade of Nantes is exceeded by few towns of the kingdom. It is divided into the five arrondissements of Nantes (the capital and only large town), Savenay, Chateaubriant, Ancenis, and Paimbœuf. These are subdivided into 45 cantons and 209 communes.

LOIRE, a town of France, department of the Rhone. Population 1500. 9 miles N. of Condrieux. There is another town of this name, in the department of the Maine and Loire.

LOIRET, a department in the central part of France, comprising a portion of the cidevant Orleannois and the Gatinois, and bounded by the departments of the Seine and Oise, the Seine and Marne, the Yonne, the Cher, the Loir and Cher, and the Eure and Loir. Its superficial extent is 2700 square miles. The country is level, and is traversed by the Loire, the Loing, the Loiret, the Ouanne, the Bied, and a number of smaller streams. The soil, though in some districts light and sandy, is upon the whole fertile, and the climate mild and agreeable. The principal productions are corn, hemp, saffron, and fruit. Large quantities of wine are likewise raised; but it is of an inferior quality. The forests are extensive, particularly that of Orleans, which contains 15,000 acres. The exports consist of the above-mentioned productions, and of various articles of manufacture, such as woollen and cotton cloth, linen, leather, paper, porcelain, &c. It is divided into the four arrondissements of Orleans (the capital and only large town), Gien, Montargis, and Pithiviers. These are subdivided into 31 cantons, and 365 communes. Population 286,000.

LOIRET, a river of France, which falls into the Loire at St Menin.

LOIRON, a town of France, department of the Mayenne, on the river Oudon. Population 1600. 12 miles N. of Craon.

LOISACH, a river of Bavaria, which falls into the Iscr.

LOISERON, a town of France, department of the Mayenne. Population 1600.

LOITZ, a small town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the Peene, with 1400 inhabitants. 24 miles S. of Stralsund. Long. 13. 5. E. Lat. 53. 56. N.

LOKEREN, a considerable town of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders, on the Darme, a sinall river which communicates with the Scheldt by means of a ca

nal. It carries on a brisk trade in corn, flax, hemp, and linen. Its manufactures consist of woollens, printed cotton, lace, and hats. It has likewise extensive tobacco works, and 15 oil mills. Population 12,800. 12 miles N. E. of Ghent.

LOKIANG, a town of China, of the third rank, in Setchnen.

LOKMAN, a village of Irak Arabi, on the Tigris, 16 miles N. of Bagdad.

LOLLARA, a town of Hindostan, province of Gujerat, subject to an independent Hindoo chief. The country in its vicinity is celebrated for breeding remarkably fine cattle, some of which are 17 hands high, and will trot as fast as a horse.

LOLLDONG, a celebrated pass of Hindestan, between the provinces of Delhi and Serinagur. It is situated at the skirt of the mountain, and is encompassed by thick wood. After the defeat of the Rohillas by the British, in 1774, the remains of their army took post in this place, but were shortly compelled to capitulate. Long. 78. 16. E. Lat. 29. 52. N.

LOMA, PUNTA DE LA, a cape on the west coast of North America, forming the south-west point of the entrance into the port of St Diego, in New Albion. Lat. 33. 28. N.

LOMARIA POINT, the easternmost point of the island of Belleisle, off the west coast of France.

LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM, the name given since the congress of Vienna, in 1815, to the whole of Austrian Italy, comprising both Lombardy and the former Venetian territory. See Italy, Italy Austrian, Milan, and Venice.

LOMBARDY, a country of Northern or Upper Italy. The name, though properly applicable only to the Vale of the Po, is commonly given to the whole track of country lying between the Alps and the Appennines, or, to speak with more precision, between the frontiers of Switzerland and Tuscany. It is about 250 miles in length, and 150 at its greatest breadth. It corresponds in a great measure to the Gallia Cisalpina of the Romans, and derived its present name from the Lombards, a people who conquered it in the sixth century, and retained it under the form of a kingdom till the eighth. It is divided into Upper and Lower: the former is the western part, and comprehends the Milanese, along with a portion of the Sardinian territory. In the fatter are comprised Parma, Modena, the Papal legations, and a considerable part of the Austro-Italian government of Venice. It is likewise divided into Cispadan, and Transpadan Lombardy. The former, or Lombardy on this side the Po, includes all that lies between that river and the Ap

pennines; Transpadan Lombardy, or Lombardy beyond the Po, all that lies between that river and the Alps. The states of which Lombardy at present consists are Austrian Italy, Continental Sardinia, Parma, Modena, and Lucca. Although Lombardy has long ceased to form a political division, the name, as well as several others of the same kind, is still retained in geographical works, on account of its frequent occurrence in history, and likewise as indicating a large track of country, which cannot otherwise be pointed out, without particularising the several separate states of which it is composed. See Italy Austrian.

LOMBES, a small town of France, department of the Gers, on the Save. Population 1500. 22 miles S. by E. of Mirande.

LOMBLEM ISLE, one of the Sunda chain of islands, situated between the large islands of Floris and Timor, and the 8th and 9th degrees of S. lat. It is an island of considerable dimensions, being in length about 50 miles, by 16 miles the average breadth; but it has never been explored, and remains nearly unknown.

LOMBOCK, an island in the Eastern seas, about 53 miles in length north and south, and 45 in average breadth. It is separated from the island of Bally, by the straits of Lombock, and from Sumbawa by the straits of Allas. The island is mountainous, but well covered with wood and verdure. It is populous and well cultivated; and at the town of Bally, in the straits of Allas, and in the plantations and villages along the coast, the European ships passing to the east are amply supplied with refreshinents. The articles most wanted in exchange are fire-arms and ammunition, or dollars. Anextensive commerce is also carried on with all the Malay islands, and particularly with

Java and Borneo. The strait of Lombock is formed by the island of Bally to the west, and that of Lombock to the east. The south entrance is in long. 115. 43. E. and in lat. 8. 45. S. and is known by a large island, called Banditti island, to the westward of which there is no passage. The navigation of this strait is extremely dangerous, owing to the great rapidity of the tides, and to the difficulty of finding anchorage. The strait of Allas, formed by the island of Lombock to the westward, and that of Sumbawa eastward, is reckoned the best and safest to the eastward of the island of Java, having anchorage at the several towns and villages, where cattle and refreshments of all kinds may be procured in abundance. The inhabitants of Lombock are said to be chiefly emigrants from the neighbouring islands. They retain many Hindoo customs, particularly that of burning their dead; and the widow also, as

in India, sacrifices herself on the funeral pile of her husband.

LOMBOCK PEAK is in long. 116. 26. E. lat. 8. 21. S. It rises in the form of a cone, to the height of above 8000 feet above the level of the sea.

LOMMATSCH, a town of Saxony, in the circle of Meissen, on the Jahne. Population 1300. 23 miles N. W. of Dresden. LOMMEL, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, with 2100 inhabitants. LOMMERSUM, a town of the Prussian province of Cleves and Berg, 9 miles W. N. W. of Bonn. Population 1100.

LOMNA, a village of Austrian Galicia, in the circle of Sambors. Population 1000. LOMNITZ, a small town of Moravia, 15 miles N. N. W. of Brunn. Population 1100. There are two small towns of this name in Silesia, and two in Bohemia.

LOMNITZ, a mountain of Hungary, among the Carpathians, 8600 feet high. LOMOND, LOCH, a beautiful lake of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, about 30 miles in length, and in some places 8 or 9 miles in breadth, remarkable for the grand and picturesque scenery on its shores. Over this magnificent expanse of water there are about 30 islands scattered, eleven of which are of considerable size. The depth of the lake is various: in the southern extremity it seldom exceeds 20 fathoms; near the north end, it is in some places 100 fathoms, which is the greatest depth. The most considerable stream which runs into the lake is the Endrick, which falls into it on the south-east; and on the west side it receives the waters of the Uglas, the Luss, the Fruin, the Falloch, and other smaller rivulets. It discharges itself at its southern extremity by the river Leven, which falls into the Clyde at Dumbarton. It abounds with trout, and in the southern part of it there are salmon. From several circumstances it would appear that the waters of this lake are gaining on the land, which effect may be produced by the sand carried into it from the mountain torrents. In 1755, when Lisbon was thrown down by an earthquake, the waters of Loch Lomond were greatly agitated: they rose rapidly several feet above the usual level, and as rapidly sunk several feet below it, continuing to ebb and flow for some hours, when it again became calm.

LOM-PIN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Pe-tche-lee.

LOMZA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Augustow, on the Narew, with 1200 inhabitants. 79 miles N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 40. E. Lat. 53. 0. N.

LONA, a small river of Italy, in the states of Lucca. It flows into the gulf of Genca.

LONADO, or LONATO, a town of Austrian -Italy, in the Milanese. Population 4000. LO-NAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Shensee.

LONDARI, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea, with about 250 houses.

LONDE, LA, a town of France, department of the Lower Seine. Population 1400. LONDERZEELE, a town of the Netherlands, in South Brabant, near Brussels, remarkable for its extensive tanneries and breweries. Population 3200.

LONDON is the capital of England, and metropolis of the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The popular and most usual acceptation of the word London comprises the ancient city of that name, the city of Westminster, the borough of Southwark, and their respective suburbs. These form one vast metropolis, which is certainly the largest and most wealthy, and perhaps the most populous city in the world. The present article relates generally to the metropolis, and also to the city of London. More detailed particulars relating to Chelsea, Greenwich, Deptford, Islington, and Lambeth, have already been published in this work, under those heads respectively; and further accounts of Westminster and Southwark will be given under each name. The article Thames will also contain some information connected with the present subject. The cathedral church of St Paul, which is nearly in the centre of the city of London, is ascertained to be situated in lat. 51. 31. N., and in long. 0. 5. 37. W. of Greenwich. The cities of London and Westminster are situated in the county of Middlesex, and hundred of Ossulston, on the northern bank of the river Thames; and the borough of Southwark is on the opposite or southern bank, in the county of Surry, and hundred of Brixton. To each of these principal divisions of London, many neighbouring villages have been successively annexed, by the increase of buildings on the intervening ground; and the whole is thus united into one immense assemblage of human habitations. Some of these suburbs are situated in Essex, and others in Kent. The opposite banks, on which this metropolis stands, are connected by London, Southwark, Blackfriars, the Waterloo, Westminster, and Vauxhall bridges.

The greater part of the northern division, rising from the bank of the river towards the hills of Hampstead and Highgate, is regarded as salubrious and pleasant: the soil is gravel, which, as the ground rises, becomes covered with brick earth, or strong loam, which gradually increases to the deptli of several feet. The southern side is level, and has been, at a remote period, either the

bed of the river, or a morass; but by embankments, sewers, &c. it has been rendered as solid as the northern districts.

The greatest extent of London is from west to east. Without including Knights bridge, Kensington, or Chelsea, its length, from Hyde Park corner to Poplar, is nearly seven miles; its breadth varies considerably, but it is nearly five miles from Newington Butts to Islington. The circumference of the whole, allowing for various inequalities in the extension of streets, &c. at the extremities, cannot be less than 30 miles. The included area is 11,520 square acres, of which the river occupies 1120, leaving 10,400 square acres as the space occupied by the buildings and streets.

London may be considered as divided into five separate districts, distinguished by the classes of the inhabitants, and the consequent variety of the buildings. These divisions are, 1st, The City of London, where the commerce and most of the trade of the metropolis is conducted; which accordingly consists chiefly of shops, warehouses, wharfs, public offices, counting-houses, and the residences of merchants, bankers, and traders. 2dly, Westminster, which, containing the royal palaces, the houses of lords and commons, the courts of law, and government offices, is chiefly inhabited by persons connected with those institutions and establishments. 3dly, The West end of the Town, extending from Charing Cross to Hyde Park, and from St James's Park to Paddington. This is the best and most fashionable part of the town, and contains the town residences of the nobility and gentry, and the most fashionable shops. 4thly, The East end of the Town, which is devoted to commerce, to ship-building, and the various trades connected with shipping, and the supply of naval stores and provisions. Here are also the London, West India, and East India docks, which stupendous works of modern British commerce will be noticed under the head of Commerce. 5thly, South wark, and the places contiguous, on the southern bank of the river, which are also devoted to commerce and ship-building; and distinguished by a vast number of manufactories, iron-foundries, glass-houses, &c. The smoke of the furnaces, and noisome effluvia arising from some of these works, render great part of this district extremely unpleasant.

The name of London has been derived by some from the ancient Gothic words Lun, a grove, and Den, a town; while others contend for a different etymology in the ancient British Llyn, a lake, and Din, a town. The former refer its name to its situation in or near the immense forest, called in the time of Henry II. the Great

+

Forest of Middlesex; the latter to the wide expanse of water exhibited by the Thames, when its waves rolled to the foot of the Surry hills, and over the low marshes east of the city. There is very strong reason to believe it was the Civitas Trinobantum of Cæsar. According to Dr Stukeley, it occupied an oblong square, extending in length from Ludgate to Wallbrook, and in breadth from Maiden-lane, Lad-lane, and Cateatonstreet, to the Thames. This space was between the river Fleta on the west, and a stream called Wallbrook on the east, and contained about one-fifth of the area subsequently walled round. It is, however, certain that it was called by the Romans Londinium, by which name it occurs in Taci tus (Annal. lib. xiv. c. 32. 33). After the British heroine Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, had successively taken Camalodunum (Colchester), and Verulam (St Alban's), Suetonius, the Roman general, marched through the country as far as Londinium, a place (says the historian) not dignified with the name of a colony, but the chief resilence of merchants.

Many Roman antiquities, consisting of tesselated pavements, urns, coins, &c. have at different times been found, several feet beneath the present surface of the streets. The London Stone, in Cannon-street, is considered by most antiquaries as part of a Roman milliary. Dr Stukeley, in his Itinerarium Curiosum, has given a plan of Londinium, shewing the extent and form of the station, with the number of gates in the walls, and the military roads that branched off from it.

When the Roman forces withdrew from Britain, London became again a British town, and is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as the place to which, in 457, the Britons fled, on their defeat by the Saxons under Hengist, who about twenty years afterwards obtained possession of this city; but on his death in 498, it was re-taken by Ambrosius, and retained by the Britons during a considerable part of the next century. On the conversion of the east Saxons to Christianity, London was nominated as the bishop's see; and Melitus was appointed the first bishop, in the year 604. In 610, a church was erected on the site of the present cathedral of St Paul's. London was, according to Bede, a mart town then of many nations that resorted thither by sea and land. In 764, 798, and 801, it suffered extensively by fires. On the union of the Saxon kingdoms under Egbert, London, though not the royal residence or seat of government, as has been erroneously stated, was advancing in importance, a wittenagemote having been held here in 833, to consult on the means of repelling the