spreading before the eye many delicious prospects. The soil was in general rich: they had a great deal of grass, which, having no cattle to eat it down, grew high, and was scorched and burnt up with the heat of the sun. No river was seen at Pelew; their supplies of fresh water being from small streams and ponds, of which there were many. They had no salt, nor did they make use of sauce or seasoning in any thing they ate. Their drink was as simple as their diet; at their meals the milk of the cocoa-nut was their usual beverage. They had no method, as was observed, of measuring time, but by the height of the sun. Their seasons were divided into the wet and dry, as in other tropical countries. They had some knowledge of the stars, having names for several of them, which they pointed out to our people. Every part of the Pelew islands that the English visited, appeared populous, though to what extent of population they could never ascertain. Their houses were raised about three feet from the ground, placed on large stones, which appeared as if cut from the quarry, being thick and oblong. Their fishing hooks were of tortoise-shell; their twine, their cord, and all their fishing-nets, were well manufactured, and made from the husks of the cocoa-nut. The mats on which they slept, and threw over them when at rest, were formed of plantain-leaf. At their meals they used a plantain-leaf instead of a plate; the shell of the cocoa-nut serving as a cup to drink out of, which they sometimes polished very nicely. They made also vessels of a kind of earthenware of a reddish brown colour, and mostly of an oval shape. In these they heated their water, and boiled their fish, yams, &c. The principal weapons used in their battles were spears: they were commonly about twelve feet long, formed of the bamboo, with the pointed end made of some wood exceedingly hard; they were barbed transversely, so that having once entered the body, it was difficult to draw them out without lacerating the flesh, and widening to a great degree the wound. Another war weapon was the dart and sling: the sling was a piece of wood about two feet in length, with a notch made in it, wherein the head of the dart was fixed. The dart was of bamboo, pointed with an extreme hard and heavy kind of wood, like the spear, which they compressed with their hand till the elasticity of the bamboo had formed such a curve as experience told them would reach the object ained at; then letting it slip from the notch, it flew forth, and fell by its gravitation with the point downwards, so as to effect the purpose of being destructive, it it fell upon the enemy. The natives of these islands are a stout well VOL. IV. PART II.

made people, rather above the middling stature; their complexions are of a far deeper colour than what is understood by the Indian copper, but not black; the hair is long and flowing, rather disposed to curl, which they mostly form into one large loose curl round their heads; some of the women, who have remarkably long hair, let it hang loose down their backs. The men were entirely naked; the women wore only two little aprons, or rather thick fringes, one before and one behind, about ten inches deep and seven wide; these were made of the husks of the cocoa-nut, stripped into narrow slips, which they dyed with different shades of yellow. Both men and women were tattooed, or as they call it, melgothed ; this operation took place, as was conceived, at a certain period of youth, no children of either sex having ever been marked by it. The men had their left ear bored, and the women both: a few of the first wore beads in the perfo-. rated ear; the latter either put some leaf through, or an ear-ring of tortoise-shell inlaid. The cartilage between the nostrils was also bored in both sexes, through which they frequently put a little sprig or blossom of some plant or shrub that accidently caught their fancy. Both sexes are very expert at swimming, and appeared to be as perfectly at ease in water as on land. The men were admirable divers : if they saw any thing at the bottom of the sea which attracted their notice, they would jump overboard instantly and bring it up. Their narriages were probably no more than a civil contract, but at the same time that kind of contract which was regarded as inviolable. They allowed a plurality of wives, but in general had not more than two: the king had five, though not living together. As to their religion, the English never observed any appearance of public worship. The king of Pelew entertained so great an esteem for captain Wilson, that he entrusted his second son, prince Lee Boo, to his care, to accompany him to England. He was of a most amiable disposition, desirous of information, and of capacity to receive it. This young prince died of the small-pox at captain Wilson's house in London, in the year 1784, at about twenty years of age. return for the kindness shewn by Abba Thulle, the prince of Pelew, to the crew of the Antelope, wrecked on the island of Oroolong in 1783, in the year 1791 the East India company sent him as a present four young cows in calf, and two young bulls from Lebojee, and 10 ewes and two rains of the Bengal breed; eight she-goats, and two rams of the Surat breed; five sows in pig, and two boars from Bombay; two geese, three ducks, and one mallard frons

3 B

In

Bencoolen; two hens, eight turtle doves, and two parrots from Allass; which were all landed in good condition; besides seeds of various sorts, European swords, and hardware, with arms and ammunition. In 1791 the captain of the Panther, a Bombay cruizer, was so pleased with the manners of the natives, that he resigned his command, determined to spend the remain der of his life among them; but after a residence of 15 months, he grew tired, and sailed in his pinnace to Macao. The stock left in the Pelew islands had greatly increased in 1802, with the exception of the sheep, which had failed. At that time several Europeans resided on the islands, for the purpose of collecting biche de mar, tortoise-shell, and sharks fins for the China market. The Jesuits of Manilla, in the Philippines, endeavoured in 1696 to reduce these islands, and effected a landing in 1710. Those who landed were never more heard of; and the ship which transported them, after waiting for them long in vain, was at length compelled to depart, leaving them to their fate. Long. between 134. 5. and 134. 40. E. Lat. between 6. 54. and 8. 12. N.

PELHAM, a township of the United States, in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 40 miles S. S. E. of Concord. Population 998.-2d, A township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 85 miles W. of Boston. Population 1185.-3d, A township of West Chester county, New York, on Long Island sound. Population 267.

PELHAM FARNEAING, a parish of England, in Hertfordshire, 6 miles E. S. E. from Buntingford. Population 533.

PELICAN ISLAND, a small island near the south coast of West Florida. Long. 88. 6. W. Lat. 30. 14. N.

PELICAN ISLAND, a small island near the north-east coast of Antigua. Long. 61. 24. W. Lat. 17. 14. N.

PELICAN ISLAND, a small island near the south-west coast of Antigua. Long. 61. 35. W. Lat. 17. 10. N.

PELICAN ISLANDS, a cluster of small islands near the coast of West Florida. Long. 88. 55. W. Lat. 29. 48. N.

PELICAN KEY, GREAT, a small island near the south coast of Jamaica. Long. 76. 48. W. Lat. 17. 49. N.

PELICAN KEY, LITTLE, a small island near the south coast of Jamaica, a little to the north of Great Pelican Key.

PELICAN SHOALS, small patches of sand banks, about half a mile from the shore of the south-west coast of the island of Barbadoes.

PELICONDA, a town of Hindostan, province of the Circars, and district of Cicacole. Long. 84. 10. E. Lat. 18. 33. N.

PELIER, a small island on the west coast of France, situated west by north from the island of Noirmentier.

PELILEO, a settlement of Quito, in the province of Riobamba. Lat. 1. 21. S.

PELIME, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, and district of Tourinsk, at the confluence of the Pelime with the Taudo. It contains only a fort and 60 wooden houses; yet, being the only place of any magnitude in a great extent of country, it has been dignified with the name of a city, and the residence of a Vaivode. It contains no regular shops or merchants, and is supplied with goods only by a small vessel which once a-year ascends the Taudo from Tobolsk. The country round is almost entirely covered with wood, and subject to very severe cold. It is inhabited chiefly by the race of people called Vogouls. Long. 63. 50. E. Lat. 59. 20. N.

PELIME, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Taudo, near the town of the same name. It is not navigable.

PELING, an island in the Yellow sea, near the coast of Corea, 10 miles long, and 4 broad. Long. 124. 28. E. Lat. 38. 24. N.

PELING ISLE, an island in the Eastern seas, near the east coast of the island of Celebes, between the 123d and 124th degrees of E. long. In length it may be estimated at 50 miles, by 15 the average breadth. On its east coast are many smaller isles, with numerous rocks and shoals. Long. 124. 28, E. Lat. 38. 24. N.

PELINGARA, a river of Peru, in the province of Piura, which runs west, and enters the Catamayu, in Lat. 4. 44. S.

PELION, now called PETRAS, a celebrated mountain of Greece, in Thessaly, to the south of Ossa, on the borders of the gulf of Volo. It is of considerable height, and is covered with forests.

PELION, a town of China, of the third rank, in Quangsee.

PELLA. See Genitza.

PELLEGRUE, a small town in the southwest of France, department of the Gironde. Population 1500. 12 miles N. N. E. of La Reole, and 30 E. of Bourdeaux.

PELLENBECK, a village of the Netherlands, in South Brabant, 3 miles E. of Louvain. Here the French were defeated with considerable loss, on the 22d March 1793.

PELLERIN, a small town in the west of France, department of the Loire Inferieure, situated on the south bank of the Loire. It has a harbour and a good roadstead. Population 1500. 17 miles E. by S. of Paimbœuf, and 11 W. of Nantes.

PELLEW'S, SIR EDWARD, GROUP, a clus ter of islands on the north coast of New Holland, and the west shore of the gulf of

Carpentaria. They occupy a space of 34 miles east and west, by 22 north and south; and the five principal islands are from 7 to 17 miles in length. They appear to be formed of a hard close grained sand-stone, with a small admixture of quartz, sometimes slightly impregnated with iron. Where the surface is not bare rock, it consists of sand, with a greater or less proportion of vegetable soil, but in no case approaching to fertility. The larger islands are, however, covered with trees and bushes, and in some low places with grass. In the larger islands traces of the kangaroo were to be seen, and turtle tracks on the beaches. The names of the principal islands are Vanderlin's island, North-West, SouthWest, and Centre islands. Lat. of Centre island 15. 39. S.

PELLEW, CAPE, the northern extremity of an island of Sir Edward Pellew's group, in the gulf of Carpentaria, called North island. Long. 137. 2. E. Lat. 16. 301⁄2. S.

PELLEW POINT, a cape on the west coast of North America, in Prince William's sound. Long. 212. 57. E. Lat. 60. 51. N.

PELLICE, a small river in the north of Italy, in Piedmont, which has its source on the north side of Monte Viso, and falls into the Po. It flows through a valley called from its chief town the Valley of Lucerne.

PELLISSANE, a small town in the south east of France, department of the Mouths of the Rhone, situated on the Touloubre, and on the canal of Crapone. Olives are largely cultivated. Population 2600. 15 miles W. S. W. of Aix.

PELLO, a lofty mountain in Swedish Lapland, in length about 45 miles, and covered with firs. It was for some time the station of Maupertius in 1736, and of Ivanberg in 1803, when measuring a degree of the meridian. Long. 23, 58. 30. E. Lat. 66. 48. 16. N.

PELLWOBM, a small island in Denmark, on the west coast of the duchy of Sleswick. It is the remnant of the large island of Nordstrand, which was overwhelmed by the sea in 1634. Its area is 15 square miles, its population 3000. It gives name to a small district containing this island and 11 adjacent islets, with about 5000 inha

bitants.

PELOPONNESUS. See Morea. PELOSO, CAPE, a cape on the south coast of the island of Zante. Lat. 37. 50. N. PELSHALL, a hamlet of England, in Staffordshire, 3 miles N. from Walsall. Population 471.

PELSOCZ, or PLEISSNITZ, a small town of the north of Hungary, on the Sajo, and the chief place of the county of Gomer. Population 2100. 40 miles S. by W. of Kesmark, and 45 N. of Erlau.

PELTON, a township of England, county of Durham, 8 miles N. from Durham. Population 672.

PELUGOSA, a small island in the gulf of Venice, near the coast of Italy. Long. 18. 32. E. Lat. 42. 20. N.

PELVOUX DE VAL-LOUISE, a great mountain in the south-east of France, department of the Upper Alps, elevated no less than 13,500 feet above the level of the sea.

PELUSSIN, a small town in the east of France, department of the Loire. It has some manufactures of silk. Chesnuts are largely cultivated in the neighbourhood. Population 3300. 6 miles S. W. of Condrieu, and 14 E. of St Etienne.

PELYNT, a parish of England, in Cornwall, 4 miles W. N. W. from West Looe. Population 708.

PEMAQUID, a bay on the coast of Maine, containing several small islands. Long, 69. 30. W. Lat. 43. 45. N.

PEMAQUID, CAPE, a cape of America, on the coast of Maine. Long. 69. 27. W. Lat. 43. 48. N.

PEMAQUID, POINT, a cape on the coast of Maine. Long. 69. 30. W. Lat. 43. 37. N.

PEMBA, an island in the Indian sea, near the eastern coast of Africa, 14 leagues in length. It is low, well wooded, and extremely fertile. The export of corn and cattle is considerable. Its chief is said to be desirous of placing himself under the protection of the British government. Long. 41. E. Lat. 5. S.

PEMBA, a province in the interior of Congo, very imperfectly known, but generally described as fertile. According to some divisions, St Salvador, the capital of Congo, is included within it; but it does not extend so far as the Zaire.

PEMBA, a town of Congo, capital of the above province, 75 miles S. of St Salvador.

PEMBERTON, a township of England, in Lancashire, 3 miles W. S. W. from Wigan. Population 2934.

PEMBRIDGE, a parish of England, in Herefordshire, situated near the river Arrow. It was formerly a market town, and has a small woollen manufactory. Population 1135. 145 miles N. W. by N. from London.

PEMBROKE, one of the southern counties of Wales, bounded on the cast by Caermarthenshire, on the north-east by Cardiganshire, on the north and west by the Irish sea, and on the south by the Bristol channel. Its form is extremely irregular, in consequence of its numerous bays on the coast, and the encroachment of Caermarthenshire on the east. Its greatest length north and south may be estimated at about 30 miles; its greatest width in the

latitude of St David's, at 33 miles; and its smallest diameter from Egermond to St Bride's bay, at 13 miles. The face of the country throughout nearly the whole of Pembrokeshire is greatly diversified by alternate hills and dales, but none of the hills are of any considerable elevation, or aspire to the rank of mountains, except a range on the northern side of the county, extending 8 or 10 miles in a direction nearly due east and west. The general name of this chain is Percelly; but it has several summits bearing distinct denominations. The first is near the western extremity, and called Moel-Eryr; the next elevation is Cwn Cerwyn hill. This is the highest land in Pembrokeshire, and is seen from a great distance on every side. The last or easternmost summit is Vrenny Vawr, which also forms a conspicuous object in the landscape. This county exhibits in some parts, more particularly in the district of Roos, remarkable masses of rock, which, when viewed from a distance, have the appearance of ruined castles, or other large buildings. They are probably the skeletons of hills, from which the soil has been washed away by the rains of successive centuries.

The soil is various; but it may be divided into four sorts, namely, a strong red loam, generally from 6 to 14 inches in depth, having a sub-stratum of red argillaceous rock; a dark grey loam from 6 to 12 inches in depth, upon a blue and brown rock; a light spungy peat, usually on a clay bottom; and on the southern side of the county, a rich loam of considerable depth, on a sub-stratum of limestone rock, deemed peculiarly well adapted for the growth of corn. The grains most commonly raised here are wheat, barley, and oats; and rye is cultivated in some parts. On the best of farms turnips are cultivated, and pease more generally, but not with great success. The state of agriculture, however, though it has been much improved of late, is still susceptible of amelioration. In respect to a succession of crops, most of the farmers pursue the pernicious method of their forefathers, of completely exhausting the ground. Lime constitutes an important article of manure over the greater part of the county, but more particularly on the south, where it abounds. Irrigation, though many situations are favourable for it, is little thought of. Draining has received more attention, and extensive tracks of land have been in this manner reclaimed, and rendered highly productive. The agricultural implements are very imperfect, and the farm buildings are of a very ordinary kind, and commonly placed in the very worst situations. This defect, however, they have begun to improve on those estates

where it has become necessary to rebuild. The quantity of wood in this county is not considerable; it is most abundant on the shores of the upper part of Milford Haven, in the neighbourhood of Slebech and Picton castle; but little attention is paid to planting by the great landed proprietors. On the western coast, where the woods are much exposed to the winds blowing from the sea, they are shorn in a very curious manner. The black cattle of Pembrokeshire are of a superior breed, and in great request for the English market, where they obtain a ready sale. A considerable quantity of butter is made for home consumption, and for exportation.

The mineral treasures hitherto discovered in this county are not distinguished, either for their variety or their importance. On the banks of the Tave, in the parish of Llanvyrnach, are some lead mines, which have been worked to considerable advantage. The operations, probably from defects in the plan of management, have been for some time discontinued. The ore is reported to be of superior quality. The chief articles, however, in the subterrane ous wealth of Pembrokeshire, are its limestone and coal, but these are confined to a district of no great extent, on the southern side of the county. The limestone is of an excellent quality, both for building purposes and manure; but the coal, which is of the stone kind, is inferior to that of the same species raised in the counties of Caermarthen and Glamorgan. The South Wales mineral basin terminates here, and becoming shallower as it approaches the extremity, the strata are raised nearer the surface, and their quality is impaired. There are some mineral springs, but none of great repute.

Pembrokeshire cannot boast of being either a trading or manufacturing county; though it possesses various advantages for commerce, in its numerous natural harbours, and great extent of coast. There were formerly some tin-works on the Teivi, which are now discontinued. A cottonmill was also established at Haverford-west, which was soon relinquished as an unprofitable speculation. Various attempts have also been inade to render the natural advantages of this county subservient to the extension of its commerce. A Newfoundland fishery was once projected; also a whale fishery in the South sea; but little was done to carry these projects into effect. A little coasting trade is carried on from the ports with the English markets, chiefly for the exportation of coal, and the supplying of the shopkeepers with merchandise. Pembrokeshire abounds with objects of antiquarian curiosity and interest of almost

every kind and era. Druidical circles and cromlechs are frequent, of which the principal are those near Castle-Hendrev, Drewson, Trellys, Longhouse, Lech-y-dribedd, Pentre-Evan, and Castle-Martyn. Single stone monuments are also numerous, particularly along the coast, where they are conjectured to have been raised as memorials of predatory battles. The great Roman road to Menapia, St David's, enters the county near Llandewi-Velfry, and proceeds by Haverford-west and Roch-Castle, almost on the same line with the present turnpike-road from Caermarthen, which it crosses at different points. Another Roman road led from the great road to the station, called Ad-Vicesimum. But the most important antiquities are its castles, of which there are 19 mentioned as belonging to princes and great barons. Some of the churches in this county are likewise objects worthy the attention of the antiquary. The county, as at present divided, includes seven hundreds, viz. Castle-Martyn, Roos, Dewisland, Dungleddy, Narberth, Kemmes, and Kilgerran, in which are contained one cathedral, and 145 parishes, besides numerous chapelries. It has one city, St David's, the seat of its cathedral, and seven market towns, viz. Pembroke, Haverfordwest, Milford, Tenby, Narberth, Fishgard, and Newport. The county returns one member to Parliament, and the boroughs of Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston, return another. Population, according to returns of 1811, 60,615.

PEMBROKE, a borough and market town of South Wales, in the county of Pembroke, situated on a singular neck of land, dividing the small estuary of Down Pool, which flows from Milford Haven. It is the county town, and, next to Caermarthen, is one of the largest and richest towns in the southern division of the principality. The period of its foundation is unknown, but it is certainly of great antiquity, and is supposed to have derived its name from the British word Penfro, signifying a cape or promontory. It was anciently fortified, and protected by a most magnificent castle, the vast ruins of which still give it an appearance of uncommon grandeur; and it was likewise defended by a strong wall, still nearly entire, on the northern side, where it is flanked by numerous bastions of great thickness and strength. Through this wall were formerly three gates, on the east, north, and west sides; besides a small postern on the south side, leading to the marsh. Of these gates, that facing the north is the only one now standing; the other two having been long since destroyed. The east gate, which remained in Leland's time, is described by him as consisting of solid iron, and as being

The

highly ornamented and fortified. houses are ranged principally in one long street, which extends from east to west along the ridge of a hill, and is terminated by the castle at the west end; bearing in general appearance, but on a smaller scale, a strong resemblance to the towns of Edinburgh and Stirling, in Scotland. The public buildings are a town-hall, a free grammar school, and two parochial churches, dedicated to St Mary and St Michael. St Mary's church stands near the centre of the town, and consists of a nave, chancel, and north aisle, with a small chapel to the south. St Michael's bears evident marks of great antiquity. The architecture is a rude specimen of the Norman style, the arches being massive and rounded, and entirely destitute of ornament. The castle, as already mentioned, forms the western extremity of the town, occupying a rocky termination of the ridge on which it is placed. It is a noble ruin, and exhibits, in certain points of view, one of the finest objects which Wales can boast of. This fortress was founded in 1092 by Arnulph de Montgomery, son to the earl of Shrewsbury, on the site of a more ancient British work, and afterwards received great additions. During the Welsh wars, it was frequently besieged; but was always considered impregnable. It was reduced by Oliver Cromwell. It is now so ruinous as not to be habitable. Population 2415. 30 miles W. S. W. of Caermarthen, and 237 W. of London. Long. 5. 0. W. Lat. 51.37. N.

PEMBROKE, a township of the United States, in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, on the east side of the Merrimack. Population 1153.

PEMBROKE, a township of the United States, in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 23 miles S. S. E. of Boston. Population 2051.-Also a post village of Genesee county, New York.

PEMBROKE, CAPE, a cape in the north part of Hudson's bay. Long. 82. 19. W. Lat. 62. 51. N.

PEMBURY, a parish of England, in Kent, Smiles S. E. from Tunbridge. Population 825.

PEMGUR, a town of Hindostan, province of Khandeish, belonging to the Mahrattas. It is situated on the south bank of the Narbudda river. Long. 76. 35. E. Lat. 22. 28. N.

PEMIGEWASSET, a name applied to the main branch of the Merrimack, in the United States, till it is joined by the Winnipiseogee, at Sanborntown. Its sources are from the White mountains and Moosehillock, and its length, to its junction with the Winnipiseogce, about 70 miles.

PEMISSISAQUEWAKEE, a river of the dis.