eral justices came, and were mightily affected with the truth. The week following, the yearly meeting for friends of New-England, and other colonies adjacent, was held in this island; to which, besides many friends who lived in those parts, came John Stubbs from Barbadoes, and James Lancaster and John Cartwright from another way. This meeting lasted six days. The first four were spent in general publick meetings for worship; to which abundance of other people came. For having no priests in the island, and no restriction to any particular way of worship; and the governor and deputy-governor, with several justices of the peace, daily frequenting meetings; it so encouraged the people that they flocked in from all parts of the island. Very good service we had amongst them, and truth had good reception. I have rarely observed a people, in the state wherein they stood, to hear with more attention, diligence, and affection, then generally they did, during the four days; which was also taken notice of by other friends. These publick meetings over, the men's meeting began, which was large, precious, and weighty. The day following was the women's meeting, which also was large and very solemn. These two meetings being for ordering the affairs of the church, many weighty things were opened, and communicated to them, by way of advice, information, and instruction in the services relating thereunto; that all might be kept clean, sweet, and savoury amongst them. In these, several men's and women's meetings for other parts were agreed and settled, to take care of the poor, and other affairs of the church, and to see that all who profess truth walk according to the glorious gospel of God. When this great general meeting was ended, it was somewhat hard for friends to part; for the glorious power of the Lord, which was over all, and his blessed truth and life flowing amongst them, had so knit and united them together, that they spent two days in taking leave one of another, and of the friends of the island; and then, being mightily filled with the presence and power of the Lord, they went away with joyful hearts to their several habitations, in the several colonies where they lived.

After this I had a great travail in spirit concerning the Ranters in those parts who had been rude at a meeting which I was not at. Wherefore I appointed a meeting amongst them, believing the Lord would give me power over them; which he did, to his praise and glory, blessed be his name for ever! There were at this meeting many friends, and divers other people; some of whom were justices of the peace, and officers, who were generally well affected with the truth. One, who had been a justice twenty years, was convinced, spoke highly of the truth, and more highly of me than is fit for me to make mention or take notice of.

After this we went to Narraganset, about twenty miles from Rhode-Island; and the governor went with us. We had a meeting at a justice's, where friends never had any before. The meeting was very large, for the country generally came in; and people from Connecticut, and other parts round about. There were four justices of peace. Most of these people were such as had never heard friends before; but they were mightily affected, and a great desire there is after the truth amongst them. So that meeting was of very good service; blessed be the Lord for ever! The justice, at whose house it was, and another justice of that country, invited me to come again; but I was then clear of those parts, and was going towards Shelter-island. . . . At another place, I heard some of the magistrates said among themselves, 'If they had money enough, they would hire me to be their minister.' This was, where they did

...

not well understand us, and our principles: but when I heard of it, I said, 'It was time for me to be gone; for if their eye was so much to me, or any of us, they would not come to their own teacher.' For this thing (hiring ministers) had spoiled many, by hindering them from improving their own talents; whereas our labour is, to bring every one to their own teacher in themselves."

Text-George Fox's Journal, Philadelphia edition, pp. 450-452.

CHAPTER VIII

NEW YORK IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Bibliography

"The Voyages and Journal of Henry Hudson" (1607-1611) are reprinted in part in the "Collections of the New York Historical Society," Vol. I. Extracts from the histories of Meteren (1599 f.) and Wassenaer (1622 f.) appear in "Narratives of New Netherland" (1909) edited by by J. Franklin Jameson. A description of New Netherland is the "New World, or a Description of the West Indies" (1624 f.) by John DeLaet who although never resident in the colony had access to the journals of the Dutch voyagers (translation in part, "Coll. New York Hist. Soc.," Second Series, Vol. I; and "Narratives of New Netherland." "The Short History and Notes of a Journey Kept During Several Voyages" (16321644) by D. P. DeVries is to be found translated in the "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc." Second Series, Vol. III, Part I; and "Narratives of New Netherland," Another "Description of the New Netherlands" more detailed in character is that of Adrian Van der Donck (second edition, 1656, partially translated, "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc.," Second Series, Vol. I. Among the papers of Father Jogues, a Jesuit missionary captured by the Mohawk Indians, there appears a sketch of New Netherland as he saw it in 1643, (“Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc.," Second Series, Vol. III, Part I).

Aitzemas "Affairs of Church and Church, . . 1621-1669" (1657-1671) is accessible in "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc." Second Series, Vol. II. "The Broad Advice, . " (1649) of unknown authorship but one of the most important of early histories, appears in part in "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc.," Second Series, Vol. III; also in O'Callaghan's "Documentary History," Vol. IV. "An Account of Two Voyages to New England" (1638-39 and 1663-71) valuable though crude, by John Josselyn, has been reprinted in "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc.," Series III, Vol. III. "The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts 1679-80" ("Original Narratives of Early American History" edited (1913) by B. B. James and J. F. Jameson) gives a picture of New York as seen by Danckaerts.

and his fellow traveler, Sluyter. The letters of Michaelius, Megapolensis, Bogardus, and others, with a chronologically arranged digest of all documents for the period are to be found in the "Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York" (Hugh Hastings, supervisor) Vols. I-VI.

A comprehensive set of Dutch documents taken from the archives. at the Hague by John M. Brodhead covering the period 1608-1678, and translated by E. B. O'Callaghan, M.D. forms Vols. I and II of "Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York" (1856-58). Vols. III and IV (edited by J. M. Brodhead, 185354) contain transcripts of documents (1614-1706) lying in the State Paper Office, London, the office of the Privy Council, the British Museum, and the Library of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Vol. IX of the same work (1855) contains transcripts of documents (1631-1744) in the archives of the Ministers of War and Colonies, and the Royal Library, Paris, translated by E. B. O'Callaghan. In addition to this indispensable work, there are "The Records of New Amsterdam from 1653 to 1674, " (VII Vols., 1897) edited by Berthold Fernow. These give the minutes in full of the Court of Burgomasters and Schepens. "The Documentary History of New York" (IV Vols. 1849-51) by E. B. O'Callaghan, M.D., in reality not a history but a compendium of documents, has a rich store of important material. Vol. III in particular throws light upon seventeenth century conditions, though none of the others should be overlooked.

Eliminating the contemporary histories above mentioned, the earliest attempt at a history of New Netherlands was that of N. C. Lambrechtsen (1818). Brief and limited in range, its value is insignificant (translation, "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc.," New Series, Vol. I). The task of writing a comprehensive history of New York was first undertaken by William Smith, whose "History of the Province of New York from the first Discovery to the year MDCCXXXII, . . . " (1756; American Edition, 1792, 1814), with its continuation to 1762 left in manuscript at his decease (since published in the "Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc.," Vol. IV), is now universally pronounced to be incomplete in its earlier sections, and partisan in its posthumous chapters. The second attempt was that of James Macauley in his "Natural, Statistical and Civil History of the State of New York" (III Vols. 1829) a work descriptive of the physical features of the country but not in any detailed degree of its political or religious fortunes. The "History of the New Netherlands, . . . (II Vols. 1839-40) by James Dunlap, an antiquarian rather than a historian, improved slightly if at all upon the work of its predecessors. The

"History of New Netherland" (II Vols. 1846-50) by E. B. O'Callaghan, M.D. was a long step in advance, both for its fulness of detail and its scientific handling of the sources. A "History of the State of New York" (first period 1609-1664, second period 1664-1691; II Vols. 18531871) by John Romeyn Brodhead, completely outclassed all earlier works. With a slight tendency to the legal rather than the judicial type of mind, and sympathies undisguisedly pro-Holland, his work is exhaustive and a monument of literary industry and careful execution. The "Influence of the Netherlands in the Making of the English Commonwealth and the American Republic" (1891) by William E. Griffis represents a different interpretation. John Fiske's "Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America" (II Vols. 1899) written with characteristic grace, is marred by too many unjust strictures upon the New Netherland government authorities. "The Puritan in Holland, England, and America" (II Vols. 1892) by Douglas Campbell is a suggestive work that should be seriously though discriminatingly used. It may profitably be compared with "The Dutch Element in American History" by H. T. Colenbrander, also by Ruth Putnam (An. Report. Amer. Hist. Ass. 1909, sections XII and XIII. Thomas A. Janvier's “Dutch Founding of New York" covering the period 1609-1664, (1903) while on the whole satisfactory, should be handled with reserve.

For the relative dearth of standard comprehensive histories there has been a compensation in monographs dealing with localities. Of these the following are worthy of mention: "The History of the Town of Flatbush" (1842) by T. M. Strong; "Annals of Newtown" (1852) by J. Riker; "History of the City of New York" (1853) by D. T. Valentine; also a later work (1909) with same title by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer; "Flushing, Past and Present" (1860) by H. G. Mandeville; "History of Brooklyn, . . " (III Vols. 1867) by H. R. Stiles; "Early Hempstead" (1870) by C. B. Moore; "Antiquities of Long Island, . . . (1875) by Gabriel Furman; "Memorial History of the City of New York (IV Vols. 1891-93) edited by J. G. Wilson (particularly good); "Early Long Island" (1896) by Martha Flint; "History of the Town of Flushing, L. I." (1889) by H. D. Waller; "The Revised History of Harlem" (1904) by James Riker.

The Swedish settlements on the South River may be studied in "A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware" (1846) by B. Ferris; "The Dutch and Swedish Colonies on the Delaware" by G. B. Keen (1902, "Pub. Delaware County Hist. Soc.," Vol. I; and Winsor