proper subordination, or rather "Church Relationship" (Combination) she wants thus explained and understood. It must include the power to erect Seminaries, to ordain, and henceforth to do all those things that an Assembly of neighboring Church officers in the Netherlands may do. As her presupposed right, she desires, however, to enjoy the privilege to bring said "Relationship" under the following regulations:

1. The Coetus shall yearly communicate her Acts to the Rev. Classis by means of correspondence.

2. That when any important matter arises concerning which the Rev. (Coetus Assembly needs special light, she shall lay such matter before the Rev. Classis and abide by her advice.

3. That in case of differences among us concerning doctrine or manner of life, which we cannot settle correctly or bring to a satisfactory termination, after regular process, that we may then present such a case, prepared in an orderly manner by the Rev. (Coetus) Assembly, before the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam, or, if necessary, before the High Rev. Synod. That the Rev. (Coetus) Assembly binds itself, to allow the advice thus given, according to the circumstances of the dispute, to have the strength of a decisive verdict among us, so far as the laws of our said (British) kingdom permit. . . ."

Text -Hastings: Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York, Vol. VI, pp. 3963 66.

Articles of Union, October, 1771
PRELIMINARIES

Whereas certain misconceptions concerning the bond of union between the churches in this country and those in Holland, have been the unhappy causes of the past troubles: In order, therefore, to prevent these in future, and in consequence of the advice and direction of the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam, in their last letter to us, we unite ourselves in one body, and we agree with each other to regulate our church government, and union with the mother church in Holland, in the following manner: Article I.-Adherence to the Constitution of the Church

We adhere, in all things, to the constitution of the Netherland Reformed Church, as the same was established in the church orders of the Synod of Dordrecht, in the years 1618 and 1619.

Article II.-Consistories

The consistories shall always be appointed, and their business conducted agreeably to the constitution of the Netherland churches.

Article III.--Organization of the superior Church Judicatories

In addition to the above, we organize or establish according to the counsel and advice of the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam, approved in the Synod of North Holland, such ecclesiastical assemblies as are consistent with the government of the Netherland Church, and our relation to the same; which judicatories shall be distinguished by such names as shall hereafter be determined.

Article XX.-Examinations, Preparation and Peremptions

For this general assembly, with the approbation of the Rev. Synod of North Holland and the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam, we assume the long wished for right of

examining candidates for licensure and for the ministry, and also further to qualify those who are lawfully called, as the same is practised in the Netherlands.

Article XXII-Union with the Church of Holland

To preserve, in the best possible manner, the bond of union with our highly esteemed mother church (which we greatly desire,) there shall, first, be sent every year a complete copy of all the acts of our general assembly, signed by the Praeses and Scriba for the time being, to the Classis of Amsterdam, as duly named by the Synod of North Holland for that purpose.

Article XXIII.-Appeals concerning Doctrines

Secondly, Whenever differences may arise on important doctrines among the brethren, whether ministers or communicants, a decision on which might be matter of grievance to some, the case in difference shall be left to the judgment of the Rev. Classis, or if need be to the Rev. Synod of North Holland, according to whose decision the general assembly, as well as the condemned party, shall conform or act.

Article XXIV.-Depositions

In case a minister, on account of doctrine or life, shall be deposed and conceive himself aggrieved by such deposition, he shall have the liberty of laying his case before the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam, or through it before the Rev. Synod, for their judgment whether he may be called again, or not; and the general Assembly, with the deposed minister, shall be bound to submit to the judgment of the Reverend Classis. In the meantime, however, in consequence of the length of time required for deciding an unhoped for case, the congregation of the deposed minister, if they request it, shall be furnished with another pastor.

Article XXVIII.—Professorate

Concerning the Professorate, we will act according to the advice of the Rev. Classis of Amsterdam. We will provisionally choose one or two professors to teach didactic, eleutic, exegetic, etc. theology, according to the received doctrines of our Low Dutch Reformed Church, to which office we, according to the judgment of the classis, will choose, on favorable terms, such divines from the Netherlands as are of acknowledged learning, piety, and orthodoxy, and immutably attached to the Netherland formulas of union, said Classis having promised to recommend suitable characters.

Article XXIX. Further regulations respecting the Professorate

The professor or professors above mentioned, as soon as the wished for reconciliation in this country is obtained and finally established, shall be chosen and called on a sufficient salary, though not without the approbation of the general assembly, with this provision, that such professors shall not stand in any connection with English academies, but shall give lectures in their own dwellings, to such students only who can produce testimony that they have studied two or three years at a college or academy under approved teachers, and improved themselves in preparatory studies, such as the languages, philosophy, etc. Such professor or professors shall also preach once every month or fortnight, in Dutch or English, as well to assist the minister of the place where he or they reside as to afford the student a good model of preaching, in consequence of which the Rev. professor or professors shall be subject to the particular

and general assemblies in the same manner as is already specified particularly of the ministers.

Article XXX.-Provisional Exception

Nevertheless, since we, according to the condition stipulated by the Classis, can cherish no hopes of reaping the fruits of the above mentioned professorate for a long time to come, we are of opinion, as there are now a number of students with one or other minister, who probably will in a short time be fitted for the exam. prepar., that these students ought, in consequence of the great need of the churches, to be provisionally examined at the next meeting of our general assembly.

Article XXI.-Schools under the care of Churches

Finally, the respective congregations shall hereafter make it their business to establish public or private schools, in which under the direction of Consistories, instructions shall be given as well in the languages as in the fundamental principles or doctrines of the Reformed Dutch Church as the same are taught in our Low Dutch Churches.

CONCLUDING ARTICLES

Article XI

After giving each other the right hand of fellowship, the committee, as also the Rev. Consistory of New York, were openly and formally thanked for their friendly and brotherly services, and after fervent thanksgiving to God for this unexpected blessing, accompanied by ardent supplications to the throne of grace, for a further completion of this holy union work, as also for the prosperity and well-being of the church, they parted in peace, and love and joy.

Done at New York, Oct. 1771.”

Text-Hastings: Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York, Vol. VI, pp.

4212-4218.

CHAPTER IX

PENNSYLVANIA IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Bibliography

In "Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania in America, " (1681, reprint largely in Hazard "Register of Pennsylvania" Vol. 1, No. 20) William Penn outlined his thoughts on colonies and described the territory recently ceded to him for purposes of settlement. In the following year he gave additional information in "A Brief Account,

Of the same date is William Loddington's "Plantation Work the Work of this Generation, . . . " containing the Markham letters descriptive of the province as Markham saw it on his arrival (for these letters see "Pa. Mag. Hist. & Biog." Vol. VI, p. 175 f.). "Information and Direction to such Persons as are Inclined to America" prepared under the direction if not written (1682) by Penn may be consulted in "Pa. Mag. Hist. & Biog." Vol. IV, p. 329 f. The policy by which the "Free Society of Traders" proposed to colonize their tract may be seen. in "The Articles . . . of Traders in Pennsylvania" (1682 "Pa. Mag. of Hist. & Biog." Vol. V, p. 37f. and Vol. XI, p. 175f.) “A Vindication of William Penn" (1683) by Philip Ford contains abstracts of some of Penn's earliest letters from the colony ("Pa. Mag. of Hist. & Biog." Vol. VI, p. 174 f.). Another important letter of Penn's (1683) giving his personal impressions of his proprietary may be consulted in Hazard's "Register" Vol. I, p. 433. "A Further Account" (1685) by William Penn is among the most important of the early tracts. "The Planter's Speech,..." (1684) of unknown authorship, and "Good Order Established in Pennsilvania and New Jersey" by Thomas Budd, (1685) outline the moral and educational ideals of the Quaker group (reprint, 1902, with introduction and notes by F. J. Shepard). "A Letter from Doctor More,

"(1687, "Pa. Mag. Hist. & Biog." Vol. IV, p. 447 f.), and "Some Letters, ..." (1691, ibid., IV, p. 189) show the growth of the colony at these dates. An Account of Pennsylvania and West New Jersey" (1698) by Gabriel Thomas (reprint, 1903, by C. T. Brady, with introduction) polemical though not misleading, and a "Beschreibung der Provintz

Pennsylvaniae" (1700) by F. D. Pastorius, an early German settler, have informing narratives written from entirely different viewpoints.

Historical work upon Pennsylvania began with Samuel Smith in "The History of the Colonies of New Jersey and Pennsylvania in America. . . to 1721." Undertaken at the request of the Quakers, this work shows breadth of interest and fair mindedness (for Pennsylvania section, see Hazard, "Register of Pennsylvania" Vols. VI and VII). "The History of Pennsylvania in North America from . . . 1681 till after the year 1742 with an Introduction respecting the Life of William Penn..." (1760-1770) by Robert Proud, possesses to this day a deservedly high reputation for its careful execution and rich documentary material. A later (V vols. 1793-99) "Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte von America" by Professor Ebeling is to be rated among the standard histories (translation in part, "Register of Pennsylvania," Vol. I). A "History of Pennsylvania" (1829) by T. F. Gordon, strongly antagonistic to Penn, and lifeless in its style, has never been popular. To a serious student, "Historical Collections, . . . (1846) by S. Day, and an "Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" (1876) by W. H. Egle, M. D. will not be found profitable. A "History of Pennsylvania" (1876) by W. M. Cornell is a mere compilation not always based on reliable sources. A "History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania" by W. R. Shepherd, ("Columbia Univ. Studies in History and Economics" Vol. VI, 1896) is a most satisfactory treatment. "Pennsylvania, Colonial and Federal” (1906) by H. M. Jenkins, editor-in-chief although highly popular embodies some documentary material. "Pennsylvania in American History" (1910) by S. W. Pennypacker has a few chapters worth consulting. "The Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765" (1911) by Winfred T. Root, is indispensable. An excellent bibliography is appended. "Chronicles of Pennsylvania-1688-1748" (II Vols. 1917) by Charles P. Keith is attractively written, and has several chapters dealing with ecclesiastical history.

From a large list of local histories the following are recommended as especially worthy of notice: "Annals of Philadelphia, " (1842) by J. F. Watson; "History of Lancaster County" (1844) by I. D. Rupp, also (1869) by J. I. Mombert; "History of Northampton, Lehigh, Munroe... Schuylkill Counties" (1845) by I. D. Rupp; "History of Delaware County" (1862) by George Smith; "Chester and its Vicinity" (1877) by John H. Martin, also (1881) by J. S. Futhey and G. Cope; "History of Philadelphia" (III Vols. 1884) by J. Scharf and T. Westcott.