small cottages for their habitation as time would admitte, they mette and consulted of lawes, and orders, both for the civil and military Govermente, as the necessitie of their condition did require, still adding therunto as urgent occasion in severall times and as cases did require.

In these hard and difficulte beginnings they found some discontents and murmurings arise amongst some, and mutinous speeches and carriags in other; but they were soone quelled, and overcome by the wisdome, patience, and just and equall carrage of things, by the Govr and better part, which clave faithfully togeather in the maine. But that which was most sadd, and lamentable was, that in .2. or.3. moneths time halfe of their company dyed, espetialy in Jan: and February, being the depth of winter, and wanting houses and other comforts; being infected with the scurvie and other diseases, which this long vioage and their inacomodate condition had brought upon them; so as ther dyed some times 2. or 3. of a day, in the foresaid time; that of .100. and odd persons, scarce .50. remained. And of these in the time of most distres ther was but 6. or 7. sound persons, who, to their great comendations, be it spoken, spared no pains, night nor day, but with abundance of toyle and hazard of their owne health, fetched them wood, made them fires, drest them meat, made their beads, washed ther lothsome cloaths, cloathed and uncloathed them. . .

May 12. was the first mariage in this place, which according to the laudable custome of the Low-Cuntries, in which they had lived, was thought most requisite to be performed by the magestrate as being a civill thing, upon which many questions aboute inheritances doe depende, with other things most proper to their cogaizans, and most consonante to the Scripturs. Ruth. 4, and nowher found in the gospell to be layed on the ministers as a part of their office. "This decree or law ab ut mariage was published by the Stats of the Low-Cuntries Ano: 1590. That those of any religion, after lawfull and open publication, coming before the magistrats, in the Town or Stat-house, were to be orderly (by them) maried one to another." Petets Hist. fol: 1029. And this practiss hath continued amongst, not only them, but hath been followed by all the famous churches of Christ in these parts to this time.--Ano: 1646.

After the departure of this ship, (which stayed not above 14. days,) the Gover and his assistante haveing disposed these late commers into severall families, as they best could, tooke an exacte accounte of all their provissions in store, and proportioned the same to the number of persons, and found that it would not hould out above 6. months at halfe alowance, and hardly that. And they could not well give less this winter time till fish came in againe. So they were presently put to half alowance, one as well as an other, which begane to be hard, but they bore it patiently under hope of supply. . .

But this made them the more carefully to looke to them selves, so as they agreed to inclose their dwellings with a good strong pale, and make flankers in convenient places, with gates to shute, which were every night locked, and a watch kept and when neede required ther was also warding in the day time. And the company was by the Captaine and the Gov advis?, devided into 4. squadrons, and every one had ther quarter apoynted them, unto which they were to repaire upon any suddane alarme. And if ther should be any crie of fire, a company were appointed for a gard, with muskets, whilst others quenchet the same, to prevent Indean treachery. This was accomplished very cherfully, and the towne impayled round by the begining of March, in which evry family had a prety garden plote secured. And herewith I shall end this

year. Only I shall remember one passage more, rather of mirth then of waight. One the day called Chrismasday, the Gov' caled them out to worke, (as was used) but the most of this new-company excused them selves and said it wente against their consciences to work on that day. So the Gov' tould them that if they made it mater of conscience, he would spare them till they were better informed. So he led-away the rest and left them; but when they came home at noone from their worke, he found them in the streete at play openly; some pitching the barr, and some at stoole-ball, and shuch like sports. So he went to them, and tooke away their implements, and tould them that was against his conscience, that they should play and others worke. If they made the keeping of it mater of devotion, let them kepe their houses, but ther should be no gameing, or revelling in the streets. Since which time nothing hath been atempted that way, at least openly. . . .

All this whille no supply was heard of, neither knew they when they might expecte any. So they begane to thinke how they might raise as much corne as they could, and obtaine a beter crope then they had done, that they might not still thus languish in miserie. At length, after much debate of things, the Gov" (with the advise of the cheefest amongest them) gave way that they should set corne every man for his owne perticuler, and in that regard trust to them selves; in all other things to goe on in the generall way as before. And so assigned to every family a parcell of land, according to the proportion of their number for that end, only for present use (but made no devission for inheritance), and ranged all boys and youth under some familie. This had very good success; for it made all hands very industrious, so as much more corne was planted then other waise would have bene by any means the Gov or any other could use, and saved him a great deall of trouble, and gave farr better contente. The women now wente willingly into the feild, and tooke their litle-ons with them to set corne, which before would aledg weaknes and inabilitie; whom to have compelled would have bene thought great tiranie, and oppression. . . .

Text-Bradford: History of the Plymouth Plantation, Davis edition, pp. 95-97, 107-108, 116-117, 125-127, 146.

CHAPTER V

MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Bibliography

The history of settlement around Massachusetts Bay prior to the great emigration is to be gleaned from "Mourt's Relation"; Bradford's "History of the Plymouth Plantation" (for both see page 40); “A Brief Relation, . . " by Sir Ferdinando Gorges (1622, edited by J. P. Baxter, A.M. in "Prince Society Publications," Vol. I, 1890); Winthrop's "Journal"; and Thomas Morton's "New English Canaan" (for both see below). A Paper on "Old Planters" by C. F. Adams is to be found in "Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc." Vol. XVI, pp. 194-206.

"The Planters Plea, . . . " (1630-Force, "Tracts and Papers,' Vol. II, Tract III; in part, Young's "Chronicles of . . . Massachusetts Bay,") usually attributed to the Rev. John White, gives 'Ground of Plantations Examined, usual Objections answered, Together with a manifestation of the causes mooving such as have lately undertaken a Plantation in New England.' Higginson's Journal of the voyage of 1629 is embodied in "A True Relation of the Last Voyage to New England, . . . ” (Young's "Chronicles"). The Company's letters of instructions to Endicott and his Council, the Instrument of Government for the Colony, the allotment of lands, oaths of office, and contract between the Company and the ministers, are all to be found among these "Chronicles"; also "New England's Plantation" (1630) by Higginson and "General Considerations or Conclusions" (1629), assigned by Savage to Governor Winthrop. Deputy Governor Dudley's letter to the Countess of Lincoln (ibid.) gives a fine insight into affairs up to date of writing, March, 1631. In his "Advertisements for the unexperienced Planters of New England or Anywhere" (1631) Captain Smith refers to the trying experiences of the Charleston-Salem settlers (Arber's edition of "Captain Smith's Works," and "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc." Series III, Vol. III).

"New England's Prospects" (1634) by William Wood, descriptive of nature and natives in New England, is accessible in the "Prince

Society Publications," (1865). Thomas Morton, too pleasure loving to be appreciative of serious minded Puritans by whom he was twice banished, had his innings in his satire, "New English Canaan" (Londor.. 1633-Force "Tracts and Papers," Vol. II Tract V) which despite its strictures, has real historical worth. Rev. Nathaniel Ward's "Body of Liberties" (1641) with critical introductory remarks by F. C. Gray, appears in "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc." Series III, Vol. VIII, while John Cotton's "Abstract of the Laws of New England" (1641) may be found in "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc." Series I, Vol. V. Thomas Lechford, resident in the Colony 1638-1641, having had hard times to make ends meet because of his being a lawyer, upon his return to England wrote "Plain Dealing“ (1642) which is valuable both for its fullness and impartial spirit. J. H. Trumbull's edition (1867) is highly satisfactory. An older reprint appears in "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc." Series III, Vol. III. The "Note Book" kept by Lechford June 27, 1638 to July 29, 1641, may be profitably consulted ("Transactions Amer. Antiq. Soc.," Vol. VII).

Within the limits of this abbreviated bibliography, detailed references to all the productions of John Cotton is impossible, and unnecessary inasmuch as many of them are too controversial to have real historical value. Two, however, should be mentioned "Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven," showing Cotton's conception of church government, and "The Way of the Congregational Churches," which throws considerable light upon persons and affairs of the colony. "John Cotton's Farewell Sermon to Winthrop's Company at Southampton" by Edwin D. Mead ("Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc." Series III, Vol. I, pp. 101-114) has technical bibliographical data. For further information concerning Cotton, the reader is referred to the bibliography on Rhode Island (p. 111) and to the Appendix to Dexter's "Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years,..

Around certain disturbers of the peace considerable literature developed. Roger Williams was the earliest. For his writings the reader is referred to the bibliography on Rhode Island (see p. 111). Hutchinson, another of these disturbers, may be studied very satisfactorily in "Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 16361638" ("Prince Society Publications," 1893). This work, edited by C. F. Adams, contains "A Short Story" (1644), "The Examination of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson at the Court at Newtown," (November, 1637), and "A Report of the Trial of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson before the Church in Boston" (March, 1638). John Wheelwright is known through his "Fast Day Sermon" (Jan. 16, 1636), "The Mercurius Americanus"

(1645), and "His Will" (1679). These are accessible with a "Memoir" by C. H. Bell in the "Prince Society Publications" for 1876. Samuel Gorton, another agitator, was the author of "Simplicitie's Defence" (1646), a virulent pamphlet (“Coll. Rhode Island Hist. Soc.," Vol. II; and Force, "Tracts and Papers," Vol. IV, Tract VI) to which Edward Winslow replied in the same year in the "Hypocrisie Unmasked," now a very rare book. In the following year Winslow felt called upon in a tract entitled "New England's Salamander Discovered" ("Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc.," Series III, Vol. II), to reply to a Presbyterian group which, smarting under the loss of their franchise, had attacked the theocracy in a pamphlet called "New England's Jonas cast up at London" (1647). All this literature, altho controversial is worth consulting for side lights upon conditions in Massachusetts Bay.

The death (1649) of John Winthrop terminated the journal of events which, while itself not a history though so named by its author, supplied in a large measure the data from which the history of Massachusetts has been written. Obscured for many years, it was published in part by Noah Webster (1790) and complete (1825-6) by James Savage. It now appears among the "Original Narratives of Early American History" (II vols. 1908) edited by Dr. James K. Hosmer. The "Life and Letters of John Winthrop" (Vol. I, 1864, Vol. II, 1867) by R. C. Winthrop, are almost indispensable as companion volumes to the journal. About this time interest in the evangelization of the Indian promoted by Winslow, Williams, Eliot, Mayhew and others, began to find expression in a series of tracts descriptive of missionary achievements among the natives "New England's First Fruits" (1643), "The Daybreaking, if not the Sunrising of the Gospel with the Indians in New England" (1647), "The Clear Sunshine of the Gospel breaking forth upon the Indians, . . ." (1648), "The Glorious Progress of the Gospel Amongst the Indians in New England" (1649), "The Light appearing more and more towards the Perfect Day" (1651), "Strength out of Weakness" (1652), "Tears of Repentance" (1653). These and others are reprinted. in "Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc.," Series III, Vol. IV. Bibliography of 16421646 (19 titles) is tabulated by W. C. Ford in a discussion of the authorship of "New England's First Fruits" ("Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc.," Series III, Vol. II, pp. 259-266).

To illustrate, 'The Goodness of God in the Settlement of These Colonies,' Edward Johnson wrote (1652) “Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England" (Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc.," Series II, Vols. II, III, IV, VII, VIII; and "Original Narratives of Early American