and to have desired no farther vengeance upon his rival, than by leaving him at Viterbo to neglect and oblivion. The submission of the Emperor to the power of the church, however, gave Alexander such an immense increase of influence that all his opponents sought eagerly to obtain terms of pacification. The turbulent citizens of Rome, within the gates of which city Alexander had ceased to reside, now negociated with the Pontiff and sought to call him back to their walls. Alexander would not consent without submission on many points, in regard to which the Romans had hitherto made strenuous resistance; but these matters were at length settled, and it was agreed that the Senate should remain and the members be elected according to the usual form, but that each should take an oath of fidelity, and do homage to the Pope; and, moreover, it was stipulated that the church of St. Peter, and all the royalties which had been occupied by the Romans, to the prejudice of the right of Alexander, should be restored to him.*

These arrangements being satisfactorily made and solemnly sworn to, the Pope returned to Rome, on the 12th of March 1178; and before the con

* It is probably the word Regalia, which I have translated Royalties, which has misled Mr. Berington into making the assertion that it was stipulated "the rights of a sovereign should be surrendered to Alexander." The meaning of the Annalist, however, is quite clear, and only implied that all those estates or properties which belonged of old right to the head of the Roman Church, should be given up to Alexander without farther contest.

clusion of that year he had the gratification, while passing the grape season at Tusculum, of seeing his rival Calixtus come voluntarily to cast himself at his feet. Resuming the title of John Abbot of Struma, the Anti-pope, on hearing that the friends of Alexander-apparently without the Supreme Pontiff's knowledge-were ravaging the territories of those who had supported him, hastened to extinguish the last spark of the schism, by submitting to the superior fortune of his rival. Alexander took no unworthy advantage of the humiliation of his adversary, but raised him with kindness, received him into his familiarity, and granting him the absolution which he sought, sent him to Beneventum on a mission of importance.

VOL. II.

BOOK V.

AT the time when Richard undertook his victorious expedition into the south of Aquitaine, although Frederic had not yet cast himself at the feet of the Roman Pontiff and made that submission which virtually, though not actually, as some authors have stated, placed the sandal of the monk upon the neck of the Emperor and, with him, of all other Christian monarchs, yet the fatal battle of Como had been fought, and the terms of accommodation between the empire and Rome were already determined. Thus armed with the power of giving law to Europe, Alexander proceeded to support one who had been his steady and most bigotted friend against a monarch whose power and prudence had threatened to annihilate some of the most dangerous privileges of the Roman clergy. The renewal of the Constitutions of Clarendon, and the concession of Huguson, by which the clergy were placed under

the secular arm in case of offences against the forest laws, showed Alexander that the reforming spirit of Henry was not yet at rest, and that it would be well to afford some fresh occupation to his active mind which might divert his attention from the proceedings and exemptions of ecclesiastics.

The jealous, restless, and uncertain character of Louis, King of France, soon gave to Alexander an excuse for interfering in the affairs of England. Henry, the young King, had, as we have seen, incurred his father's displeasure; and though the several acts by which he daily increased the monarch's anger and excited fresh apprehensions are not told, yet we find it clearly proved, that such anger and apprehensions did so augment; and there can be no doubt that, to his present conduct, he was instigated by the counsels of the King of France.

So serious did the aspect of Henry's affairs on the continent soon become, that early in the year 1177, the monarch collected a large army at Winchester; and the ports upon the coast of England were filled with shipping, in order to convey to Normandy the immense force which he evidently thought absolutely necessary to crush the spirit of revolt in his own subjects, and to repel any attack which might be made upon him by his pertinacious enemy the King of France. What communication he had previously held with Louis we do not know, but it is supposed, though not clearly ascertained, that the Bishop of Bayeux had been sent to the French court

to require an explanation of the movements which caused apprehension in the mind of the King of England. That prelate arrived at Winchester, however, when Henry's preparations were nearly completed; and in consequence of the intelligence which he brought from France, Henry suspended his embarkation; and, appointing his forces to rejoin him before the end of June, he dispatched ambassadors of dignity and importance, both to his son Henry and to the French monarch.

We know not what the envoys were charged to say to the younger Henry, but it is certain that his reply gave his father fresh offence. The messages sent to the King of France, we are told by some authors, were in fact a demand that Louis should immediately give up all that territory lying between Gisors and Pontoise, which had been promised as an addition to the dowry of the Princess Margaret, who had married the King of England's eldest son. It is added that Henry required also to be put in possession of the city of Bourges en Berri, which had been promised to Prince Richard, with the hand of Alice or Adelais, the daughter of the French king; and moreover we are assured Henry demanded that the Princess Margaret, who it seems had been sent to Paris by her husband, should immediately return to Normandy. Such is one account, but there is another, and although the statement given above is made upon the good authority of the Abbot of Peterborough, I am in