The Rise of Professionalism: Monopolies of Competence and Sheltered Markets

academic American Physicians analysis appears associations autono autonomy bourgeoisie bureaucratic capitalism capitalist career central chap Civil clients cognitive College commodity competence competition conflict corporate doctors E. P. Thompson economic elite emergence engineering England established expertise experts fessional first Flexner Flexner report Freidson function graduates groups heteronomous hierarchy Ibid ideology increasingly individual industrial inequality influence institutions knowledge labor power laissez-faire law schools lawyers legitimation Max Weber medicine middle class mobility modern professions monopoly movement nineteenth century occupations organizational organizations percent physicians political practice practitioners Press prestige privileges production profes professional market professional project Progressive Era progressivism reflected reform role Rothstein scientific scientific management sectors Shryock sion sional social social credit society sociological standards status stratification structure subordinate superior surplus value technical technobureaucratic tends tion traditional typical Univ urban use-value workers York