whom yet remain, as the committee are informed. The statements furnished them shew, that, in addition to the pay and emoluments, and extra compensation, each of the above named officers have received pay for clothing. The committee are unadvised of any law to justify it, especially when they see neither of them has employed a private servant, and for the clothing of whom only, is an officer permitted to receive money in lieu of clothing.

and inspector general, and then in the office of the quartermaster general, from the 1st of Ja. nuary, 1818, to the 31st of March, 1819. That lieutenant Thomas Johnson has been employed in the office of the quartermaster general, from the 18th of June, 1818, to the 31st of December, 1820, and has received extra compensation amounting to the sum of $1,160 50. That captain John L Gardner has been employed in the war department, from the 28th of April, to the 9th of August, 1818, and in the office of the quartermaster general, from In addition to the foregoing brief extracts from that date to the 31st of October, 1820; during which the statements of the second and third auditors of time he has received extra compensation to the the treasury department, they have received a letamount of 1,160 dollars 50 cents. That major Truter from the secretary of war, dated the 6th inst. man Cross has been employed in the quartermaster explanatory of the principles upon which these general's office from the 5th of October, 1818, till extra allowances have been made; he remarks, the 30th of September, 1820; and has received ex- that it appears to have been the practice of the go tra compensation to the amount of $908 25. That vernment, at all times, to allow, under some shape captain John Morton has been employed in the or another, extra compensation to officers detailed ordnance office, from the 1st of January, 1818, to to perform such extra duties at the seat of governthe 30th of September, 1820, and has received ex- ment. The committee are constrained to observe, tra compensation to the amount of $1,210 25. That that however long this practice may have continued, lieutenant T. T. Stephenson has been employed they have no hesitation in saying it appears to them in the ordnance office, from the 10th to the 31st highly improper. For when an officer is detailed August, 1818, and received an extra compensation to perform duties in the departments, such as have of 27 dollars 50 cents. Lieutenant George Blaney been described, they cease to render any other; has been employed in the office of the engineer when they perform no duties as officers, but merely department, from the 17th of April, 1818, to the act as clerks, it seems unreasonable to pay them as 6th of May, 1819, and has received 735 dollars 75 officers, and at the same time compensation as cents extra compensation. Captain John L. Smith clerks. When they cease to perform the funchas been employed in the same department, from tions of officers, but yet receive their pay and emothe 1st of April, 1819, to the 30th of September, luments, the committee believe they should be con1820, and has received 566 dollars and 25 cents tent, that they have no legal or equitable claim for extra compensation. Major Isaac Roberdeau was extra compensation, because extra payment is prepermitted, on the 1st of January, 1820, to take dicated on a supposition that additional duties are charge of the mathematical instruments, maps, &c. performed. In the present case the supposed adbelonging to the United States, and for his ser-ditional duty is the only service required of them, vices, in this respect, he has been paid 418 dollars and 75 cents, up to the 30th of November, 1820. Lieutenant W. T. W Tone has been employed in the engineer department, from the 12th of July to the 10th of September, 1820, and has been allowed 300 dollars extra compensation. Lieutenant Samuel Cooper has been employed in the adjutant and inspector general's office from the 1st of August, 1818, to the 30th of November, 1820, and has received 1000 dollars and 55 cents The committee do think, that while this officer extra compensation. Captain James H. Hook has continued in the exercise of this trust, however imbeen employed in the office of the commissary portant and responsible it may be thought, and he, general of subsistence, and has received 888 dol performing no other duty that the committee are lars and 75 cents extra compensation; and, howe-apprised of, he ought to have been satisfied with ver strange it may appear, captain Hook, in addi- his pay and emoluments; they are at a loss to know tion to his pay and emoluments, and extra compen-b. what rule of law or equity it is, that he has resation, is employed as superintendant of the received, first, his pay and emoluments as an officer cruiting service near Baltimore, but the particular when he performed no duty as such, and then extra amount paid for this service does not appear. In compensation for the only duty he did perform. the same department, Lieutenant W. P. Yonge, The committee are fully persuaded, that either the from the 12th July to the 31st of August, 1820, and pay and emoluments as an officer, or the extra com received 63 dollars and 75 cents extra compensa-pensation for keeping the mathematical instrution. In the office of the surgeon general, lieuten-ments, should have been omitted, and that both aut George Templeman, from the 17th of April to ought not to have been paid. the 30th of October, 1819, and has received 286 dollars and 25 cents extra compensation. And lieutenant James Lovell, in the same department, from the 1st of November, 1819, to the 30th of November, 1820, and has received 495 dollars extra compensation..

and that, in reality, they perform no duty whatever as officers of the army.

Major Roberdeau, for example, took charge of the mathematical instruments in the department to which he belonged, and kept them in his office for less than one year, and for his service received from government 418 dollars 75 cents, on the sup position that he had rendered important extra duties.

The committee thought it incumbent on them to extend their inquiry to the compensation allowed the surgeon general in addition to his salary fixed. by law. They find, from the statement furnished by the third auditor, that doctor Joseph Lovell, the surgeon general, has been paid, in addition to his The committee discover that lieutenant W. S. annual salary, from the 1st of October, 1818, te Coiquohoun is employed in some of the public the 30th of September, 1820, for quarters 864 doloffices, but are unable to state how, or where, or lars, and for fuel, for the same period, 452 dollars what extra compensation has been allowed to him. 25 cents, making an aggregate of 1,316 dollars 25 The above are the officers of the army, that have cents. The act of congress establishing the office been employed in the several departments of the of surgeon general, provides that he shall be allowgovernment, in the city of Washington, most of led a salary of 2,500 dollars, making no provision

whatever for any other or extra compensation.¡ tended to that subject, and beg leave respectfully The committee are surprised that a construction to report: should be given to this law by which the surgeon genera! should be enabled to receive compensation beyond the limits of his salary, unless they bring to their aid the practice, which appears at all times to have prevailed, "in some shape or another to allow the officers at the seat of government extra compensation."

That they are of opinion the value of American gold, compared with silver, ought to be somewhat higher than by law at present established. On enquiry, they find that gold coins, both foreign and of the United States, have, in a great measure, disappeared, and, from the best calculation that can be made, there is reason to apprehend they will be wholly banished from circulation, and it ought not to be a matter of surprize, under our present regulations that this should be the case.

If the word salary has an appropriate meaning, it certainly must be a stated or settled hire to the person who performs the duties of the office to which the salary is attached; no authority in this There remains no longer any doubt that the gold government, except the legislature, is deemed coins of the United States are, by our laws, rated competent either to increase or diminish it. The at a value lower than in almost any other country, committee are of opinion, that no precedent con-in comparison with that of silver. This occasions trary to law ought or can have a binding a influ- the gold to be constantly selected, when it can be ence. The case of the physician and surgeon ge- obtained, in preference to silver, whenever requir neral, adverted to by the secretary of war, was ed for remittance from this to foreign countries; erroneous in the beginning, and not an example and, at the same time, prevents those who have ocworthy of imitation. casion to remit to the United States from doing it in gold. Hence, there is a continual and steady drain of that metal from this country, without any correspondent return, which must continue while there remains any of it among us. The importa tions of it will be confined to small quantities, and from countries from which nothing better can be obtained.

It is alleged by the secretary of war, in justification of the extra allowance made the surgeon general, that it hardly admits of a doubt that he, who is liable to be ordered into active service, would be entitled to claim public quarters if there were such where he might be stationed, and that it is clear, he, in common with other officers, has a right to the allowance for them, if he should be stationed where quarters cannot be furnished by the public. It appears to the committee this argu ment is more specious than solid; the law provides that other officers shall receive pay and emolu. ments, and enumerates quarters and fuel as arti cles included in the provision intended to be made, but in the case of the surgeon general, the law provides a salary of 2,500 dollars, which the committee think, and which they believe, the legisla. ture thought should be in full for all services. If the surgeon general would be entitled to quarters and fuel when ordered into actual service, it is not understood by the committee how his liability to be ordered into active service could entitle him to compensations for them before that liability had attached. If an officer is entitled to either pay or emoluments upon the contingency of being order. ed into active service, it seems an arbitrary construction to grant him either before the happening of that contingency.

In no point of view can the committee perceive the propriety of this allowance, which as yet does not appear to be supported even by the authority of precedent, and therefore submit the following resolution:

There have been coined at the mint of the Unite ed States, nearly six millions of dollars in gold. It is doubtful whether any considerable portion of it can, at this time, be found within the United States, It is ascertained, in one of our principal commercial cities, quite in the vicinity of the mint, that the gold coin, in an office of discount and deposite of the bank United States there located, in Nov. 1819, amounted to 165,000 dollars, and the silver coin to 118,000 dollars. That, since that time, the silver coin has increased to 700,000 dollars, while the gold coin has diminished to the sum of 1,200 dollars, one hundred only of which is American. And it is stated, that the vaults of the state banks in the same city, having a capital, in the aggregate, as is be lieved, of nearly eight millions, exhibit a similar result. It is scarcely to be doubted, that, on ex. amination in the other commercial cities, similar additional proof would be furnished.

It now becomes a question of serious import, to be decided by the nation, whether a gold currency, be at all desirable, or whether it should wholly give place to silver? By some, a silver currency is deemed the most eligible. They contend, that our circulating metallic currency should be ponderous, and inconvenient of transmission; that it would, in Resolved, That no officer or other persons em- such case, remain in the country and stationary. ployed by the government of the United States, On the other hand, it is believed by your com. ought, under any circumstances or pretext what-mittee, that a more portable currency may be, on ever, be allowed and paid any other or greater many accounts, and, in many instances, must be, compensation than is authorized by law, and that the practice which has heretofore prevailed, to make extra compensation in certain cases, without such authority, is incorrect, and ought to be abandoned.

Gold Coin.

Report of the committee on the currency, on the expediency of increasing the relative value of the gold hereafter to be coined at the mint of the United States.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FEB. 2, 1821. The committee who were directed to enquire into the expediency of increasing the relative value of gold hereafter to be coined at the mint, have at

much more convenient, and in some cases absolute. ly necessary. It cannot be denied, that the lighter and smaller the currency, in proportion to its value, the greater will be the accommodation in the negociations between the great extremes of the union. In proportion to this facility the price of exchange will be lessened: commercial transactions would thus be carried on at an enhanced profit to all concerned. Moreover, in time of war, it will never fail to become requisite to make use of specie in payments and remittance; and these will be demanded, almost exclusively, at the extreme borders and frontiers of the union. In such cases, gold fur. nishes a medium which will not only be light and convenient, but which can be transmitted with secrecy, thereby avoiding the risks incident to war

and commotion, Those who carry their recollec-[ It will, moreover, be objected, that speculators tions back to the incidents of the late war, cannot will take advantage of the unwary, and, ere they fail of being forcibly impressed with this idea. will have been apprised of the increased value of Our empire is widely extended, and becoming their gold, will have purchased it of them at the more so; and, at the same time, sparsely settled. former rate. This, however, your committee beThe transmission of large sums, especially in time lieve, will, in a great measure, be counteracted by of war, if in ponderous silver, must be extremely a provision in the bill accompanying this report, inconvenient, and oftentimes attended with great that the coin, at its increased value, shall not be a danger. It would seem, therefore, that, as curren-legal tender until the 1st of July next. In this way, cy, the gold coin has, in this country, manifest advantages over that of silver.

But there is another particular not unworthy of consideration. We have before stated that the gold coins are worth, in foreign countries, more, in comparison with silver, than in our own. The average of this increased value is believed to exceed six tenths of a dollar in every fifteen dollars. In Spain and Portugal, three half eagles are worth sixteen dollars; in Cuba, seventeen; in the West Indies, generally, sixteen; in England, fifteen and one fifth; in Holland, fifteen; and in France, fifteen and a half. These calculations may not be precisely as stated, but are believed to be nearly accurate.

In the United States, before the establishment of

those who would buy it, with a view to speculation, would sustain a loss of interest amounting to nearly or quite as much as would otherwise be gained by the purchase.

If it be expedient to adopt the measure in contemplation, the present is the moment when it can and ought to be done. The longer we continue under the present regulation the worse will be our condition and the greater the injury we shall have sustained.

Your committee, therefore, in conformity to the foregoing sentiments, ask leave to report a bill.

District Lotteries.

bia, upon the subject of the lotteries which have been instituted within the district, by virtue of the act of congress of the 15th May, 1820, to incorporate the inhabitants of the city of Washing

the present government, it has heretofore been as-Report of the committee for the district of Colum. certained by a committee of congress, that, by custom, the value of gold had been considered as equivalent to about fifteen and six tenths of its weight in silver. This, without doubt, arose from finding this to be the average of the different values aflix. ed to the gold in different foreign countries.

Why it was thought proper, on establishing the mint of the United States, to reduce this value to fifteen for one, it is not now material to enquire. It is sufficient to know, from unhappy experience, that its tendency is to rid us of a gold currency, and leave us nothing but silver.

The merchants, if they have occasion to import specie, and cannot obtain silver, are compelled to import gold, at a loss of from two to ten per cent. If they have a remittance to make, they will, if pos sible, exchange silver for gold, as, thereby, they will gain from two to ten per cent. according to the value of gold in the country to which the remit. tance is to be uade.

ton.

House of Representatives, January 26, 1821. The committee on the district of Columbia, to whom was referred a resolution of the house of representatives, instructing them to enquire into, and report to the house the number of lotteries which have been instituted in the district, by virtue of an act, which passed the 15th of May, 1820, "to incorporate the inhabitants of the city of Washington, and to repeal all acts heretofore passed for that purpose;" the objects for which the monies are to be raised; the amount of each scheme, and the total nominal value of the tickets. offered for sale; the rate of reduction proposed to be made from the prizes; and the gross amount of the proceeds of the said lotteries, which will come into the hands of the managers; and, also, whether the condition of the said act of incorporation has been complied with, so far as it respects the authority to raise money by lotteries;" have accordingly, had the said resolution under consideration, and respectfully report:

An occurrence, strikingly illustrative upon this point, is stated in an elaborate report of a former committee, on the subject of the currency, to which your committee would beg leave to refer, as affording much useful information on this subject gene. rally. The bank of the United States entered into a contract with Messrs. Baring & Co. of London, That, under the act of incorporation referred to for the supply of two millions of dollars in specie, in the said resolution, one lottery only has been in equal parts, as near as might be practicable, of authorized by the corporation of the city of Washgold and silver, at the American standard. The ington; but the committee presuming it to have amount was accordingly furnished: but not a dol-been the purpose of the resolution of the house lar of it in gold; although gold is the currency of of representatives to ascertain how the power to Great Britain, and silver is admissible there, as a raise money by lottery has been hitherto exerted tender, in but very small sums. by the corporation, have extended their enquiry to the lotteries authorised by an amendment of the former charter of the corporation.

The terms of that amendment which, as far back as the 6th of May, 1812, vested in the city corpora, tion the power of raising money by lottery, are, in substantial import, the same with those of the renewed charter, except that in the latter the duration of this power is limited to ten years. In both it is subjected to the control of the president of the United States; and every resolution adopted by the corporation, in pursuance of this power, has been subsequently approved by the president.

It will, of course, be objected, that if we should now render gold four per cent. better, we shall thereby put into the hands of its present holders a clear nett gain to that amount, provided they hold it with an intent to use it in this country. But it is not perceived how this will injure the public or individuals. And it will not be regretted by the benevolent, that individuals should be benefitted, if no one be injured. If, however, individual wealth be a public blessing, all will be benefitted. At any rate, this is an incident utterly unavoidable, to a certain extent, in this case. It must be submitted to; as, otherwise, a positive national evil, of great The first resolution of the boards of aldermen magnitude, as your commitee deem it, must be en-and common council of the city, in which its legiscountered, lative power is vested by its charter, authorised

the raising of ten thousand dollars by lottery, "for building, establishing, and endowing two public school-houses, on the Lancasterian system," and received the approbation of Mr. Madison on the 23d of November, 1812.

Seven other resolutions, each giving power to raise by lottery a like amount, have eminated from the same authority since the above period: one of these resolutions having been approved in every subsequent year, except the year 1813; and the last, on the 31st of Oct. 1820.

The three resolutions next following the first, add to the objects of public utility, sought to be provided for by that resolution, a penitentiary and a city hall.

ration of the city of Washington has been complied with by the corporation, so far as regards the authority to raise money by lottery.

Legislature of New York.

Memorial of the representatives of the religious society of Friends in New-York.

To the legislature of the state of New-York, in senate and assembly convened.

The memorial of the representatives of the religious society of friends in the state of New-York and parts adjacent, RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH, That, having observed that a proposition has In pursuance of these resolutions, the managers, been submitted to the legislature to repeal the act in whom the corporation vested the power of car- of last year, entitled an act to exempt certain perrying their purpose into effect, have contracted, at sons therein mentioned from the performance of different periods, for the drawing of five lotteries, military duty, and to revive and enforce the 42d or classes of a lottery. The first of these authoriz and 43d sections of the act, entitled an act, to ored the sale of tickets to the amount of one hundred ganize the militia, passed in 1818; and having per and fifty thousand dollars; and, for this, the corpo-ceived in the course of the discussion thereon, that ration was, by the contract of the managers, with a difference of opinion exists relative to the printhe lottery agent, to receive ten thousand dollars: ciples of the society of friends, with respect to but the managers have stated to the committee military requisitions, your memorialists deem it that, owing to a misunderstanding between them. their duty briefly to submit to your consideration selves, and the agent for that class, they have, as their sentiments upon the subject. yet, received no part of that sum.

From the second and third classes, authorising the sale of a number of tickets of the value of $300,000, the managers have realized 20,000; being 10,000 for each class.

From the fourth class, which is now drawing, and the tickets of which amount in gross value to $210,000, the managers will have received in the Course of the ensuing month, 6,666 67; and from the fifth class, the tickets of which are computed at $400,000, they expect to realize the farther sum of 13,333 33, being in all $80,000 from the authority granted by the resolutions of eight years.

Since they became united as a distinct body, they have uniformly espoused and promulgated the doc. trine, that war is entirely at variance with the precepts and examples of Jesus Christ, and therefore that they consider it unlawful for his followers to promote its prosecution in any respect: and, conscientiously entertaining this belief, they cannot bear arms or engage in warlike preparations; and if they are brought into suffering on their accounts, they passively submit to the imprisonment of their persons or the seizure of their property.

In consonance with these principles, they believe it also to be their indispensable duty not to pay any fine, tax or penalty, in lieu of personal serCopies of the schemes of these lotteries have vice, or for an exemption from military requisitions, been submitted to the committee by the mayor of as they consider that such payment would be a the city of Washington, through whom the pre-commutation for an act of which their religious ceding facts have been collected. In all of them the rate of reduction from the prizes is fifteen per

centum,

principles fordid the performance, and, therefore, that it would be entirely inconsistent with their religious professions.

The committee having reported all the facts cal. And they believe that a refusal to comply with led for by the resolution of the house of represen-such pecuniary commutation is equally incumbent tatives; are required to pronounce an opinion on the question, "whether the condition of act of corporation of the city of Washington has been complied with, so far as it respects the authority to raise money by lotteries."

upon them, whether the money may be applied to warlike or to benevolent or useful purposes, as it cannot be supposed that a change in the appropriation of a tax can alter the principle upon which it is levied.

Having thus briefly adverted to the sentiments of Friends on this important subject, your memorialists are desirous of making a few remarks on the act now in force, in respect to its application to the society of which they are members, some of whom are now suffering imprisonment under its provisions.

As this question is likely to be involved in a judicial inquiry, now pending in one or more of the courts of the United States, the committee hope to ⚫ be excused by the house for forbearing to express any opinion upon it. They have annexed to this report the original correspondence through which the preceding facts have been collected; together with a copy of one of the contracts between the They consider that when the authorities with managers, appointed by the city corporation, and whom such duties are intrusted, are satisfied that the contractor for drawing one of the lotteries au- a person is one of the people called Quakers, no thorized by a resolution of the corporation; and such extracts from the old and new charters of the city of Washington as may serve to illustrate the nature and extent of the authority vested in the corporation to raise money by lottery; in relation to all which they respectfully submit the following resolution to the house of representatives:Resolved, That it is inexpedient for the house of An objection is also felt to the term "good stand, representatives to express any opinion on the ques-ing" in the act, as being vague and indefinite; and tion, whether the condition of the act of incorpo- it is thought that, agreeably to the constitution,

demand ought to be made that he should declare by affirmation that he is conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, in as much as the constitution of the state has already recognized the principles of the society in that respect. Such a requisition ap pears therefore not to comport with the spirit of

that instrument.

membership in the society is the ground upon which exemption is founded,

drenching New Grenada and Venezuela in blood, more particularly the cities of Carthagena and The clause in the present act, limiting the ex- Santa Fe, where he caused a vast number of the most emption of Friends from military duty to the time illustrious citizens to be led to the scaffold, who of peace only, is also deeply affecting to them, as, had awaited his arrival with preparations of festiin accordance with their sentiments, they could vity, confiding in the capitulation they had connot deviate in any respect from their principles on cluded with Calzada and general La Torre, and in this great subject in time either of peace or war. the amnesty published by the latter. The letter Your memorialists therefore respectfully express written by this ferocious man to Ferdinand VII, their hope that, amidst the light which has been, from Mompox, was equally horrible; in which he within a few years, generally diffused on the sub-asserts that in order to hold these dominions in ject of war, the legislature will not take a retro-obedience to his majesty, it was necessary to revive grade stop, but that they will so modify the present law as to give that relief which it was inten ded to afford.

Signed on behalf and by direction of the representatives of the society of Friends, convened at a meeting for sufferings, held in New-York, on the 6th of second month, 1821.

JEREMIAH THOMPSON, Clerk. The foregoing is a simple narrative of religious predispositions which is entitled to consideration. Pennsylvania has lately exempted Quakers, not only from serving in the militia, but from paying fines. While it is admitted that the rights of conscience should be considered as sacred, there is still something due to considerations of safety, which demand the services of every citizen in time of war; and if all were to plead conscience in favor of non-resistance, the liberties of the country would be sacrificed. As there is no fear however that such principles will generally prevail, and as there is no pressing occasion to repeal the section in question, in order to subject Quakers to the payment of fines, we trust the question will not be pressed.-Editor Nat. Adv.

Colombia Republic.

the policy of the earliest times of the conquest; which was telling him in plain terms: "It is necessary to destroy the population of those regions with fire and sword, by famine, and by all the toils and calamities which inhuman fury suggests, as was done by the cortes, the Pizarros, and all the Spanish conquerors, to several millions of hapless: In

dians."

These were not the principles of general Morillo alone, but of the cortes likewise, of Ferdinand VII, and of every Spaniard who has warred upon Colombia. Witness the following facts, too notorious to admit of a doubt:

General Miranda capitulates with Monteverde, who, availing himself of the consternation produced by the dreadful ravages of the earthquakes, penetrates as far as the vallies of Aragua, the capitulation is instantly violated, general Miranda himself sacrificed, and above fifteen hundred citizens, the most conspicuous in Venezuela, condemned to die in dismal dungeons, suffocated by heat, want of air, and wretchedness.

Zuazola invites the people of Aragua' to return to their dwellings, because they had not taken part in the war of Maturin, and the wretched inhabitants are inhumanly butchered; this monster sends a load [carga] of ears to Cumana, as a fit present

Translated for the Washington Gazette, from the for Antonanza, who receives them with salutes of

Correo de Oronico."

MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLE OF COLOMBIA;

artillery and ringing of bells.

Boves, Morales, Yanes, Calzada and Puy, appear, Drawn up by order of the sovereign congress, by its and their savageries fill the world with horror: they president the hon. Ferdinand de Penalver. slay and destroy whomsoever they meet, and finalFrom the moment that the regency and cortes of ly Valentia capitulates with Boyes and Morales, who Cadiz, (regardless of the mediation offered them swear at the altar, in the presence of God himself, by England), denounced war against the people of to observe the stipulation: and, two days afterColombia, blockaded their ports, and sent Mr. 'Cor-wards, put more than two hundred persons to the tabarria to Porto Rico, that, under the false disguise of negociator, he might thenceforward kindle civil feuds among our provinces; ever since, all political and brotherly relations between these countries and Spain were broken off. Then a declaration of independence became indispensably necessary to the freedom and safety of men who had learned their strength and their rights. It was proclaimed by the congresses of New Granada and Venezuela, and subsequently ratified by the supreme chief and and without the cortes, that it is not happiness, nor After so many proofs furnished by Spain, with council of state of the republic, on the 20th No-freedom, nor equality of rights which she offers to vember, 1818.

War being proclaimed, and the domineering spirit of the cories thus apparent, their disposition was farther displayed in the sham-constitution which they have so often tendered to us as the most gene. rous act of the cortes, but in reality the most unjust, as the approbation they gave to breach of faith, to depredations and atrocity on the part of their agents, was dishonorable and cruel,

Nor has Ferdinand VII been a whit more humane or just than the cortes. He sends an army, and general Morillo at its head, with discretionary pow. er, that he might continue without hindrance the devastation begun by Boves and Morales; whose cruelties this general imitates and even surpasses,

sword; they follow up the slaughter for å length of time, but how? By enticing with banquets the very persons who were to rise from table in order to die by the spear, after toasting reconciliation and friendship! Deeds so atrocious were approbated by Ferdinand and the cortes, and the perpetrators rewarded with the rank of generals, or colonels at least.

America, but new thraldom, a new yoke masked by a constitution and cortes, in which thirty Ame. rican deputies should sanction by their presence, the monopoly, the tyranny, and injustice of a hun. dred and forty-nine Spanish delegates, whose in. terests will forever be contrary to those of America. After so much perfidy, after such horrors and crimes, approved by Ferdinand and its cortes, can the Spanish government and of Spaniards? Can we place reliance on the promises and words of there be amity, can there be union, or a renewal of the family relations which existed previously to occurrences that have engendered so many resent. ments and hatreds, which nought but independence can make us forget! And, in fine, can any Golom