presently to be dismissed from such an heaven | time had advanced to true collegiate proportions, upon earth." This prodigy of the Cambridge pulpit, having been parted, by her "immature death," from the daughter of Rev. John Cotton, to which "hopeful young gentlewoman" he was engaged to be married, was left at liberty to strengthen the tie which bound him to his new people by marrying the widow of his predecessor, which he did in November, 1650, amid the acclamations of the town, the students included. But his course, thus happily begun, was not destined to be exempt from the trials which are said to be the usual lot of the minister. Early in his pastorate there set in an agitation for a division of the church, whereby such of its members as lived south of the river might set up worship and ordinances for themselves. The seam thus opened, though it spread but slowly, ended in the separation of Newton into a distinct town. A trial much more serious was the defection of President Dunster. When, about 1640, Mr. Dunster had been received into the church, he had signified his assent to its doctrine and practice of infant baptism. He now began to take open ground in opposition thereto, and carried it so far on one occasion as to interrupt Mr. Mitchell in the administration of the ordinance by a public protest. Such contumacy was not to be borne by men who had got their feet firmly planted on the Cambridge Platform. The anabaptistical Mr. Dunster was first labored with by the minister, then indicted by the Grand Jury, and finally reprimanded in public and required to give a bond for his good behavior. But he was not the sort of man to suppress his convictions at anybody's bidding, and the requirement having been set forth by the General Court that persons unsound in the faith should not be allowed to teach in the college, Mr. Dunster presently resigned his office, and retired to Scituate, where he died in 1659. Scituate also furnished his successor, President Charles Chauncy. It is to be mentioned to the credit of the principal parties to this controversy, that the good feeling between them was not by it impaired. Mr. Mitchell delivered a sincere and appreciative elegy over Mr. Dunster, and Mr. Dunster bequeathed books from his library to both Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Chauncy, styling them alike his "trusty friends and brethren." Under the administration of President Dunster, the school which had been planted in Mr. Eaton's and its solidifying growth proceeded as steadily as could be expected, and was measurably unvexed by disputes in church and state. The very first class it graduated had taken up the work of additional endowment, as witnessed by a deed to the institution from John Bulkley, a member of the class, of about an acre of valuable land nearly in the centre of the town. It is the earliest conveyance on the college records, and is in Latin. But the increase of funds was naturally slow, and at the time of President Chauncy's accession to office the institution was in some straits. The one building which then served the common purpose was badly out of repair. Not less than £100 was needed to "recover" it, and put it otherwise in decent and usable condition. The actual college revenue was only about £27 a year, of which more than half was for scholarships. The income derived from the press and the ferry was small and uncertain. The college at this time, it must be remembered, was quite as much a theological as a literary institution. Biblical study entered largely into the course, and the students lived under a monastic code of rules. Their place of worship on the Sabbath was in the meeting-house near by. Corporal punishment was in force, and the instructors inflicted it at discretion in the form of "boxing." There was also a system of fines for the better preservation of order. The town watch was given full jurisdiction over the college precinct. The main end of the student's life was "to know God and Jesus Christ, which is eternal life." He was to read the Scriptures twice a day. He was not "to pragmatically intrude or intermeddle in other men's affairs." He was not to "buy, sell, or exchange anything, to the value of sixpence," without the permission of parents, guardians, or tutors. He was never to use his mother tongue, except in such public exercises as he should be required to make in English. Without the leave of the president and his tutor he was to attend no public civil meeting in the town of any kind, during college hours. He was not to "take tobacco," unless by permission of the president and approval of parents and guardians, or by valid prescription of a physician, and then only "in a sober and private manner." Such were the features of life within the college at this juncture. Outside, the life of the little town was slowly expanding, and branching out in' new directions. The opening of the college made it prudent for them to move on, which they did, with horses and a guide, toward New Haven. In July, 1668, the talented Mitchell died, and his successor, Urian Oakes, was not ordained till 1671. In the mean time the pulpit was supplied by President Chauncy and others, and the catechizing of the youths of the town was systematically carried forward by the lay members of the church, the families being assigned among them. A few godless and profane fellows, who had got into the way of absenting themselves from public worship, were handed over to the constable to look after. "Mistris" Mitchell was provided for by an an nuity; and, by way of expediting, perhaps, the work of getting a new minister, order was taken by the church for the building of a parsonage. This was in 1669. The selectmen and deacons, with three others, were appointed a committee for the same, and the cost was met by the sale of the church's farm at "Bilrica." A parsonage lot of precinct had given an impulse to its growth in that quarter. Harvard Square was beginning to take form out of the fields and pastures around. The streets were getting widened and trodden. There was a noticeable improvement in the style of building. The new meeting-house, with its "4-square roofe and covered with shingle," emphasized the advancing tastes and enlarged resources of the people. A second house of public entertainment had been opened on the northeast corner of Brighton and Mount Auburn streets, from which was hung out later the sign of the Blue Anchor. Orchards were beginning to display their bloom and yield their fruit. The ferry at the foot of Brighton Street, the use of which was attended by growing inconvenience and peril, was replaced by a "Great Bridge," which cost at least £200, and which was by far the largest and finest yet built in the colony. Homesteads began to te laid out, down along the neck, and farms up in Menotomy and beyond. A convenient horse-four acres, on the northerly side of Harvard Street, block and causeway were ordered by the townsmen to be provided at the meeting-house door for mounting and dismounting of such of the congregation as rode to and from meeting. As yet few wheels rumbled in the streets of Cambridge. VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTURY. 1650-1750. IN 1660 two strangers arrived in Cambridge and took up a temporary residence there, whose coming, had it been in a time when news travelled faster and thought acted more promptly, would have created an immense sensation. These were Edward Whalley and his son-in-law, William Goffe, the English regicides. On the restoration of the Stuarts they fled to America, and, landing at Boston in July, reported themselves to Governor Endicott, who received them courteously. A companion of their voyage was Daniel Gookin, of whom mention has been made before; at whose invitation it was that the fugitives established themselves at Cambridge, and indeed under his own roof. An Edward Goffe was already a resident of the town, but there is no evidence of any relationship between him and William. The Lord's Day after their arrival they attended the ministration of Mr. Mitchell; later, they supped with Mr. "Chancey," who made himself their comforter. They remained in Cambridge until February following, when a movement in Boston looking to their detention nearly opposite Holyoke, was bought of the Widow Beale, and "in the yeare 1670 theare was a house earected upon the sayd land of 36 foote long and 30 foote broad; this house to remayne the churchis and to be the dwelling-place of such a minister and officer as the Lord shall be pleased to supply." The following is the bill of "the chargis layd out for the purchas of the land and building of the house and barne, inclosing the orchyard and other accomodations to it," the first parsonage of Cambridge: The purchas of the land in cash The building and finishing the house The inclosing the orchyard and yards, £ 40 0s. Od. 263 5 6 42 0 0 22 1 10 The picture of this old parsonage, on page 325, taken from Rev. Alexander McKenzie's First Church in Cambridge, gives what must be one of the oldest views extant of the architecture of the town. a very respectable-looking house it is; of two stories, or a story and a half, sharp-roofed, with an L, and with irregular windows, provided with a massive stack of chimneys, fronted with some graceful trees, and well fenced in. Mr. Oakes, whose good fortune it was first to occupy the new parsonage, was a graduate of Har vard in 1619, and had already preached in the colony, but had returned to England, where he was born. It was thence he was loudly cailed back by the Cambridge church, which paid the cost of his removal, and ordained him in generous style, as witness this bill of provisions for the ordination dinner: It. 3 bushells of wheate It. 4 gallons of wine It. for beefe £0 15s. Od. 1 10 0 t February, 1672; and the latter was succeeded by Rev. Leonard Hoar, who came over from England with a strongly backed application for the vacant chair. Mr. Ioar was a graduate of the college, though not a native of the colony, and had removed to England upon his graduation. His assumption of office was followed by the granting to the college of a new charter, but not by a newness of life corresponding thereto. Before the death of President 0 180 Chauncy the college had fallen into a necessitous condition. Its buildings were sadly dilapidated, the number of its scholars reduced, and all its available funds did not amount to £1000. Under President Hoar it languished still more, and in 1675 he was obliged to resign. Dislike on the part of the students, perhaps, had something to do with his resignation; envy and jealousy among his associates in the government probably had more. The conduct of Mr Oakes, who was a member of the corporation, was not altogether transparent in connection with the trouble. He, however, accepted the "superintendence" of the college, with 1 4 0 0 15 0 It. for mutton It. for 30% of butter It. for foules. 0 11 9 It. for sugar, spice, and frute, and other small things 1 0 0 It. for labour 1 8 6 0 60 It. for washing the table lining It. for woode 78. It. Suit 7 lb. 3s.. bread 6 s. 0 7 0 No sooner was Minister Oakes fairly settled and at work than President Chauncy died, namely, in stately and imposing for the time, and one that candidates were first chosen to the office, and declined must have been universally recognized as a consid-it. Rev. John Rogers filled it for a short season. erable addition to the furniture of the town. There are traces of shipbuilding in Cambridge about 1672.1 From 1680 to 1688 the number of taxable residents of Cambridge increased from 169 to 191. The number of families in 1680 was 121. At Mr. Gookin's ordination "provision" was made for eighty persons. The salary of the minister was The salary of the minister was about £50 in cash, and between £ 70 and £ 80 in supplies, besides an abundance of firewood. The contributions of the church for benevolent objects were frequent, and averaged something like a pound each. The sick and poor were liberally and tenderly cared for. Such items open glimpses into the life of the time. The history we are pursuing received its chief distinction, during the closing years of the century, from the college administration of President Increase Mather. "The period which elapsed "The period which elapsed while the college was under his superintendence is the most interesting, the most critical, and the most decisive of its destinies, of any of its history." 2 It was also a period of great moment in the affairs of the colony, to whose fluctuations of prosperity a town so intimately related as Cambridge was of course peculiarly sensitive.. Mr. Mather finally consented to assume its duties in June, 1685, aud continued to discharge them for sixteen years, though only for a part of the time so far yielding his preferences as to become a resident of Cambridge. He was largely mixed up in the political controversies of the period. It was in the very midst of this time, too, that the witchcraft delusion rose to its height: In this melancholy chapter of New England history the name of Mather-father and son, and especially sou-is conspicuous above almost all others. Such a stormy period as this cannot be supposed to have allowed many blessings to the little university town on the banks of the Charles. A new charter did indeed come to the college from the General Court, but the first uses of it were adroitly turned by the ambitious president to his own advantage. When afterward it was negatived by the crown, the affairs of the college were left in greater embarrassment than ever. Other complications ensued, and the double-mindedness of the president added constantly new elements of difficulty to the situation. The reorganization of the college came to be the politico-ecclesiastical issue of the hour. Finally, the president's firm refusal to remove his residence from Boston to Cambridge, notwithstanding the explicit order of the General Court for him so to do, led to his displacement, and Rev. Samuel Willard, as vice-president, assumed the duties of superintendence. It was in the summer of 1685 that news reached Boston of the abrogation of the charter. In the following year arrived Sir Edmund Andros, proclaiming himself "captain-general and governorin-chief" of New England. Upon the accession The year 1701, which found Mr. Willard at the of William and Mary to the British throne, Andros head of the college, was the fifth year of the minisand his unwelcome government were overthrown, try of Rev. Williain Brattle to the church in Camand the colony resumed its old forms until they bridge. In 1703 the town deemed it necessary to were displaced by the province charter of 1692. build a new meeting-house. The edifice then in The administration of Phips, Stoughton, Bello- use had been standing about half a century. The mont, and Dudley succeeded in quick turn. These These usual tax was levied, and the college made a grant were political changes which played an important of £60. The new house stood near the site of the part in preparing the way for final colonial inde- former, perhaps exactly upon it, and would appear pendence. And the fifteen years which they to have been taken possession of in the fall of 1706. occupied corresponded substantially to the term Ten years passed away, and Mr. Brattle died, but of Increase Mather's presidency of Harvard. not before some happy changes had been made by his agency in the constitution of the church as respected the admission of new members. The day of his burial, February 15, was marked by an extraordinary snow-storm, one effect of which was that ministers and other notable men from all over the county were detained in town for nearly a week. Mr. Nathaniel Appleton, a native of Ipswich, was pretty promptly chosen to succeed Mr. President Mather did not immediately succeed President Oakes on the latter's death. One or two 1 Hubbard has an account of a ship built at Cambridge which sailed in 1651 for the Canaries, having fourteen pieces of ordnance and about thirty men. She fell in with "an Irish man-ofwar" of superior force, and fought her a whole day at close quarters, but finally escaped with the loss of two men and “damnified in her merchandise between £ 200 and £300."— ED. 2 Quincy. Brattle, and on his ordination, in October, 1717, | its stormy passages, it was marked by many imbegan a pastorate which lasted nearly sixty-seven portant gains. These were times when both religyears. The early stages of Mr. Appleton's minis- ious and political feeling ran high; but the college try were signalized by a rebuilding of the parson-forged steadily ahead, despite the battering waves. age, and an addition of galleries to the meeting- It was during this administration that the stream house, in which more room seems to have been of Thomas Hollis's benefactions to Harvard began needed for the "scholars" of the college. Of the to flow, an experience one of the brightest in its social spirit of the town at this time-its care over history. itself and suspiciousness toward strangers-a curious instance is given in the following action of "freeholders and inhabitants" "orderly convened" in December, 1723: — "Whereas, of late years, sundry persons and families have been received and entertained amongst us, to the great trouble of the Selectmen and damage of the town: for preventing such inconveniences for the future, Voted, That henceforth no freeholder nor inhabitant in said town shall receive or admit any family into our town to reside amongst us, for the space of a month, without first having obtained the allowance and approbation of the freeholders and inhabitants of said town, or of the Selectmen for the time being, on penalty of paying to the Treasurer of said town, for the use of the poor, the sum of twenty shillings. Also Voted, That no inhabitant in said town shall receive and entertain any person into their family (excepting such as are received by reason of marriage, or such as are sent for education, or men or maid servants upon wages, or purchased servants or slaves), for the space of a month, without having the allowance and approbation of the freeholders and inhabitants, or selectmen, as aforesaid, on penalty of paying the sum of twenty shillings for the use of the poor, as aforesaid." Thus at the beginning of the last century did Cambridge undertake to put up the social bars. The first quarter of the last century was the heart of the period (1692-1736) to which President Quincy assigns the second stage of the growth of the college; and it is the college history which, during that term of years, gives outline, body, and countenance to the history of the town. In 1708, greatly to the disappointment of the Mathers, Mr. Willard had been succeeded in the presidency of the college by John Leverett, a grandson of Governor Leverett, who held office until 1725, when he in turn gave place to President Wadsworth. Mr. Appleton's long ministry to the church was meanwhile well begun. The church was destined to some suffering by reason of defection in life on the part of its membership, the care and discipline of which came to be an onerous part of the pastor's burden; but the college flourished like a green bay-tree. The Mathers withdrew from active participation in its affairs. President Leverett threw himself into his work with both zeal and discretion, and though his administration had The point now before us is a good one, perhaps, to pause for another hasty survey of the college walls and inspection of that college world which was so largely the Cambridge world. The year 1720 saw the completion of Massachusetts Hall, substantially as it appears to-day; which building, with Harvard Hall opposite, and the first Stoughton against the eastward opening between the other two, formed the three sides of the college "quad." The president's house had been pulled down to make way for the new building, which was erected by legislative bounty at a cost of about £3,500 provincial currency. The general course of study and discipline, the college life and atmosphere, at the time before us, are vividly revealed, not only in the diaries of the presidents, but in the report of a solemn "visitation" of the college, which had been instituted by the overseers in some spirit of dissatisfaction a year or two earlier. Points in the re port of the committee of visitation are that "there is too common and general a neglect of the stated exercises among the undergraduates"; that "the Masters' disputations and Bachelors' declamations . have been a long time disused"; that there has not been "any great recommendation of books in Divinity to the students, but that they have read promiscuously, according to their inclinations"; that "the Greek Catechism is recited by the Freshmen without exposition"; that "there has been a practice of several immoralities, particularly stealing, lying, swearing, idleness, picking of locks, and too frequent use of strong drink"; that "the tutors and graduates do generally give their attendance on the prayers in the Hall, though not on the readings"; that "the scholars are, many of them, too long absent from the college"; that "the scholars too generally spend too much of the Saturday evenings in one another's chambers; and that the Freshmen, as well as others, are seen, in great numbers, going into town, on Sabbath mornings, to provide breakfasts"; and so on. At the time of President Leverett's accession to office an "ancient and laudable practice" had been |