AN

ESSAY

CONCERNING

HUMAN UNDERSTANDING,

WRITTEN

BY JOHN LOCKE, GENT.

TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED,

I. AN ANALYSIS OF MR. LOCKE'S DOCTRINE OF IDEAS, ON A LARGE sheet.
II. A DEFENCE OF MR. LOCKE'S OPINION CONCERNING PERSONAL IDENTITY,

WITH AN APPENDIX.

III. A TREATISE ON THE CONDUCT OF THE UNDERSTANDING.

IV. SOME THOUGHTS CONCERNING READING AND STUDY FOR A GENTLEMAN.
V. ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

VI. A NEW METHOD OF A COMMON PLACE-BOOK.

EXTRACTED FROM THE AUTHOR'S WORKS.

A NEW EDITION.

IN THREE VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THOMAS TEGG, CHEAPSIDE : R. GRIFFIN AND CO.
GLASGOW; AND J. CUMMING, DUblin.

1828.

197813

1. Ideas of substances, how made.

2. Our idea of substance in general.

3, 6. Of the sorts of substances.

4. No clear idea of substance in general.

5. As clear an idea of spirit as body.

7. Powers a great part of our complex idea of substances.

8. And why.

9. Three sorts of ideas make our complex ones of substances.

10. Powers make a great part of our complex ideas of substances.

11. The now secondary qualities of bodies would disappear, if

we could discover the primary ones of their minute parts.

12. Our faculties of discovery suited to our state.

13. Conjecture about spirits.

14. Complex ideas of substance.

15. Idea of spiritual substances as clear as of bodily substances.

16. No idea of abstract substance.

17. The cohesion of solid parts, and impulse, the primary ideas

of body.

18. Thinking and motivity the primary ideas of spirit.

19-21. Spirits capable of motion.

22. Idea of soul and body compared.

23-27. Cohesion of solid parts in body, as hard to be conceived

as thinking in a soul.

28, 29. Communication of motion by impulse, or by thought, equally

intelligible.

30. Ideas of body and spirit compared.

31. The notion of spirit involves no more difficulty in it than

that of body.

32. We know nothing beyond our simple ideas.

33-35. Idea of God.

36. No ideas in our complex one of spirits, but those got from

sensation or reflection.

37. Recapitulation.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

1. One idea.

2. Made by the power of composing in the mind.

3. All artificial things are collective ideas.

2. Relations, without correlative terms, not easily perceived.

3. Some seemingly absolute terms contain relations.

4. Relation different from the things related.

5. Change of relation may be without any change in the

subject.

6. Relation only betwixt two things.

7. All things capable of relation.

8. The ideas of relation clearer often, than of the subjects
related.

9. Relations all terminate in simple ideas.

10. Terms leading the mind beyond the subjects denominated,

are relative.

11. Conclusion.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXVI.

OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS.

1. Whence their ideas got.

2. Creation, generation, making alteration.

3, 4. Relations of time.

5. Relations of place and extension.

SECT.

6. Absolute terms often stand for relations.

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY.

1. Wherein identity consists.

2. Identity of substances.

Identity of modes.

3. Principium individuationis.

4. Identity of vegetables.

5. Identity of animals.

6. Identity of man.

7. Identity suited to the idea.

8. Same man.

9. Personal identity.

10. Consciousness makes personal identity.

11. Personal identity in change of substances.

12-15. Whether in the change of thinking substances.

16. Consciousness makes the same person.

17. Self depends on consciousness.

18-20. Objects of reward and punishment.

21, 22. Difference between identity of man and person.

23-25. Consciousness alone makes self.

26, 27. Person a forensic term.

28. The difficulty from ill use of names.

29. Continued existence makes identity.

8. Divine law, the measure of sin and duty.

9. Civil law, the measure of crimes and innocence.

10, 11. Philosophical law, the measure of virtue and vice.

12. Its enforcements, commendation, and discredit.

13. These three laws the rules of moral good and evil.

14, 15. Morality is the relation of actions to these rules.

16. The denominations of actions often mislead us.

17. Relations innumerable.

18. All relations terminate in simple ideas.

19. We have ordinarily as clear (or clearer) notions of the

relation, as of its foundation.

20. The notion of the relation is the same, whether the rule,
any action is compared to, be true or false.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OF CLEAR AND DISTINCT, OBSCURE AND CONFUSED IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Ideas, some clear and distinct, others obscure and confused.

2. Clear and obscure, explained by sight.