STILICHO, FLAVIUS, a Roman general, assassinated Aug. 23, A. D. 408. He was the son of a Vandal officer of the cavalry under Valens, rose to high rank during the reign of Theodosius, by whom he was sent in 384 to Persia to ratify a treaty with the monarch of that country, was rewarded for his services on that occasion with the hand of Serena, the niece and adopted daughter of Theodosius, and soon became master-general of all the cavalry and infantry of the western empire. Jealousy sprang up between him and Rufinus, on whom Theodosius conferred the government of the East, which soon ripened into intense hatred. In 394 Stilicho became governor of the West, as guardian of Honorius, whom Theodosius had proclaimed Augustus; and when Theodosius died in 395, leaving to Honorius the empire of the West, and to Arcadius that of the East, Stilicho immediately passed the Alps in the depth of winter, spread terror among the barbarians by his bold and rapid operations, and having in a single summer established a firm peace on the border, returned to Milan, and prepared to march in person to Constantinople, ostensibly against Alaric and to lead back the eastern legions, but really to break the power of Rufinus. Being met near Thessalonica by a message from the Byzantine court that his nearer approach would be considered an act of hostility, he went no further, but engaged Gainas, the leader of the Gothic allies of Arcadius, to put Rufinus to death, which he accomplished in Nov. 395. Stilicho, however, gained little by this proceeding, as Arcadius fell into the hands of the eunuch Eutropius and Gainas, both of whom became bitterly hostile to himself. Several attempts were made to assassinate him, and the senate of Constantinople issued a decree declaring him an enemy of the republic, and confiscating his possessions in the East. Stilicho, who did not desire to involve the empire in civil war, made no effort to interfere with the ministers of Arcadius. In 396 Alaric ravaged the northern parts of Greece, and penetrated into the Peloponnesus. Stilicho at the head of a powerful army sailed from Italy to chastise the invaders; but Alaric escaped into Epirus, of which he took possession, and concluded a treaty with the ministers of Arcadius, by which he was made master-general of the province of Illyricum. Stilicho retired to Italy, where in 398 a marriage was celebrated between his daughter Maria and Honorius. In 400 Alaric invaded Italy, and Honorius was only prevented from flying with the court to Gaul by Stilicho, who hastened to collect his scattered troops from Rhætia, Gaul, and Germany, while Alaric seems to have been delayed by the siege of Aquileia, and to have returned to the Danube for reënforcements. In 403 that leader besieged Milan, from which the emperor fed, and the garrison was reduced to the last extremity when the rapid approach of Stilicho changed the position of the contending parties. Alaric was attacked in his camp at Pollentia,

and after a bloody battle was defeated, and again soon after under the walls of Verona. Alaric now departed from Italy, and Stilicho in 404 received the honor of a triumph in Rome. Intrigues were still carried on against him in the Byzantine court, and he now formed an alliance with his late enemy against the emperor of the East. His preparations, however, were disturbed by the invasion of Italy in 405 by Radagaisus, at the head of a mixed multitude of Vandals, Suevi, Burgundians, Alani, and Goths. But while they were besieging Florence, Stilicho cut off their communications and supplies by strong lines of circumvallation, and hunger and disease forced them to capitulate. Radagaisus was put to death, and his men were sold as slaves; but the other portion of this horde, which had not entered Italy, ravaged Gaul, from which the garrisons had been withdrawn, and which Stilicho, intent chiefly on the preservation of Italy, was obliged to leave to its fate. Meanwhile Alaric had become impatient of the delay, and marching to Emona on the borders of Italy, sent to the emperor of the West a demand for the promised subsidies. The influence of Stilicho secured to the Gothic king the payment of 4,000 pounds of gold; but a large party were indignant at his supposed partiality for the barbarians, and his power at court was also secretly undermined by the arts of the eunuch Olympius, whom he himself had introduced into the imperial palace. The latter represented to Honorius that he was without authority in his own kingdom, and that his death was meditated by Stilicho, who designed placing the imperial crown upon the head of his son Eucherius. On the death of Arcadius in May, 408, Honorius proposed to visit Constantinople as the guardian of Theodosius, the infant son of that emperor. From this project he was diverted, but he could not be dissuaded from showing himself to the camp at Pavia, filled with Roman troops and enemies of Stilicho. Immediately after his arrival there, through the agency of Olympius, the friends of Stilicho, some of the most illustrious officers of the empire, were murdered. Stilicho was in the camp of the barbarian allies at Bologna, and immediately called a council of his friends, who demanded to be led against the murderers. But he hesitated, and his friends, indignant at his want of resolution, left him to his fate. An unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him was made by Sarus, a Goth, but he succeeded in escaping, and threw himself into the hands of his enemies in Ravenna, and took refuge in a church. From this sanctuary he was led out, and no sooner had he passed the threshold than he was slain by Count Heraclian at the head of a troop of soldiers. His family and friends were persecuted, and many of them put to death, and his own name was branded with the title of public enemy, and his estate confiscated. His qualities and services have been celebrated by the poet Claudian.

STILLING, JUNG. See JUNG-STILLING. STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD, an English author and prelate, born in Cranbourn, Dorset, April 17, 1635, died in London, March 27, 1699. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, at the age of 18 obtained a fellowship, and in 1657 was presented to the rectory of Sutton. Subsequently he became chaplain in ordinary to Charles II., and dean of St. Paul's, and in 1689 bishop of Worcester. His first work, "Irenicum, or the Divine Right of particular Forms of Church Government Examined" (1659), was distinguished by a toleration inclining, as the high church party thought, toward Presbyterianism, and which he subsequently confessed "showed his youth and want of due consideration." His views however soon took another direction, and he combated Roman Catholics and nonconformists with

equal energy. Of this character were his "Rational Account of the Grounds of Protestant Religion" (fol., 1664), written in vindication of Archbishop Laud's views in his conference with Fisher, the Jesuit; his "DisCourse concerning the Idolatry practised in the Church of Rome" (1671), which he afterward defended against several antagonists; a sermon against the nonconformists entitled “The Mischief of Separation," which was answered by Owen, Baxter, and others, to whom Stillingfleet published a rejoinder entitled "The Unreasonableness of Separation" (4to., 1681); and a variety of less important tracts against the Roman Catholics, the Socinians, &c. He is, however, better known at the present day by his "Origines Sacræ, or Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and Revealed Religion" (4to., 1662), which is still regarded as one of the ablest defences of the truth of revelation; and by his "Origines Britannica" (1685), an account of the ecclesiastical history of Britain from the introduction of Christianity to the conversion of the Saxons. After his consecration he devoted himself with great energy to diocesan reforms, and participated with distinction in parliamentary debates. He wrote several more polemical tracts and a number of miscellaneous pamphlets, and in the latter part of his life engaged in a sharp controversy with Locke on the latter's definition of substance and theory of ideas in general. His works were printed in 1710 in 6 vols. fol., to which was added in 1735 a volume of his miscellaneous works.

STILLMAN, SAMUEL, D.D., an American clergyman, born in Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1737, died in Boston, March 12, 1807. His parents removed in his childhood to Charleston, S. C., where he studied theology; and he was licensed to preach in 1758, and ordained as an evangelist of the Baptist church in 1759. In 1761 he removed to Bordentown, N. J., and in 1763 to Boston, where in 1765 he became pastor of the first Baptist church, which relation he held till his death, being for many years regarded as the most eloquent and popular

preacher in Boston. He was one of the founders and corporators of Brown university, and the schools of Boston were also indebted to his efforts for much of their efficiency. He was active in the promotion of all humane institutions, and was an officer of several of them at the time of his death. He was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States. During his lifetime Dr. Stillman published a great number of sermons and addresses, some of which, with others previously unpublished, were collected in an 8vo. volume in 1808.

STILLWATER. See SARATOGa, Battle of. STILT, a wading bird of the avocet family, and genus himantopus (Briss.), so called from the length and slenderness of the legs. The bill is long, straight, slender, and pointed, with a groove on each side to the middle; wings long and pointed, 1st quill much the longest; tail short and nearly even; legs very thin and long, with scaled tarsi; toes moderate, joined at the base, with a wide membrane between the outer and middle toes; hind toe wanting; claws small and sharp; neck long. Of the half dozen species found in various parts of the world, may be mentioned two, the black-necked and the white stilt, the former American and the latter European. The black-necked stilt (H. nigricollis, Vieill.) is about 14 inches long, black above, with forehead, lower parts, rump, and tail white; bill black, and legs red. It is found as far N. as the middle states in spring, going S. beyond the limits of the United States in autumn; though the legs seem disproportionately long, it is a graceful bird, and frequents salt marshes in flocks of 6 to 20, delighting to wade knee-deep in search of aquatic larvæ and insects, snails, and small fry; the nests are built in company, at first upon the ground, from which they are gradually raised by successive additions; the eggs are usually 4, of a pale yellowish clay color, with large irregular blotches and lines of brownish black; though the gait on first alighting is rather unsteady, the flight is rapid and regular, the legs extending behind; the flesh is indifferent eating. The white stilt (H. melanopterus, Meyer) is of about the same size, and with similar habits, preferring, however, the edges of fresh water streams; it is white, with the back and wings shining greenish black, and legs red; it is found in S. E. Europe, Asia, and Africa; the bill is 3 inches and tarsus 4.

STIRLING, a parliamentary and municipal burgh of Scotland, capital of Stirlingshire, on the river Forth, 31 m. W. N. W. from Edinburgh; pop. of the burgh in 1861, 13,846. The town is built on a height at the head of the navigation of the river, which is crossed by two bridges and a railroad. Many of the public buildings are very ancient, and the castle is supposed to have been originally built by the Romans. It stands upon a rocky height more than 200 feet above the plain, and forms a conspicuous object from several of the sur

rounding counties. The castle of Stirling holds a prominent place in the history of Scotland, and is connected with most of the important events that occurred in that_kingdom before it was annexed to England. The royal palace is still standing in an apartment of which the earl of Douglas was mortally stabbed by James II.; and in another room the same James, as well as James V., was born. There is also a palace commenced by the latter and finished by his daughter Mary. The parliament house has been much defaced by being occupied by troops. Part of the royal chapel is used as an armory. There are several ancient churches and some modern ones within the town, beside numerous schools. The town house is very ancient, and the old residence of the earl of Mar is a very curious building. Stirling has some manufactures, the principal of which are woollens of different descriptions, leather, ropes, &c. The river is shallow, but a considerable trade is carried on. The Scottish central railway passes it, and 3 others have their termini at the town. The salmon fishery of the Forth is valuable. STIRLING, EARL OF. See ALEXANDER, WILLIAM.

STIRLING, WILLIAM, a Scottish author, born at Kenmure, near Glasgow, in 1818. He was graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1839, and soon after turned his attention to the study of Spanish literature, history, and art, for which purpose he travelled and resided several years in Spain. In illustration of these subjects he has published "Annals of the Artists of Spain" (3 vols. 8vo., 1848), "The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles the Fifth" (1852), and a life of Velasquez, entitled "Velasquez and his Works" (12mo., 1855). In 1852 he was elected in the conservative interest a member of parliament for Perthshire, which constituency he still represents.

STIRLINGSHIRE, a central county of Scotland, bounded by the counties of Perth, Clackmannan, Linlithgow, Lanark, and Dumbarton; area, 462 sq. m.; pop. in 1861, 91,926. The principal towns are Stirling, Falkirk, Alva, Bannockburn, and Denny. The chief rivers are the Forth, Avon, Kelvin, Endrick, and Carron. Half of Loch Lomond belongs to Stirlingshire. Loch Coulter, Loch Elrigg, and some others are also in the county; and the W. end of Loch Katrine forms the N. E. boundary for a short distance. Ben Lomond, in the N. W. part of the county, rises to the height of 3,197 feet above the sea. Coal and iron are mined, and woollen and cotton goods are manufactured; the iron works situated at Carron are among the largest in the world.

STIVER, a Dutch copper coin, of the value of about two cents in the currency of the United States.

STOAT. See ERMINE. STOBEUS, JOANNES, the compiler of a valuable collection of passages from Greek authors, probably born at Stobi in Macedonia, lived in the latter half of the 5th century.

Stobæus called his whole work an "Anthology," and divided it into 4 books; but it has come down in a somewhat different form and as two separate works. The original 1st and 2d books are now entitled "Physical and Ethical Extracts," and the remainder the "Anthology," or by the Latin writers Sermones. These works, with extracts from many still extant ancient writers, contain passages from a large number of writers whose works are lost, and who are not otherwise known. A complete edition of both the "Extracts" and the Sermones was published by Tauchnitz (3 vols. 16mo., Leipsic, 1838).

STOCK EXCHANGE, the appellation originally given to the building in which stocks were bought and sold, but which has now come to signify transactions of all kinds in stocks. In England the term stocks is confined to the government stocks, annuities, &c., and the term shares is used for the capital or stock of railroad, banking, and other companies; but in the United States the obligations of the national debt, as well as of states, counties, and cities, and the shares of railroads, banks, mining, manufacturing, and insurance companies, are all called stocks. In France the word rentes has the same limitation as stocks in England. The amount of the public debt of Great Britain at the end of 1860 was £801,477,741, and the interest £26,833,469. The debt of France in 1860, of which the rentes are the evidences, was $1,714,000,000, and the interest on it $114,000,000. The dealing in the various stocks, bonds, and annuities is the business of the stock exchange, and the dealers in them are usually known as stock brokers and stock jobbers. In New York the traffic in stocks is of two kinds, the regular sales at the first and second boards, and the operations of the street. The first are, or are supposed to be, legitimate in their character, and the sales bona fide; the second are speculative in character, often illegal, and as often mere gambling or betting by parties without capital. The board of brokers in New York is composed of 200 regular members, who are men of reputed wealth, and who at their two daily sessions, either on their own account or on account of persons for whom they act, purchase or sell the various stocks which are called in order. Many of these sales and purchases are made for speculative purposes, but very seldom on account of brokers themselves. The delivery of stocks and the payment at full price is the almost invariable custom. It is only when a failure occurs that differences are fixed between members of the board. When a member of the board fails to deliver or pay for stocks as agreed, his name is struck from the list. He may be reinstated, however, upon effecting a settlement with his creditors. The efforts by one class of brokers to depreciate stocks, and by another to enhance their value, have led to the technical names of bears and bulls, and in the French bourse to the similar terms baissiers and haussiers. (See BEARS

AND BULLS.) The measures resorted to for the purpose of raising or depressing values are extraordinary and not always creditable.-The stock exchange has its own peculiar terms, not generally understood by outsiders. The phrase "buyer's option," added to the memorandum of a sale of stocks, implies that the purchaser, who buys at 30 or 60 days, can at his own choice call for the delivery of the stocks at any time within the period by giving one day's notice and paying interest at 6 per cent. up to the time he calls. Such purchases are usually made at a little above the cash price. "Seller's option," on the contrary, is a little below the cash price, and the seller has the right to deliver any day within the limited time, by giving one day's notice, receiving interest up to the time of delivery. A "corner" is an operation by several brokers, who form a clique to compel others to pay a heavy difference on the price of stock. Sometimes the clique purchase gradually a large amount of stock on time, buyer's option; they next sell nearly the same amount on time, seller's option, so as to secure an eventual market for their stock; then buy for cash, thus raising the price, and make a sudden call for the stock they have purchased on buyer's option, which, if they have calculated correctly, compels the parties from whom they have purchased to buy of them at a high price in order to deliver at a low one. The operation is attended with considerable hazard. A "lame duck" is a broker who is unable to respond with the shares or money when contracts mature. A "spread eagle" is the operation of a broker who sells a given quantity of stock on time, say 60 days, buyer's option, and buys the same quantity at a lower price, on the same time, seller's option. If both contracts run their full time, he makes his difference; but if the buyer or seller compel him to deliver before the time, he may be seriously embarrassed. The "street" or "the curbstone brokers," as the board call them, though often men of probity and honor, and transacting a very large amount of business, are not governed by as strict rules, nor as careful to abide by the letter of the law. Many of them are "lame ducks." They have a room adjoining that occupied by the board, and during its sessions in communication with it. Their operations are mostly speculative, and there are few of the tricks of the trade in which, they are not skilled. Few of them possess any considerable capital, and if they are successful one day, they often lose the next.-In Paris, the bourse is conducted on a very similar plan. There are 60 agents de change, 60 courtiers de commerce, and 8 courtiers d'assurance, who together make up the parquet, answering to the board of brokers. The coulisse answers to our 'street." The time transactions are usually "the end of the current month," or the end of the next month. The 4th of each month is settling day. There is a class of transactions called "free or premium sales," in which the purchaser has the right on the 15th or 30th of

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the month to annul his contract by the pay. ment of a small fixed sum. If he adheres to his bargain, when called upon on these days, it is then called ferme, “fixed." The parquet is in, session from 1 to 3 P. M. every day; the coulisse is in session then, as well as before and after. The transactions of the latter are as irregular as those of our "curbstone brokers," and its premiums for annulling a sale are less than those of the parquet. The stock exchange at London has very similar rules, and its street operators are similar in character.-The excitement at the hour of "high 'change," in London, Paris, or New York, is often such as beggars description; several hundred men are shouting, calling out what they have to sell or what they wish to buy, at the top of their voices, all together, and leaping and gesticulating, almost as if insane; in speculative periods, immense sums are made or lost in a few minutes. Nathan Mayer Rothschild, the day after the battle of Waterloo, made, it is said, over £1,000,000 sterling in the purchase of stocks.

STOCK FISH. See COD.
STOCK JOBBING.

See STOCK EXCHANGE. STOCKBRIDGE, a township of Berkshire co., Mass., on the Housatonic river and railroad, 168 m. by railroad from Boston, and 17 m. from Pittsfield; pop. in 1860, 2,000. The surface of the township is varied; in the S. is Monument mountain, separating it from Great Barrington, in the W. West Stockbridge mountain, in the S. E. the Beartown mountains, and in the N. W. Rattlesnake mountain. Between these are valleys of great beauty. The Housatonic and its affluents drain the town. The Stockbridge or Housatonic Indians, among whom John Sergeant and Jonathan Edwards labored as missionaries, formerly had their home here, but removed westward in 1788. There are two manufacturing villages in the township, Glendale and Curtisville, where woollen goods to the amount of $200,000 annually are made, as well as some castings, hollow ware, &c. The village of Stockbridge has a bank, an insurance office, an incorporated academy, several private schools, and 3 churches (Congregational, Episcopal, and Roman Catholic).

STÖCKHARDT, JULIUS ADOLPH, a German writer and lecturer upon chemistry and agriculture, born at Röhrsdorf, near Meissen, Saxony, Jan. 4, 1809. After receiving a classical education he studied practical pharmacy and the natural sciences for several years, and in 1833 was graduated by the board of government examiners at Berlin as an apothecary of the first class. In 1834 he travelled in Belgium, England, and France, and on his return entered as assistant the laboratory of Dr. Struve's pharmaceutical establishment in Dresden. In 1838, having received the degree of Ph.D. from the university of Leipsic, he became teacher of natural science in Blockmann's institute in Dresden, and in the following year teacher of chemistry, physics, and mineralogy in the

technological school at Chemnitz, and royal inspector of apothecaries. His rare talent for presenting, both in the recitation and lecture room, scientific knowledge upon subjects which are usually exceedingly obscure to the community at large, was soon recognized both by the students and the citizens, and the remarkable power of critical observation displayed in his writings (Untersuchung der Zwickauer Steinkohle, 1840; Ueber Erkennung und Anwendung der Giftfarbe, 1844, &c.) was the occasion of almost innumerable applications for the investigation of commercial problems, and demands for his opinion upon scientific legal questions. In 1843 he travelled in Belgium and France to perfect himself in technological science, and in 1846 published his Schule der Chemie. In Germany new editions of this work have been published almost every year since its origin; and it has been translated into at least 8 different languages. It was translated into English by C. H. Peirce, M.D., under the title of The Principles of Chemistry illustrated by Simple Experiments" (Cambridge, Mass., 1850). In 1844 Stockhardt began a course of popular agricultural lectures before the Chemnitz agricultural society. The interest excited by these lectures led to the establishment of the system of agricultural experimental stations (Landwirthschaftliche Versuchs-Stationen), the importance of the influence exerted by which, throughout Germany, in diffusing scientific knowledge, and in bringing it to bear immediately upon the affairs of practical life, can hardly be overrated. From 1846 to 1849 Stöckhardt edited (with Dr. Hulse) the Polytechnisches Centralblatt, and from 1850 to 1855 (with Schober) the Zeitschrift für Deutsche Landwirthe. In 1848 he was appointed professor of agricultural chemistry in the royal academy at Tharand, a new chair having been founded purposely for him; and he still holds that position (1862). Since then, extending his idea of popular agricultural instruction, he . has given, chiefly at his own expense, plain conversational lectures (Feldpredigten) in the various farmers' clubs and societies of Saxony and other parts of Germany, explaining the improvements in agriculture which chemical science has shown to be desirable, and illustrating these with experiments whenever this could be done. Several of the more important portions of these lectures have been published in a popular form by their author, as his Guanobüchlein (1851; 4th ed., 1856), and Chemische Feldpredigten (1851; 4th ed., 1857), both of which have been translated into several foreign languages; and of the latter several English editions exist, as "Chemical Field Lectures for Agriculturists," translated by J. E. Teschemacher (Cambridge, Mass., 1853), and "Agricultural Chemistry, or Chemical Field Lectures" (London, 1855). In 1855 he established at Leipsic a popular journal, Der chemische Ackersmann, in which his so called field sermons have since been published; and he

has also contributed to various kindred publications. In 1851 he travelled through the farming districts of England, Scotland, France, and Belgium, and in 1856 through Holland and Belgium. It is said that, principally through his efforts, two bushels of grain are now harvested in Saxony where formerly but one grew. STOCKHOLM, the capital and largest city of Sweden, in lat. 59° 20′ 31′′ N., long. 17° 54' E., 330 m. N. E. from Copenhagen, and 440 m. W. S. W. from St. Petersburg; pop. in 1861, 116,972. It is beautifully situated at the junction of Lake Mælar with an arm of the Baltic called the Skængard, the latter being more properly an archipelago indented as it were into the land. The city is built chiefly upon a number of islands, and consists of three principal divisions: the Stad, or original city, the Norrmalm (northern suburb), and Södermalm (southern suburb). It is handsomely designed and built, with several squares and public walks ornamented with trees and statues. The surrounding country, and much of the ground upon which the city stands, are rocky and solid; yet it has been necessary, from the nature of other parts, to build much upon piles, whence the name is derived, meaning island of piles. The city has been likened to Venice, and there are several points of view which recall the southern city of the sea; but the resemblance is imperfect. The approaches by water are uncommonly beautiful, both on the lake side and from the Baltic, commanding views probably unsurpassed of their kind. The most striking object from every point is the great rectangular palace, an immense structure, standing upon an eminence in the central island. vast and massive walls rise far above all the neighboring buildings, and its long straight lines need the relief afforded by the towers of the neighboring cathedral church. The palace, of Italian architecture, is a regular quadrangle, flanked upon the E. and W. sides by handsome parallel wings. There are few cities in Europe whose general aspect is more attractive than that of Stockholm. There are vast ranges of buildings, relieved and overshadowed in the Stad by the majestic palace and church towers rising from their midst, in the Norrmalm laid out with modern symmetry and elegance, and in the Södermalm rising from the harbor terraced upon a noble amphitheatre of rocky cliff, and all or nearly all reflected in the clear waves of lake and fiord. From the corner of almost every street debouching upon the wide water fronts, the eye encounters the richest and most remarkable pictures. Nowhere has nature disposed her undulations of soil and curves of water boundary with more endless variety; and nowhere does she produce effects and perspective of more striking beauty. In the compass of a single evening walk one may pass through sombre forest and smooth pasture slopes, climb tall granite cliffs overhanging glassy lake and bay, and glide through the busy seaport filled with sails and moving industry,

Its