large loose panicles of elongated hairy pedicels, each flower consisting of 5 small, oval, pale purplish petals; the first half cordate, smooth, veiny; the nut triangular. The fruit is however seldom seen, the pedicels, instead, lengthening indefinitely and producing a beautiful feathery appearance. It prefers a light loam, and is easily propagated by layers. An allied species, the R. cotinoides (Nuttall), occurs in the interior of Alabama, with perfect flowers in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly abortive, elongating, and plumose, the drupe smooth.A species from Japan, the R. succedaneum (Willd.), has received some attention from an idea that a wax obtained from its fruit might be profitably employed. Both Kämpfer in the beginning of the last century and Thunberg in his "Travels" (1794), make mention of it. It is described as a shrub 10 to 15 feet high, similar to the varnish sumach, and bearing a berry or drupe, ovate, white, of the size of a cherry, enclosing a smooth nut; on boiling the berries the wax rises to the surface of the water in the form of a concrete volatile oil. It is used in making ornamental candles. According to Professor W. B. Rogers, the substance when cool has the whiteness and apparent purity of bleached beeswax, from which however it differs in various particulars, melting at about 127°, and parting with its fatty substances in alcohol at different temperatures; and Dr. C. T. Jackson found that after the alcohol has extracted all it can, a dry hard wax is likewise obtained by ether. The great readiness with which it is saponified, and the clear strong light it yields when burned in the form of candles, give promise that it may become an article of commercial importance; and especially so should the shrub prove itself adapted to the climate of the United States.-The sumachs possess various economical properties, several being employed in tanning; the bark of R. glabra is used as a mordant for red colors, and is considered a febrifuge; the fruit of R. cotinus is astringent, and its wood under the name of young fustic is used in dyeing a bright yellow color; the R. metopium yields a gum which has powerful emetic, purgative, and diuretic qualities; the root of the stag's horn sumach is administered in fevers; and the juice of the poison sumach stains linen an indelible brown. The several species propagate readily from seeds and from cuttings of the roots, and some deserve a place in ornamental plantations.

SUMAROKOFF, ALEXANDER PETROVITCH, a Russian dramatic poet, born in Moscow, Nov. 14, 1727, died there in 1790. He was educated in the land cadet corps, and began to write when 25. His plays were performed at court before the empress Elizabeth, and, encouraged by their success, he established a permanent theatre in the capital in 1756 under the direct patronage of the court. Though dramatic representations had been previously given in Russia, this was the first regular attempt to establish them, and Sumarokoff is considered

the founder of the Russian drama. His plays, all upon subjects drawn from Russian history, were published collectively with his other compositions in 1787 in 10 vols. 8vo.

SUMATRA, an island of the Indian archipelago, lying in a N. W. and S. E. direction along the S. part of the Malay peninsula, between lat. 5° 45' N. and 5° 55′ S., and long. 95° 20′ and 106° 5' E.; bounded N. by the bay of Bengal, N. E. by the strait of Malacca, the China sea, and the strait of Banca, E. by the Java sea, S. by the strait of Sunda, and S. W. by the Indian ocean; extreme length 950 m., breadth 250 m.; area about 160,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1857 estimated at 4,512,472. Part of the island is subject to the Dutch and part of it to native rulers dependent on that nation, while some portions are governed by independent princes. The Dutch possessions on the main island are divided into 4 governments, viz.: Sumatra (capital, Padang), on the W. coast, between lat. 0° and 1° 55' S., pop. 1,560,664; Bencoolen, on the same coast, S. of the former, pop. 114,460; Lampong, occupying the S. part of the island, pop. 85,525; and Palembang, on the E. coast, pop. 478,363; total pop., Dec. 31, 1859, 2,239,012. The islands of Banca and Rhio, off the coast, with several smaller islands attached to each, constitute separate Dutch governments. The independent states extend from lat. 2° S. on the N. E. coast round the N. end of the island as far as lat. 2° N. on the opposite side, and consist of Acheen, Batta, and some smaller states. A chain of islands stretches along the S. W. coast of Sumatra, parallel to and about 60 m. distant from the land, the most important of which are Hog island, lat. 2° 50' N., about 50 m. long by 10 broad, high and well wooded; Pulo Nias, the largest in the chain, also high and well wooded, and thickly inhabited; Pulo Mintao, about 48 m. long by 16 broad, the N. point of which is almost on the equator, and the S. part uninhabited; North Pora, about 80 m. long and 10 broad, separated by the Seaflowers channel from South Pora, about 36 m. long, both high and well wooded, and with several good harbors; the Nassau or North and South Poggy islands; and Engano, the southernmost of the chain, about 24 m. long by 18 broad, with inhabitants speaking a different language from that of the people of the other islands and of Sumatra. Baniah islands lie in the strait which separates this chain from Sumatra, and are inhabited by people of the Malay race; the chief production is edible birds' nests. Beside the islands just described, there are numerous islands and shoals fronting the coast between Indrapoor and Tapanooly.-There are many good harbors on the S. W. coast of Sumatra, that of Tapanooly being considered one of the finest in the world. The whole of this coast is exposed to a very heavy surf, and more especially that portion which lies S. of the equator. About 150 m. of the N. coast, between Acheen and Diamond point, is called

The

6 or 8 wives each. The inhabitants have arrived at a considerable degree of perfection in the manufacture of iron and steel, and the kreese or dagger blades made in Sumatra are highly esteemed. Many kinds of tools, silk cloth, and earthenware are made; and the gold and silver filigree work is much admired. The trade of Sumatra is principally carried on with Java, Madura, Singapore, Malacca, Penang, and British India. The chief exports are pepper, gold dust, camphor, nutmegs, cloves, mace, benzoin, gutta percha, copper, tin, sulphur, and coral. In 1854 there arrived in the principal ports of Sumatra, from Java and Madura alone, 964 vessels of an aggregate of 44,446 tons.The Malay name of Sumatra is Pula Percha, and the island was first called Sumatra by Nicolo di Conti, who visited it before 1449; Marco Polo calls it Java Minor. In 1509 the Portuguese first reached the country. They arrived on the N. coast, and found the territory around Acheen ruled by a powerful king, who effectually opposed their obtaining a footing. Internal discord shortly afterward reduced the power of the kingdom to insignificance. The Dutch arrived on the N. coast about the close of the 16th century, and the English soon afterward made their appearance. The former nation formed a settlement at Padang in 1649, and the latter at Bencoolen in 1685. The Dutch got possession of some districts in the S. part of the island and established several factories. In 1811 their settlements on Sumatra, together with the island of Java, were taken by the British, but were restored in 1816. In 1824 the British exchanged Bencoolen for Malacca and small settlements upon the coasts of Hindostan. By fomenting internal feuds, and taking the side of a number of petty chiefs, the Dutch have since found means to annex a great extent of territory.-See "History of Sumatra," by W. Marsden (4to., 3d ed., London, 1811).

SUMBAWA, or SOEMBAWA, an island of the Indian archipelago, in the Sunda chain, lying between Floris on the E. and Lomboe on the W., the S. W. point situated in lat. 9° 2' S., long. 116° 42′ E.; length E. and W. 160 m., extreme breadth 50 m.; pop. about 80,000. The coasts are very much indented by arms of the sea, and lined by several small islands. It is divided into 6 native states, each governed by a rajah who acknowledges the supremacy of the Dutch. Of these states Tomboro and Sumbawa are on the N. coast, Bima on the E., where the Dutch have a resident, and Dompo, Sangar, and Papakat on the other parts of the island. The surface is mountainous, and many of the summits have a very remarkable appearance. The most singular of these is Tomboro, a volcano near the N. coast, 8.940 feet high, which had a dreadful eruption in 1815, the noise of which was heard over an area with a radius of more than 800 m. Many thousand people were killed; the ashes fell in Java to the depth of several inches, and even in Sumatra at the distance of 840 m.

from the volcano. In 1836 another eruption occurred, but less destructive. Gold is found, and the most valuable mineral products are sulphur and saltpetre. Sandal and sapan wood and teak are all found, but the last is not very abundant. There are two breeds of horses, one of which is the best in the Indian archipelago, and is extensively exported. The pearl oyster is found. The manners and language of the natives bear a strong resemblance to those of the inhabitants of Celebes. The island has been subject to the Dutch since 1676.

SUMMER, the warm season of the year, including astronomically the time between the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, or from about the 21st of June till about the 22d of September. As one of the four seasons into which the year is popularly divided, the summer comprises in the United States the months of June, July, and August; in England, May, June, and July.-The Indian summer is a period of warm, pleasant weather, which usually occurs every year over the northern portion of the United States after the autumnal storms, and continues often without interruption 2 or 3 weeks, when it is succeeded by the cold weather and storms of the winter. It appears to be a more decided season in the interior than near the coast, and in the region of the great lakes is especially noticeable, the waters during its continuance remaining placid, in marked contrast to their disturbed condition in the earlier part of the autumn, the weather mild and pleasant, and the atmosphere filled with a peculiar haziness. At this time the woods are in their brightest colors, the leaves before their fall assuming the brilliant autumnal hues peculiar to the American climate. It is a fine season to navigate the lakes, and is usually looked for in that region during the first portion of November. Further east it appears to be somewhat earlier. It is especially recognized by the prevailing hazy atmosphere and gentle S. W. breezes. It was a favorite season with the aborigines, and is hence called Indian summer. They regarded it, as stated by the Rev. James Freeman, as the gift of their most honored deity, the god of the south-west, who sends the S. W. winds, and to whom they believed their souls to go after their decease.

SUMMERFIELD, JOHN, an American clergyman, born in Preston, England, Jan. 31, 1798, died in New York, June 13, 1825. He was educated at a Moravian school, was destined by his father for the Methodist ministry, and exhibited great precocity of intellect, but early fell into irregular habits, which at one time brought him into prison at Liverpool. In 1813 his father removed to Dublin, where at the age of 19 the son joined the Wesleyan society. In 1819 he was received on trial as a preacher in the Irish conference, and in 1821 removed with his father to America, and was received as a preacher in the New York conference. Such was his peculiar and chastened eloquence that persons of all

denominations, and of all classes and professions in society, flocked in crowds to hear him, and his services were sought for on all popular religious occasions. In 1822 he visited Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; but his constitution, naturally feeble, gave way under his excessive labors, and for the purpose of recruiting his health he sailed in December for France. While in Paris he attended the anniversary of the French Protestant Bible society as a representative of the American Bible society, for which he prepared an address which was published in French. After spending some time in England, he returned to New York in April, 1824, with little change in his health; but he continued to travel and preach whenever possible, with undiminished success. Shortly before his death he aided in founding the American tract society. A volume of his "Sermons and Sketches of Sermons" has been published (8vo., New York), and a biography by John Holland (8vo., New York, 1829).

SUMMERS, THOMAS OSMOND, D.D., an American clergyman, born near Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, England, Oct. 11, 1812. In his 18th year he came to the United States, joined the Methodist Episcopal church in 1832, began to preach in 1834, and was admitted into the Baltimore conference in March, 1835. His first appointment was to the Augusta circuit, in Virginia, on which he had to travel 250 miles and preach 30 sermons a month. In 1840 the bishop appointed him to the republic of Texas; and he was one of the 9 preachers who constituted the first Texas conference, which was organized in Dec. 1840. In 1844 he became a member of the Alabama conference. He was secretary of the convention at Louisville, Ky., at which the M. E. church, South, was organized, and at the general conference of 1846 was appointed assistant editor of the "Southern Christian Advocate," and also chairman of the committee to compile the new hymn book, the labor of which principally devolved upon him. In 1850 he was elected by the general conference its editor of books and tracts, and of the "Sunday School Visitor," and in 1858 also of its "Quarterly Review." He has been secretary of every general conference. Beside numerous tracts and pamphlets, and introductions, notes, &c., to various works, he has written "A Treatise on Baptism" and "A Treatise on Holiness;" the "Sunday School Teacher, or the Catechetical Office;" "Seasons, Months, and Days;" "Talks Pleasant and Profitable;" "The Golden Censer;" "Scripture Catechism," in 2 vols. (Old and New Testaments); and "Questions on Genesis."

SUMMIT. I. A N. E. co. of Ohio, drained by the Cuyahoga and the head streams of the Tuscarawas river; area, 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 27,340. It is the most elevated land on the line of the Ohio canal, and hence the name. The surface is uneven, and the soil highly fertile. The productions in 1850 were 325,642 bushels of wheat, 365,762 of Indian corn, 225,998 of

oats, 237,533 of rye, 100,393 of potatoes, 37,793 tons of hay, 1,927,351 lbs. of butter, and 268,971 of wool. There were 4 newspapers, 33 churches, and 9,614 pupils attending public schools. Bituminous coal and mineral paint are found in abundance, and exported largely. There is an ample supply of water power. The Cleveland and Pittsburg and the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati railroads, and the Ohio canal traverse the county. Capital, Akron. II. A new co. in Utah territory; pop. in 1860, 198.

SUMNER, a N. co. of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, bounded S. by the Cumberland river, and drained by affluents of Big Barren river; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 22,080, of whom 7,700 were slaves. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 1,375,590 bushels of Indian corn, 209,077 of oats, 38,874 of wheat, 809,517 lbs. of tobacco, and 197,213 of butter. There were 21 churches, and 1,542 pupils attending public schools. It is intersected by the Louisville and Nashville railroad. Capital, Gallatin.

SUMNER, CHARLES, an American statesman, born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811. His father, who died in 1839, was a lawyer by profession, and during the latter part of his life was sheriff of the county of Suffolk. The son received his early education at the Boston Latin school, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1830. He continued in private the studies of college life for a year, and then entered the law school at Cambridge, where he formed with his teacher, Judge Story, an intimate friendship which continued till the death of that eminent jurist. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, and soon attained a larger share of practice than any other lawyer in Boston so young in the profession. He was appointed reporter of the circuit court of the United States, in which capacity he published 3 volumes known as "Sumner's Reports," containing decisions of Judge Story. He also at the same time edited the "American Jurist," a quarterly law journal of high reputation. During the first 3 winters after his admission to the bar, while Judge Story was absent in Washington, Mr. Sumner was appointed lecturer to the law students, and part of the time, during the absence of Prof. Greenleaf, he had sole charge of the school. His favorite topics were those relating to constitutional law and the law of nations. In 1836 he was offered a professorship in the law school, and also one in the college, both of which he declined. In 1837 he visited Europe, where he remained till 1840, travelling in Italy, Germany, and France, and residing for nearly a year in England. On his return to Boston he resumed practice, and in 1844-'6 published an elaborate edition with annotations of "Vesey's Reports" in 20 vols. Though voting with the whig party, he took no active part in politics till 1845, when on the 4th of July he pronounced before the municipal authorities of Boston an oration

on "The True Grandeur of Nations," in which, prompted by the menacing aspect of affairs between the United States and Mexico, he denounced the war system as the ordeal by battle still unwisely continued by international law as the arbiter of justice between nations, and insisted that this system ought to give way to peaceful arbitration for the adjudication of international questions, as the private ordeal of battle had given way to such substitutes in the administration of justice between individuals. His oration attracted unusual attention, led to much controversy, and was widely circulated both in America and Europe. It was pronounced by Richard Cobden to be "the most noble contribution made by any modern writer to the cause of peace." It was followed by a rapid succession of public addresses on kindred themes before literary and academic societies and popular assemblies, which were also widely circulated in print. Mr. Sumner earnestly engaged in the opposition to the annexation of Texas on the ground of slavery, and at a popular meeting in Fanueil hall, Nov. 4, 1845, made a speech against that measure which was warmly applauded. In the following year he made an address to the whig state convention of Massachusetts on "The Anti-Slavery Duties of the Whig Party," and shortly afterward published a letter of rebuke to Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, who then represented Boston in congress, for his vote in favor of the war with Mexico. These steps led eventually to Mr. Sumner's separation from the whig party and association with the freesoilers, to whose candidates, Van Buren and Adams, he lent efficient support in the presidential contest of 1848. After the withdrawal of Mr. Webster from the senate of the United States by his entrance into the cabinet of Mr. Fillmore in 1850, Mr. Sumner was nominated for the vacancy by a coalition of freesoilers and democrats in the Massachusetts legislature, and was elected after & most earnest and protracted contest, which attracted the universal attention of the country, and the termination of which was publicly celebrated in many places by the anti-slavery party. His first important speech was upon the fugitive slave act, against which he argued that congress had no power under the constitution to legislate for the rendition of fugitive slaves; and that if it had, the act in many essential particulars conflicted with the constitution, and was also cruel and tyrannical. In this speech Mr. Sumner laid down as a guide for political action the formula to which he has since adhered, that "freedom is national and slavery sectional." In the debate on the repeal of the Missouri compromise and on the contest in Kansas, Mr. Sumner took a very prominent part. His last speech upon this topic, which was subsequently printed under the title of "The Crime against Kansas," occupied two days in its delivery, May 19 and 20, 1856. Some passages in it greatly incensed the members of congress from South Carolina, one

of whom, Preston S. Brooks, on May 22 assaulted Mr. Sumner while writing at his desk in the senate chamber, and with a gutta percha cane struck him on the head till he fell to the floor insensible. (See BROOKS, PRESTON S.) The injury thus received proved very serious, and was followed by a severe and long disability, from which his recovery was not complete till 3 or 4 years later. His term of office as senator expired March 4, 1857, and in the preceding January the legislature of Massachusetts had reëlected him by a unanimous vote in the senate, while in the house of representatives, consisting of several hundred members, he received all but 7 votes. Under the advice of physicians he went to Europe for the benefit of his health in March, 1857, and returned in the autumn to resume his seat in the senate. His health being still impaired, he went abroad again in May, 1858, and submitted to a course of extraordinarily severe medical treatment in Paris, which did not terminate till the autumn of 1859, when he again returned home. His first serious effort after the restoration of his health was an elaborate speech in the senate, denouncing the influence of slavery on character, society, and civilization, which was subsequently printed under the title of "The Barbarism of Slavery." In the presidential contest of 1860 he took an active part, and made several speeches in behalf of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, the successful candidates. In the senate, during the discussions resulting from the secession of the slave states, he earnestly opposed all concession to or compromise with slavery, and early proposed emancipation as the speediest mode of bringing the war tó a close. He also urged the same policy in popular addresses at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 1, and New York, Nov. 27, 1861. In these and in his other efforts against slavery, he has based his arguments not only on moral and historical, but on constitutional grounds, and has always claimed that the positions he has taken and the measures he has advocated are in strict accordance with the constitution of the United States. Since March 4, 1861, he has been chairman of the senate committee on foreign relations, and on Jan. 9, 1862, delivered an elaborate speech arguing that the seizure of Messrs. Mason and Slidell on board the steamer Trent was unjustifiable on the principles of international law which had always been maintained by the United States. Mr. Sumner is the author of a work on "White Slavery in the Barbary States," expanded from a lecture (12mo., Boston, 1853); and two collections of his addresses have been published: "Orations and Speeches" (2 vols. 12mo., Boston, 1850), and "Recent Speeches and Addresses" (12mo., Boston, 1856).

SUMNER, INCREASE, an American statesman and judge, born in Roxbury, Mass., Nov. 27, 1746, died there, June 7, 1799. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1767, and afterward took charge of the grammar school at Roxbury,