SYRUS, PUBLIUS. See PUBLIUS SYRUS. SZALAY, LÁSZLÓ, a Hungarian publicist and historian, born in Buda, April 18, 1813. He studied at Stuhl-Weissenburg and Pesth, was admitted to the bar in 1833, travelled through western Europe, and was elected a member of the diet of 1839-40 by the city of Karpfen. In this capacity he was active in elaborating with Francis Deák and others the celebrated project of a penal code adopted by the lower house of that assembly. Having edited for some time the Themis, and subsequently the Budapesti szemle ("Buda-Pesth Review"), he succeeded Kossuth in July, 1844, as editor of the Pesti hirlap ("Pesth Journal"). His own more important contributions, with other productions, were collected under the title of Publicistai dolgozatok ("Publicistic Writings," 2 vols., Pesth, 1847). This was followed by his Statusférfiak könyve ("The Book of Statesmen," Pesth, 1847 et seq.), a collection of political biographies, which was very favorably received. In 1848 he was sent by the national Hungarian ministry as envoy to the provisional central government of Germany at Frankfort, whence he soon after retired to London, and subsequently resided in Switzerland, until allowed to return to Hungary about the beginning of 1861, where he became a prominent member of the diet of that year, assembled at Pesth. His principal work is Magyarország története ("History of Hungary," Leipsic and Pesth, 1850 et seq.), of which 6 vols. have appeared.

SZÉCHENYI, ISTVÁN, count, a Hungarian statesman, born in Vienna, Sept. 21, 1791, died at Döbling, April 8, 1860. The descendant of a family distinguished in the history of his country, and the son of Count Francis Széchényi, the founder of the national museum at Pesth, he received an education befitting his rank and future position, served for some years in the last struggles of Austria against Napoleon, after the peace travelled through Europe, and in 1825 took his seat in the upper house of the diet of Presburg, of which he at once became the animating spirit. He imitated the liberality of his father by contributing the sum of 60,000fl. ($30,000) toward the foundation of the Hungarian national academy, and was elected its vicepresident, a position which he retained till his death. Assuming the leadership of the national party, he partly inaugurated, partly promoted or carried through a number of reforms, which not only quickened the material and moral progress of the country, but also attracted the attention of Europe. Among the measures almost exclusively due to Széchényi were the introduction of horse races, the foundation of the national theatre and of a conservatory of music at Pesth, the construction of the suspension bridge over the Danube now connect ing that city with Buda, the removal of the rocks which formerly impeded the navigation of the lower Danube at the Iron Gate, the introduction of steam navigation on that river, making it the principal commercial artery be

tween Germany and Constantinople, the improvement of the channel of the Theiss, and the foundation of various industrial associations. To popularize these and other schemes of material or political reform, he wrote a number of pamphlets and books, both in Hungarian and German, of which Hitel ("Credit," Pesth, 1880) and Világ ("Light," Pesth, 1832) are best known. But while he thus gained the well merited title of "the father of reform" in his country, and the disputed one of "the greatest Hungarian," he was outstripped in the political arena by younger, more democratic, and more eloquent popular favorites. Francis Deák became the leader of the diet, and Louis Kossuth founded that powerful organ of public opinion, the Pesti hirlap. Széchényi, an unwavering admirer of English political institutions, foresaw a revolution and a certain catastrophe in that movement, and warned the nation in his Kelet népe ("People of the East," Pesth, 1840), in which he denounced the revolutionary tendencies of the new journal. Kossuth vindicated his course in his Felelet ("Answer"); Baron Eötvös, too, wrote in his defence; and public opinion sustained him. Széchényi now held an isolated position, as the head of a small juste milieu party, between the liberals or rapid progressists,' as they were called by their opponents, and the conservatives under Count Emil Dessewffy. The Jelenkor ("Present Age") was his organ. Before the opening of the diet in 1847 he wrote his "Political Programme," and in order to combat Kossuth, who was elected a representative of the county of Pesth, on his own ground, he had himself elected in Wieselburg a member of the lower house, thus vacating his seat as magnate in the upper. But Kossuth's eloquence defeated all opposition, and the events of February and March, 1848, made him the master of affairs in Hungary. Széchényi yielded to the current, and even entered the Batthyányi-Kossuth cabinet as minister of public works. His mental powers, however, were shaken, and when the intrigues of the Vienna camarilla and cabinet had ripened the civil war in Hungary, he saw the fatal abyss of which he had so often forewarned the nation now opening before it. Uninspired by that confidence in the heroism of his people which animated Kossuth, he lost all hope, and on the opening of the decisive struggle (Sept. 1848) also the balance of his mind. He was taken to an insane asylum at Döbling near Vienna, in which he spent the remainder of his life. After some years, however, having sufficiently recovered from the shock, he again eagerly followed the political movements in his country, and from his retirement was active for its regeneration. By continual intercourse with the principal Hungarians and other eminent men, he was not without influence in Hungary and abroad, and he is also regarded as the author of Ein Blick, &c. (London, 1859), a most violent diatribe against the Austrian minister Bach and his system. In March, 1860, a

acter. In French t is dropped in many words from the Latin where it is preceded and followed by a vowel; as in père, mère, vie, from pater, mater, vita; also from the termination of many words. In French and English, before the vowel i, t has the sound of sh, as in fruition.-As a Greek numeral r stood for 300, for 300,000. Among the Latins T represented 160, and with a dash above it (T) 160,000. As an abbreviation it stands for theologia, as in S. T. D., sacra theologiæ doctor; and in ancient writings, monuments, or coins. for Titus, Titius, Tullius, and sometimes tri bunus. (See D.)

TABASCO, a S. E. state of Mexico, bounded N. by the gulf of Mexico, E. by Yucatan, S. by Chiapas and Guatemala, and W. by the territory of Tehuantepec; area, 18,996 sq. m.; pop. 75,901, chiefly Indians. The coast is indented by several bays and lagoons, and there are some islands toward its E. extremity, the most important of which are Laguna, Carmen, and Puerto Real. The surface is generally flat and in some places marshy, and there are several small lakes. The rivers, with the exception of the Usumasinta and Tabasco, are generally small, and they all overflow their banks at certain seasons. The climate is hot and unhealthy; and between September and March gales of wind render navigation dangerous even on the rivers. Oak, cedar, and mahogany abound. Cacao, coffee, pepper, sugar cane, palmetto, tobacco, maize, and rice are cultivated. Capital, San Juan Bautista.

TABERNACLE (Lat. tabernaculum, tent; Heb. ohel), the name of the portable sanctuary which the Israelites carried with them in their migrations through the desert, and which, after the conquest of Canaan, was set up in various towns of Palestine until the time of Solomon, when it was replaced by the temple of Jerusalem. It was constructed, by order of Moses, by Bezaleel and Aholiab, and set up for the first time on the first day of the first month in the second year after leaving Egypt. Its framework consisted of 48 perpendicular gilded boards of acacia wood, which were kept together by golden rings and fixed into silver sockets. Over these boards 4 coverings were spread. The entrance, which was turned toward the east, was closed by means of a splendid curtain, supported by 5 columns. The interior was divided by a curtain into two rooms, the sanctuary and the holy of holies. In the sanctuary was placed, on the north, the table with the 12 loaves of shew bread (see SHEW BREAD); toward the south the golden candlestick; and in the middle the altar of incense. In the holy of holies stood the ark of the covenant. The tabernacle was surrounded by a kind of courtyard which was 100 cubits long and 50 wide. The typical significance of the tabernacle has been, ever since the times of Philo and Josephus, a subject of investigation. The most important treatises on the subject in modern times are by Creuzer, Symbolik des

mosaischen Cultus (2 vols., Heidelberg, 1837-'9), and Friedrich, Symbolik der mosaischen Stiftshütte (Leipsic, 1841).

TABERNACLES, FEAST OF (Heb. 'hag hassukoth), one of the 3 great festivals of the Jews, observed after harvest, and commencing on the 15th day of the month Tisri. It was instituted to preserve the remembrance of the goodness of God, who protected his people in the wilderness when they dwelt in tents or booths. It continued 8 (among the Jews in exile 9) days, the first and last (in exile the two first and two last) of which were the most important and solemn. To the ceremonies of the festival belongs the waving toward the 4 quarters of the world of fine fruits and leafy branches amid the singing of liturgical songs, commonly called, from the repetition of the words hosia' na (Oh save!), Hosanna. On the 7th day this was repeated, for the last time, with greater solemnity. During the first 7 days the living in booths was obligatory, which is still partially observed by the Jews in most countries. Sacrifices took place in the temple, and in later times also a ceremony of "pouring water" on the sacrifice, and a great illumination of the outer court, connected with dances by torchlight.

TABOO, a word formerly used by the Polynesian islanders to indicate both a religious consecration and a political prohibition exercised by the chiefs. All things reserved for the service of their idols were taboo, and no person but the priests, and especially no woman, might touch them; lands were also thus consecrated, and when the sign of taboo was raised over them, no profane foot might intrude. The chiefs were also accustomed to taboo certain articles of food or clothing which they desired to reserve for their own use, and thus often occasioned great distress by depriving the common people of them. It is used in English to signify a total prohibition of intercourse with or approach to the thing tabooed.

TABOR, MOUNT (Gr. Araßupiov; now Jebel et-Tur), an insulated eminence in the plain of Esdraelon, about 6 m. S. E. from Nazareth, in Galilee, commonly regarded as the scene of the Saviour's transfiguration. It is about 1,000 feet high, composed entirely of limestone, and its sides are covered up to the summit with the valonia oak, wild pistachios, myrtles, and other shrubs. Its summit is a plateau of some 600 yards in extent from N. to S. and about half as much across. All around this plain there are traces of an ancient wall, and below it on the S. E. side of the hill are the ruins of a fortification, a gateway of Saracenic architecture called "the gate of the wind," and a small vault where the Latin monks from Nazareth celebrate an annual mass in memory of the transfiguration. Among the ruins of a church on the N. side of the mountain the Greeks observe the same festival. Tabor is several times mentioned in the Old Testament, and before it Deborah and Barak assembled the warriors of

most dignified of historians," and his annals, if evincing occasionally a too evident aiming at startling contrasts, must be considered on the whole the most philosophical history which antiquity has bequeathed to us. Bötticher, in his De Vita, Scriptis et Stilo Taciti, has classed the peculiarities of Tacitus under 3 heads: love of variety, brevity and force of expression, and a certain poetical coloring of the language, characteristic of the writers of the later period of Roman literature. It may be added that the difficulties of his style have at all times rendered him accessible to a limited class of readers. The editio princeps of Tacitus, which is far from complete, was printed at Venice in 1470 by Vindelin de Spira; and of the numerous subsequent editions that of Ernesti by Oberlin (8vo., Leipsic, 1801), with the notes by Lipsius, is esteemed the best. Separate editions of his several works are also numerous. Of translations, that in Italian by Davanzati is highly esteemed; the English versions by Gordon and Murphy have little merit.

TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, a Roman emperor, born in Interamna (now Terni), Umbria, about A. D. 200, died at Tyana, in Cappadocia, April 9, 276. Previous to the assassination of the emperor Aurelian in March, 275, he held various important civil offices, the last being that of consul in 273, and was well known for his love of letters, his great wealth, and his integrity. In Sept. 276, after 6 months of what Gibbon calls a tranquil anarchy," during which the army and the senate mutually solicited each other to select a successor to the vacant throne, Tacitus was unanimously elected emperor by the latter body. He instituted a few domestic reforms, and attempted to revive the authority of the senate; but he died within little more than half a year from the commencement of his reign. According to one account he was assassinated by the soldiers. He claimed descent from the historian Tacitus, whose works he ordered to be placed in all public libraries, and to be multiplied to the extent of 10 copies a year at the public expense.

TADMOR. See PALMYRA.
TADPOLE. See FROG.

TAEL, TALE, or TAYEL, a money of account in China, Japan, Siam, and Sumatra. It is in China equivalent to 1,000 cash, and is usually reckoned in the East India company's accounts at 6s. 8d. or $1.61, though it really varies from $1.44 to $1.60. Its value is much higher in Sumatra, where it is equivalent to 64 copangs, and as a money of account to £1 28. or $5.32. In Japan its value is much the same as in China. The Dutch reckon it at 68. 2d. sterling, or $1.49. TÆNARUM, now CAPE MATAPAN, a promontory of Laconia, in ancient Greece, at the S. extremity of the Peloponnesus, celebrated for a temple of Neptune possessing the right of asylum, for a cave through which Hercules was said to have dragged Cerberus to the upper world, and for a statue of Arion seated on a dolphin, to commemorate his landing on VOL. XV.-18

the promontory after his miraculous preservation by that animal. In the time of the Romans the place was famous for marble quarries. There was a town here called Tænarum or Tænarus, afterward Cænepolis, which was variously represented as having been built by Tænarus, a son of Jupiter, by Elatus, and by Icarius. TAFILET, or TAFILELT, a division of Morocco, lying E. of the chain of the Atlas mountains, bounded N. by Fez and S. by the desert of Sahara. It consists of a vast plain, and is traversed by two rivers, both of which are lost in the sands of the desert. Wheat and barley are cultivated on the banks of the rivers, but dates are the chief product. The inhabitants have large herds of sheep and goats, and stuffs and carpets are manufactured from the wool. There are mines of antimony and lead.-TAFILET, the chief town, situated in lat. 31° 45′ N., long. 4° 5' W., 230 m. E. S. E. from Morocco, is formed by a collection of several villages; pop. 10,000. The inhabitants are mostly Berbers. A considerable trade is carried on by caravans with Timbuctoo.

TAGANROG, a fortified town of European Russia, government of Ekaterinoslav, situated near the N. E. extremity of the sea of Azof, 28 m. W. N. W. from Azof, and 68 m. W. S. W. from Novo-Tcherkask; pop. about 17,000. It stands on a rocky promontory opposite the mouth of the Don, and is a place of considerable strength. Earthenware, cordage, tallow, canvas, and leather are manufactured; there is a bell foundery, and ship building is extensively carried on. The harbor, though the deepest in the sea of Azof, cannot be entered by vessels drawing over 10 feet. Taganrog was founded in 1688 by Peter the Great. The town contains a monument to Alexander I., who died there in 1825. In July, 1855, it was bombarded by the allied gun boats.

TAGLIONI, MARIE, an Italian dancer, born in Stockholm in 1804. She belongs to a family of dancers, her father, a native of Milan, having held the position of ballet master successively at Stockholm, Cassel, and Warsaw. She made her début at Vienna in June, 1822, and between 1827 and 1832 performed in Paris with great success, surpassing all her contemporaries in agility and gracefulness. Thenceforth for 15 years she was esteemed the first ballet dancer in Europe, in the chief theatres of which she fulfilled repeated engagements. She retired from the stage in 1847 with a handsome fortune, and went to reside in Italy, where she possesses a villa on the lake of Como, and a palace in Venice. La sylphide and La fille du Danube are the ballets in which she gained her greatest triumphs. In 1832 she was married to Count Gilbert de Voisins.

TAGUA PLANT. See PALM, vol. xii. p. 703. TAGUAN. See FLYING SQUIRREL.

TAGUS (Span. Tajo; Port. Tejo), a river of Spain and Portugal, the longest in the peninsula, and dividing it into two nearly equal parts. It takes its rise in the Sierra De Cuenca, in the