province of Guadalajara near the border of Teruel, and flows N. W. for about 24 m.; then nearly W. for 20 m., receiving the waters of the Molina; then S. W. for a little more than 70 m., the Guadiela and other streams augmenting its volume. It then takes nearly a due W. course till it becomes for about 20 m. the boundary of Portugal, its principal affluents being the Jarama, which joins it a little below Aranjuez, the Cedron, the Guadarrama, the Alberche, the Alagon, and numerous smaller streams. Entering Portugal, it inclines more and more to the S. W., receiving below Abrantes the Zezere, and from that point becoming navigable for vessels of 150 tons. In the lower part of its course numerous islands occur, and for about 30 m. it spreads out into a table-like basin, 12 m. or more in width; but as it approaches Lisbon the hills on either side close up the valley, and at its mouth it is not over a mile wide. The banks of the Tagus are generally rugged and precipitous, and the plains through which it flows are dry and barren. It is only navigable a short distance and for small vessels. Lisbon, Santarem, and Abrantes in Portugal, and Talavera de la Reyna and Toledo in Spain, are on its banks; and Madrid, Guadalajara, &c., are in its basin. Its length is about 540 m.

TAHITI. See SOCIETY ISLANDS. TAILLANDIER, RENÉ GASPARD ERNEST, called SAINT RENÉ, a French author, born in Paris in 1817. He finished his education at Heidelberg, in 1841 was appointed adjunct professor of literature in the faculty of Strasbourg, and in 1850 became titular professor in that of Montpellier. At the commencement of his literary career he assumed the nom de plume of Saint René, by which he has ever since been known. His principal works are: Des écrivains sacrés au XIX siècle (1842); Scot Erigène et la philosophie scolastique (1843); Histoire de la Jeune Allemagne, études littéraires (1849); Études sur la révolution en Allemagne (2 vols., 1853); Allemagne et Russie, études historiques et littéraires (8vo.); and Le poëte du Caucase, ou la vie et les œuvres de Michel Lermontoff (1856). Since 1843 M. Taillandier has been a constant contributor to the Revue des deux mondes.

TAILOR BIRD, a name given to several species of East Indian warblers of the subfamily malurine, and especially to those of the genus orthotomus (Horsf.). In this genus the bill is slightly curved, with the tip entire; wings short and rounded, the 4th to the 8th quills equal and longest; tail long and graduated; hind toe nearly as long as the middle, and with a long, strong claw. They are familiar birds, hopping about cultivated fields and from bush to bush in search of insects and larvæ on which they feed, jerking the tail over the back in a very singular manner. The best known species is the long-tailed tailor bird (0. longicaudus, Horsf.), about the size of a sparrow, greenish above and white below, with chestnut crown and brown tail and wings. Its

nest is a very remarkable specimen of bird architecture, being made of the living leaves of the mango and other trees, which it sews together with fibres or cotton thread, forming a hanging pouch supported by the footstalk still attached to the parent tree; the pouch is open at the top, and the nest is placed at the bottom, composed of cotton, flax, hair, and other soft substances, neatly woven together; in this hanging structure the young are safe from monkeys, snakes, and other enemies.

TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE, a French writer, born at Vouziers, Ardennes, April 21, 1828. He was educated at the Bourbon college, was for 5 years connected with the normal school, and since 1853 has devoted himself to literary pursuits. His Essai sur Tite Live (18mo., 1854) received a prize from the French academy. He has also written Voyage aux eaux des Pyrénées (18mo., 1855); Les philosophes Français du XIX siècle (18mo., 1856); and Essais de critique et d'histoire (18mo., 1857); and is a regular contributor to the Revue des deux mondes.

TALAVERA DE LA REYNA (anc. Talabriga), a town of Spain, New Castile, province of Toledo, situated in a plain of great extent on the Tagus, 64 m. S. W. from Madrid; pop. about 6,000. The town was formerly divided into sections by 3 walls, 2 of which still remain; and part of the old ramparts is in tolerable preservation. It is a place of great antiquity, and was the scene of many conflicts between the Moors and Christians. On July 27 and 28, 1809, a battle was fought in the immediate vicinity, between the French, 56,000 strong, under Victor, Jourdan, and Sebastiani, and the English, 26,000 strong, and their allies numbering about 39,000, under Sir Arthur Wellesley. The French, after repeated desperate attempts to drive the British from their position, were at length repulsed with the loss of 20 guns and nearly of their numbers.

TALBOT. I. An E. co. of Md., bounded W. by Chesapeake bay and S. and E. by the Choptank river; area, 250 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 14,795, of whom 3,725 were slaves. The surface is generally level and the soil highly fertile. The productions in 1850 were 272,963 bushels of wheat, 621,980 of Indian corn, 48,917 of potatoes, and 97,585 lbs. of butter. There were 3 ship yards, 6 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 28 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 985 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Easton. II. A W. co. of Ga., bounded N. E. by Flint river and drained by several large creeks; area, 524 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 13,617, of whom 8,603 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil good. The productions in 1850 were 655,802 bushels of Indian corn, 89,185 of oats, 162,819 of sweet potatoes, and 13,732 bales of cotton. There were 11 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 10 tanneries, 25 churches, and 492 pupils attending public schools. It is crossed in the S. E. by the Muscogee railroad. Capital, Talbotton.

TALBOT, SILAS, an American military and naval officer, born in Rhode Island about 1750,

TALO

died in New York, June 30, 1813. Upon the breaking out of the revolutionary war he was commissioned a captain in one of the Rhode Island regiments, and, after participating in the siege of Boston, accompanied the army in 1776 to New York. For the skill with which he directed certain operations against the British shipping in the harbor he received from congress a major's commission. He participated in the memorable defence of Fort Mifflin, Nov. 1777, where, with a severe wound in the thigh and a shattered wrist, he continued fighting until the evacuation of the work; and in 1778 he rendered valuable assistance to Gen. Sullivan by transporting the American forces from the mainland to the upper end of the island of Rhode Island. One of the most dashing exploits of the war was his capture in 1778 of the British floating battery Pigot, of 22 guns, anchored in one of the channels commanding the approach to Newport. In Sept. 1779, he was commissioned a captain in the navy, and, after cruising with success against British commerce, was in 1780 captured by a British fleet and confined in the Jersey prison ship. He was afterward removed to England, and in 1781 was exchanged. Upon the reorganization of the navy in 1794, he was again called into the public service, and superintended the construction of the frigate Constitution (" Old Ironsides"), which in 1799 was his flag ship during a cruise in the West Indies. He resigned his commission in 1801, and passed the remainder of his life in the city of New York.-See "Life of Silas Talbot," by H. T. Tuckerman (18mo., New York, 1850).

TALO. See STEATITE.

oz.

TALFOURD, SIR THOMAS NOON, an English author, born at Doxey, a suburb of the town of Stafford, Jan. 26, 1795, died in Stafford, March 13, 1854. He was the son of a brewer at Reading, and was educated at the grammar school of that town. He studied law at London under the direction of Mr. Chitty, the eminent pleader, and at the same time cultivated literature, for which even while a boy he had shown a marked talent by poetical contributions to a Reading newspaper. His taste for dramatic poetry led him to frequent the theatres, and he wrote much while yet a law student for the magazines, and occasionally served as a law reporter for the daily journals. In 1821 he was called to the bar; his steady application to his profession and fluent and graceful elocution soon gave him an extensive practice, and in 1833 he was made sergeant-at-law. In 1835 he was elected to parliament from the borough of Reading by the liberal party, and continued a member till 1841. In 1847 he was As a again elected, and held his seat till 1849, when he vacated it in consequence of being made a judge of the court of common pleas. member of parliament Talfourd was distinguished by his efforts in behalf of the rights of authors, for whose benefit he introduced in 1837 the copyright act which, somewhat modified, was passed in 1842. As an author he acquired his highest reputation by his first published work, the tragedy of "Ion," which was printed in 1835, and in the following year was acted with great success under the direction of Mr. Macready. "Ion" was followed by another tragedy on a classic subject, "The Athenian Captive," which was also successful on the stage, and by two others on modern

topics, "Glencoe" and "The Castilian." All these dramas are deficient in real dramatic character and interest, their chief merits being smooth and graceful versification, high-toned sentiment, and a profusion of elaborate imagery. Beside several sketchy volumes of travels on the continent, Talfourd published two valuable and interesting works, containing memoirs and correspondence of his intimate friend Charles Lamb. These appeared in 1837 and 1838, and are now published as one work, "The Life and Letters of Charles Lamb." He died suddenly while delivering a charge to the grand jury and commenting on the increase of crime.

TALIACOTIUS, GASPARO (TAGLIACOZIO, or TAGLIACOZZI), an Italian surgeon, born about 1489, died in Bologna, where he was professor of anatomy and surgery, in 1553. He attained high renown for his medical lectures during his life, but is now mainly remembered for what has been named from him the Taliacotian operation, for the restoration of lost noses, ears, &c. Though this operation was not original with him, yet he carried it to greater perfection and was more successful in restoring the lost features than any of his predecessors. His process was fully detailed in his posthumous work, De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem Libri II. (2 vols. fol., Venice, 1597). His method was to replace the nose by a piece from the arm, leaving one end attached to the arm until it had formed a vital connection with the face, when it was cut off from the arm, and fashioned by long and slow processes into the semblance of a nose. The French and Indian operations have now generally superseded that of Taliacotius. (See AUTOPLASTY.)

TALIAFERRO, a N. E. co. of Ga., drained by affluents of the Ogeechee and Little rivers; area, 185 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 4,583, of whom 2,849 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 193,327 bushels of Indian corn, 28,690 of oats, 29,061 of sweet potatoes, and 5,170 bales of cotton. There were 7 churches, and 180 pupils attending public schools. Granite, gneiss, sulphuret of iron, and magnetic ore are found. It is intersected by the Georgia central railroad. Capital, Crawfordsville.

TALIESIN, called also Pen Beirdd, the chief of the bards, flourished between 520 and 570. He was a native of Wales, and in the latter part of his life was in the service of Urien Rheged, a British prince, to whom many of his poems were addressed. Specimens of his compositions are preserved in the "Welsh Archæology."

TALIPOT TREE. See PALM, vol. xii. p. 702. TALISMAN (Gr. reλeoua, tribute, or Arab. thelism), primarily, a figure cast in metal or engraved upon stone, at a particular hour and under the influence of certain planets, whereby it was supposed to acquire extraordinary properties, and to be able to confer on its possessor supernatural powers. The name was afterward extended to any article, whether a production of nature or art, which possessed

the same qualities. The talisman differs from the amulet in the fact that the powers of the latter are passive and only preservative from harm or injury, while the talisman, if a powerful one, and prepared under a happy conjunction of planetary influences, could, it was believed, render its owner invisible, and subject to his sway the elements or the genii; enable him instantly to pass through the air or over the seas from one place to another; to strike his adversary with a deadly blow while secure from injuries himself; to win the affections of a beloved object, &c. The talisman originated in the period when astrology was in the ascendant; but though its supernatural powers are no longer credited in civilized countries, there is yet a lingering trace of the same superstition left in the charms which are supposed to bring good luck to the possessor. In savage countries, the fetich of the African and the medicine bag of the North American Indian partake more of the character of the talisman than of the amulet.

TALLADEGA, a N. E. co. of Ala., bounded W. by the Coosa river and drained by the Chocolocco and other streams; area, 1,260 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 23,520, of whom 8,865 were slaves. The surface is moderately hilly and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 715,584 bushels of Indian corn, 115,105 of sweet potatoes, 114,550 of oats, and 8,509 bales of cotton. There were 47 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 370 pupils attending public schools. Excellent marble is found. The Alabama and Tennessee rivers railroad is finished to Talladega, the capital.

TALLAHASSEE, a city and the capital of Florida, and seat of justice for Leon co., about 130 m. E. from Pensacola; lat. 30° 28′ N., long. 84° 36′ W.; pop. in 1860, 1,043. It is situated on an elevated plateau, and is well built and handsomely laid out. It has 2 newspapers, several schools, and Presbyterian, Methodist, and Episcopal churches. The state house is a substantial edifice, and the other public buildings are a court house, gaol, U. S. land office, and state seminary. Tallahassee is noted for its springs of pure water and its salubrious climate. It is connected with Jacksonville on the E. coast by the line of the Pensacola and Georgia railroad, completed for 60 m., and with St. Marks on the gulf by the Tallahassee railroad, 22 m. long.

TALLAHATCHIE, a river of Mississippi, the principal tributary of the Yazoo, rising in Tippah co., near the N. line of the state, and flowing in a circuitous but generally S. W. and S. course 250 m. to its junction with the Yallabusha river to form the Yazoo. It is navigable by steamboats a distance of over 100 m., and at high water still further.

TALLAHATCHIE, a N. W. co. of Miss., intersected by the Tallahatchie and Yallabusha rivers; area, 930 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 7,892, of whom 5,054 were slaves. The surface is level and in many places swampy, and the soil

fertile. The productions in 1850 were 190,930 bushels of Indian corn, 38,052 of sweet potatoes, and 4,977 bales of cotton. There were 3 churches, and 200 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Charleston.

TALLAPOOSA, a river of Georgia and Alabama, which rises in Paulding co., Ga., and flowing S. W., S., and W. for a distance of 250 m., unites with the Coosa, forming the Alabama, about 10 m. N. from Montgomery. Its principal affluent is the Little Tallapoosa. It is navigable for steamboats a distance of over 40 m. above its confluence with the Coosa.

TALLAPOOSA, an E. co. of Alabama, intersected by the Tallapoosa river, and drained also by the Hileebee and Sawkehatchee creeks; area, 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 23,827, of whom 6,672 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil in some parts fertile. The productions in 1850 were 462,276 bushels of Indian corn, 60,423 of oats, 102,371 of sweet potatoes, and 6,589 bales of cotton. There were 7 grist mills, 2 cotton factories, and 24 churches. Its S. border is intersected by the Montgomery and West Point railroad. Capital, Dadeville.

TALLART, or TALLARD, CAMILLE DE LA BAUME, count de, a French general, born Feb. 14, 1652, died in Paris in 1728. He entered the army under Condé in Holland, and subsequently served under Turenne in Alsace, became a brigadier in 1677 and major-general in 1687, commanded an army corps on the Rhine in 1690, was raised to the rank of lieutenantgeneral and sent as ambassador to England in 1693, and in 1698 and 1700 signed two treaties with William III. relative to the Spanish succession. In 1703 he was made marshal of France, and gained a victory over the prince of Hesse at Spire, but was defeated and made prisoner by his own fault in the battle of Blenheim the next year. After 7 years of captivity he returned to France, and was made duke of Hostun and a peer in 1712, took sides with the Jesuit Le Tellier against Cardinal de Noailles, in 1715 became one of the council of regency, and in 1726 secretary of state.

TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD, CHARLES MAURICE, prince de, a French statesman, born in Paris, Jan. 13, 1754, died there, May 20, 1838. The eldest son of a family who claimed the first rank among the nobility of southern France, he was sent out to nurse and quite neglected by his parents; an accident which befell him, when scarcely a year old, rendered him lame for life. At the age of 12 he was placed by an uncle at the Harcourt college in Paris. Two years later, it being ascertained that his lameness could not be cured, a family council decided that his birthright should be transferred to his younger brother, and destined him for the church. He was consequently entered at the theological seminary of St. Sulpice; but he neglected the study of theology for literature and science. He was introduced to society in 1774 as the abbé de Périgord, and at once evinced all the propensities of a confirmed rake, so

much as to occasion his confinement for several months in the Bastile and at Vincennes. He however soon distinguished himself by refined taste and great conversational powers; and in 1780, through the influence of his family, he was appointed to the important office of general agent for the clergy of France, in which capacity he displayed remarkable business talent. He mingled in the financial discussions of the time, became acquainted with Mirabeau, Calonne, and Necker, and was noted for his prudence and skill as a speculator. In 1787 he was one of the assembly of notables, and the next year was made bishop of Autun, which gave him a yearly income of 60,000 francs, with a prospect of becoming archbishop of Rheims and a cardinal. Such was not however the aim of his ambition, as from the beginning he had looked upon his profession with a mingled feeling of disgust and contempt. When the states-general were summoned in 1789, he was elected one of the deputies of the clergy, insisted upon his colleagues joining at once the representatives of the third estate who had assumed the name of "national asSembly," figured conspicuously among Mirabeau's friends, and proved a strong supporter of every liberal measure. It was he who moved the celebration of the great patriotic feast, styled the "federation," on July 14, 1790; and in his capacity of bishop, at the head of 200 priests, wearing the national colors over their white robes, he officiated in that solemnity upon the great altar erected in the midst of the Champ de Mars. In the assembly he reported a plan for the reorganization of public instruction, which plan and report are still considered masterpieces of ingenuity; he advocated the abolition of ecclesiastical tithes, the assumption by the government of the lands belonging to the clergy as national property, and the establishment of a civil constitution for that order; and on this constitution being adopted, he consecrated such priests as consented to take the oath to it. This, added to his many deficiencies as a Catholic bishop and his political course, caused him to be excommunicated by the pope. He attended Mirabeau in his last moments, and was charged by the great orator to deliver in the assembly a speech he had prepared upon testamentary powers and the rights of succession. On the adjournment of the constituent assembly, Oct. 1, 1791, Talleyrand was sent, under Chauvelin, on a mission to England to promote friendly relations between that country and France; but he was coldly and even disdainfully treated, his exertions proved fruitless, and he returned home previous to Aug. 10. After the king's fall he retired to England; but, while a warrant was issued against him in Paris by the committee of public safety (1793), he received peremptory orders from the ministry to leave England in 24 hours. He then sailed for the United States, where, through successful speculations, he accumulated a fortune, and carefully studied American institu