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by a body of exiles from Sparta in 708 B. C.; febrile condition called tarantism, which was but of its early history little is known, though supposed to be curable only by dancing to liveit seems to have become important in con- ly music until the person fell exhausted; the sequence of the fertility of the surrounding extraordinary accounts of travellers in relation country and the security of the harbor, which to the bite of this spider are mere fables, though was then the best on the coast. It subse- in patients thus bitten it is well to combat the quently became a large and powerful city, terrors of the imagination by the musical remeand had 14 other towns subject to it. It dy which the popular belief regards as effectual. carried on long contests with the neighboring The L. Carolinensis (Bosc) is called tarannative tribes, the Messapians and Peucetians; tula in the southern states; it attains a length and in 473 B. C. its army suffered a disastrous of 2 inches, with an extent of legs of 4; it is defeat from the former, in which so many of mouse-colored above, with white sides and its nobles were killed that its government, pre- whitish dots and lines on the abdomen; below viously an aristocracy, was thereafter demo- blackish; legs whitish tipped with black. It cratic. It afterward became predominant in makes deep excavations in the ground, which the league of the Greek cities of Italy against it lines with silk; the females carry their young Dionysius of Syracuse and the Lucanians. on the back, giving them a hideous appearance, During the Samnite wars it came into collision as if covered with warts; the young run off in with Rome, which declared war against it in all directions if the mother be disturbed. Its 281. The Tarentines, as they had frequently poison is active, and might cause troublesome done in former wars, looked to Greece for aid, symptoms in man if the fangs could be opened and called in Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (see at an angle proper to pierce his skin. PYRRHUS), after whose defeat and withdrawal from Italy assistance was sought from Carthage by one party, while another favored submission to Rome. The latter prevailed, and the city surrendered to the consul Papirius in 272, while a Carthaginian fleet was approaching to its relief, and thereafter continued subject to Rome. During the second Punic war the citizens betrayed it into the hands of Hannibal, who held it for more than two years, with the exception of the citadel, the Roman garrison of which he was unable to subdue. In 209 Fabius Maximus retook the city and gave it up to plunder, after putting the Carthaginian garrison to the sword. It continued to be the chief town of S. Italy, though greatly decayed, under the empire, and during the middle ages shared the fate of the other cities of Magna Græcia. The present town occupies only the site of the ancient citadel, which was originally a promontory, but was made an island by Ferdinand I. of Naples, by cutting through the low isthmus to strengthen its defences.

TARANTO, DUKE OF. See MACDONALD. TARANTULA, or TARENTULA, a terrestrial hunting or wolf spider of S. Europe, belonging to the genus lycosa, the L. tarentula (Latr.). It is the largest of European spiders, measuring 1 to 2 inches in the length of the body; the color is ashy brown above, marked with gray on the thorax, and with triangular spots and curved streaks of black bordered with white on the abdomen; below saffron-colored, with a transverse black band. It received its popular name from being common in the vicinity of Taranto in S. Italy; it makes no web, wandering for prey, which it runs down with great swiftness, and hiding in holes in the ground and crevices lined with its silk; there is one spiracle on each side, one pulmonary sac, and 8 eyes; it is very active and fierce, and the females defend their eggs and young with selfsacrificing bravery. Its bite was once considered highly poisonous, producing the nervous VOL. XV.-19,

TARASCON, a town of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône, situated on the left bank of the Rhône, 10 m. N. from Arles, and 50 m. N. N. W. from Marseilles; pop. in 1856, 19,092. It is connected with Beaucaire, on the opposite side of the river, by two bridges, one of which is one of the finest suspension bridges in France. Among the public buildings is an old castle of the counts of Provence, on a rock overhanging the river, which commands the town, built in the 15th century, and now used as a prison. The church of St. Martha is a fine Gothic edifice commenced in the 15th century, with a richly sculptured entrance and a crypt which contains several remarkable tombs and a marble statue of St. Martha, who is supposed to have introduced Christianity in the neighborhood. Silk, woollen, and cotton goods are manufactured. The railroad between Avignon and Marseilles passes through the town, and there is a branch from Tarascon to Nîmes.

TARDIGRADES. See SLOTH.

TARE (vicia sativa, Linn.), one of the leguminosa, and when used as a green crop of great agricultural importance in certain districts of Europe. Its root is annual, its stem climbing, about 3 feet high; the leaflets of its pinnate leaves are oblong, and terminate abruptly in a small point; stipules small and toothed; flowers usually in pairs, sessile, red or purplish; pods more or less downy. There are several varieties, but the best are known as the winter tare, standing the severest weather unharmed, and the summer tare, which being tenderer must be sown in spring. The tare requires a clean rich soil, but will grow well in clayey land. It does not seem suited to the climate of the United States, though occurring occasionally by the roadside as an adventitious weed. The seeds are found to be nutritive, and can be used much in the same way as peas. There are several other species of tare or vetch found in the United States, having ornamental blue or purplish flowers. (See LENTIL.)

TARE AND TRET, allowances made by the seller of package goods which are sold by weight to the buyer, for the real or supposed weight of boxes, casks, bags, &c., and for the dust or refuse matter contained in some classes of goods. Tare is distinguished as real tare, or the exact weight of the box, cask, &c.; customary tare, or a fixed allowance for this weight, sometimes regulated by ordinance and sometimes by custom; and average tare, which is deduced from weighing a few packages, and taking their average as the allowance for the whole. In goods which can be unpacked without injury, the practice is to allow the real tare. The allowance of tret is a fixed one, being 4 lbs. for every 104 lbs. in goods which are liable to loss from dust, refuse, &c.

TARENTUM. See TARANTO. TARGUMS (Chal. targem, to explain), the designation of the various Chaldee versions or paraphrases of Hebrew scriptural books, generally included in the larger rabbinical, as well as in polyglot editions of the Bible. The principal Targum is that generally, though according to most recent critics erroneously, attributed to Onkelos. (See CHALDee Language.) TARIFA, a town of Spain, province of Andalusia, situated in the narrowest part of the strait of Gibraltar, on the southernmost point of the kingdom, in lat. 36° 3′ N., long. 5° 35' W., 52 m. N. W. from Cadiz, and 25 m. S. E. from Cape Trafalgar; pop. about 12,000. It is fortified, but the walls and towers are old, and the chief defence of the place consists of a fortress upon a rocky island close to the shore. A Moorish castle stands within the walls, and is now used as a prison. There are a few manufactures.-Tarifa was named in honor of Tarif ibn Malik, a Berber chief who first landed here from Africa to reconnoitre the country; and it afterward became a frontier town of great importance. Here during the Moorish domination all vessels passing through the straits were stopped and compelled to pay duties at fixed rates; whence the word tariff in Engfish and other languages. In 1292 Sancho el Bravo captured it, and Alonso Perez de Guzman held it against the Moors in 1294. In 1340 the Moors besieged it again, but were defeated by the kings of Castile and Portugal, and forced to retire. In 1811 it was garrisoned by 1,200 British troops and 600 Spaniards, and in December was besieged by 10,000 French troops, who were finally forced to retire with heavy loss after breaching the wall. The French captured the place in 1823 after a trifling resistance.

TARLETON, BANNASTRE, an officer of the English army during the American revolution, born in Liverpool, Aug. 21, 1754, died in Jan. 1833. He began the study of the law, but on the breaking out of the war in America entered the army, came to this country with Cornwallis with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and received permission to raise a body of troops called the British legion. This was one of the

most efficient corps the British had in the South during the war, and Tarleton, by his activity, his daring, and the celerity of his movements, contributed much to the success of the British arms in that quarter. His reputation was much stained by the massacre of Col. Buford's regiment, stationed on the Waxhaw creek, on May 29, 1780, and "Tarleton's quarter" became proverbial as a synonyme for cruelty. In the following year, at the head of 1,100 men, he attacked an inferior American force near the Cowpens under Gen. Morgan, and was badly defeated. (See CowPENS.) He was with Cornwallis during the rest of the war, and was present at the surrender of Yorktown. After his return to England he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and was so popular that in 1790 he was sent to parliament free of expense from his native town, which he represented in 3 subsequent parliaments. In the house of commons he voted generally with the opposition, supported liberal measures, and advocated the putting the officers of the navy on an equal footing with those of the army. In 1798 he married a natural daughter of the duke of Ancaster, and in 1817 received the commission of a major-general, though he never reentered into active service. He was created a baronet, Nov. 6, 1818, and was also made a K.C.B. He published a "History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America" (4to., London, 1787).

TARN, a S. department of France, in the old province of Languedoc, bounded N. and N. E. by Aveyron, S. E. by Hérault, S. by Aude, S. W. by Haute-Garonne, and N. W. by Tarn-et-Garonne; area, 2,185 sq. m.; pop. in 1862, 353,633. The S. E. part is mountainous, and the rest of the department is traversed by hills, between which there are several plains of considerable extent. The principal river is the Tarn, a tributary of the Garonne, which receives the Aveyron, Tescou, and Agout; a little way above Alby, the capital, there is a series of falls called Saut-du-Tarn. Coal, iron, lead, copper, gypsum, and porcelain and potters' clay are found. The vine is carefully cultivated, but the wines produced are of inferior quality. Woollen, cotton, and silk goods, and iron are manufactured. Capital, Albi.

TARN-ET-GARONNE, a S. department of France, in the old province of Guienne, bounded N. by Lot, E. and S. E. by Aveyron and Tarn, S. by Haute-Garonne, and S. W. and W. by Gers and Lot-et-Garonne; area, 1,405 sq. m.; pop. in 1862, 232,551. The whole department belongs to the basin of the Garonne, and the surface is generally flat, having a gradual slope to the W. The Garonne, Tarn, and Aveyron are all navigable in this department. Iron, coal, and marble are found. A large proportion of the soil is remarkably fertile. About

Great

of the department is occupied by vineyards, and about an equal extent by forests. attention is paid to the breeding of mules for the Spanish market. Woollen, linen, and silk

goods, cutlery, iron, and beet root sugar are manufactured. The department is intersected by many roads, and the railway between Bordeaux and Cette passes through the capital, Montauban.

TARNOW, FANNY, a German authoress, born in Güstrow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Dec. 17, 1783. In early life she was a governess in a noble family at Rügen, and after residing successively in Mecklenburg, St. Petersburg, and Dresden, established herself in 1828 in Weissenfels near Merseburg, Prussian Saxony, which has since been her home. Her first work, a romance entitled Natalie, appeared in 1804, and since that time she has been an industrious writer of imaginative literature. A selection from her works was published in 1830 in 15 vols., followed in 1840-42 by 4 vols. of her collected tales. An anonymous romance entitled "Two Years in St. Petersburg" (1833), and containing an account of the condition of Russia during the latter part of the reign of Alexander I., is attributed to her.

TARPEIA, a Roman maiden, the daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, who was governor of the citadel on the Capitoline hill when the Sabines invested Rome. Tarpeia saw and admired the bracelets of the Sabines, and offered to betray the citadel to them for "what they wore on their left arms." She opened the gate at night, and as they passed in they threw upon her their shields, which were worn on the left arm, and crushed her. She was buried on that part of the hill thence called the Tarpeian rock.

TARQUIN. I. LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS (THE ELDER), 5th king of Rome, assassinated in 578 B. C. According to the common story, he was the son of a Corinthian, and was born in Etruria, whence, instigated by his ambitious wife Tanaquil, he removed to Rome; but it is now believed that he belonged to a Latin family. He acquired the confidence of King Ancus Marcius, became guardian to his children, and upon the king's death seized or was elected to the vacant throne, 616 B. C. He destroyed the wealthy Sabine town of Apiolæ, and subdued the Latin towns of Cameria, Crustumerium, Medullia, Ameriola, Ficulea, Corniculum, and Nomentum. His greatest exploit was the defeat of the Sabines, who advanced to the gates of Rome, but were driven back and at length completely overthrown upon the Anio. Some authors state also that the united 12 cities of Etruria were overcome by Tarquin and compelled to submit to his authority. In the intervals of war he built the vast sewers which drained the lower part of the city, and are still perfect; laid out the Circus Maximus, and instituted the great or Roman games; assigned the rows of shops in the forum to private citizens; and began to surround the city with a stone wall, which was finished by his successor. Under Tarquin 100 new members (the patres minorum gentium) were added to the senate, and the number of the vestal virgins was increased from 4 to 6. His death was

contrived by the sons of Ancus Marcius, who were fearful lest he should secure the succession to his son-in-law Servius Tullius. II. LucruS TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (THE PROUD), the 7th and last king of Rome, son of the preceding, died in 495 B. C. In 534 he formed a conspiracy, murdered Servius Tullius, and usurped the throne without any of the forms of election or the confirmation of the senate. He immediately abolished all the privileges that had been conferred upon the plebeians by Servius, decreed the death of the senators who had supported them, took the whole administration of justice into his own hands, and put to death or exiled all persons who were obnoxious to him, whether plebeians or patricians. The vacant places in the senate were not filled up, and that body was seldom consulted. But though a tyrant, he raised Rome to great power. Under him the Latin league was joined by the Hernicians and by two Volscian towns, and Rome became the head of the confederacy. With the spoils from the wealthy city of Suessa Pometia he began the erection of the capitol. He subdued Gabii, a Latin city which refused to enter into the league, and in 510 besieged Ardea. While Tarquinius Collatinus was with the army before this city, his cousin Sextus Tarquinius, the king's son, went to his house at Collatia, and there violated his wife Lucretia. Lucretia sent to the camp at Ardea and summoned thence her father and her husband. With them came Lucius Brutus. To these 3 she told what had happened, enjoined them to avenge her, and stabbed herself with a dagger. Brutus led the way into the market place, whither the corpse was carried, summoned the people, and related the occurrence. So great was the hatred already entertained of the Tarquins and the indignation now excited, that a decree was immediately passed by which the king was deposed, and his family banished from the city. Tarquin hastened to Rome, but found the gates closed against him. Brutus repaired to Ardea, where he was received with joy, and the army renounced its allegiance to the tyrant. The deposed king took refuge at Tarquinii, and thence sent ambassadors to Rome to demand his private property. While in Rome these ambassadors conspired with some young nobles for the restoration of Tarquin, but were discovered, and with their confederates-among them two sons of Brutus-were executed, and the private property of the king was given up to plunder. Tarquin now formed an alliance with the Etruscan cities of Tarquinii and Veii, and endeavored to recover the throne by force, but was defeated near the forest of Arsia. He next obtained the assistance of Lars Porsena of Clusium, who marched against Rome with a great army. (See PORSENA.) Finally the whole Latin confederacy espoused the cause of Tarquin against Rome, and the contest was decided by the Roman victory in the battle of Lake Regillus, fought 498 B. C. Tarquin retired to Cumæ, and there died.

TARRAGONA, a province of Spain, in Catalonia, bounded N. by the provinces of Lerida and Barcelona, E. by the Mediterranean, S. by Castellon, and W. by Teruel; area, 1,866 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 320,593. A great deal of the surface is mountainous, the province being traversed from N. to S. by the Prades range, which has numerous offsets that extend to the coast. The only river of importance is the Ebro. There are mines of lead, copper, silver, and manganese. The valleys are generally very fertile, and the hills are covered with forests of pine, cork, and oak. Silk, woollen, and cotton goods, &c., are extensively manufactured.TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco), the capital, is situated on the left bank of the Francoli, on the shore of the Mediterranean, 273 m. E. N. E. from Madrid; pop. 13,014. It consists of two parts, the high and the low, and is strongly fortified. There are in Tarragona remains of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and other works constructed by the Romans. The town is supposed to have been originally settled by the Phoenicians, and under the Romans it became the capital of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, and is said to have contained 1,000,000 inhabitants. It was captured by the Goths, and in 516 was the seat of a church council. The town was destroyed by the Moors under Tarif, and remained uninhabited for 4 centuries. In the early part of the 12th century it began to be rebuilt, but did not regain its former importance. It was captured by the British in the war of succession, but they abandoned it when they got possession of Gibraltar. In 1811 the French under Suchet took it by storm. TARRANT, a N. W. co. of Texas, intersected by the West fork of Trinity river; area, about 960 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 664; in 1860, 6,020, including 850 slaves. The surface is undulating in part, but mostly prairie, and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 66,000 bushels of Indian corn, 17,336 of potatoes, and 43,442 lbs. of butter. Capital, Birdsville.

TARRYTOWN, a village of Westchester co., N. Y., on the E. bank of the Hudson river, 27 m. by railroad from New York; pop. in 1860, 3,500. It has 6 churches, 3 academies, and a female seminary. The Hudson is here very wide, and is called Tappan Zee. Major André was captured in this neighborhood, and executed at Tappantown, on the W. side of the river. TARSHISH, the name of an ancient commercial emporium, or, according to some critics, more than one, as the context of some of the passages of Scripture in which it is mentioned would indicate that it was W. and of others E. of Palestine. There are 25 or 30 references to it in the Scriptures. Tarsus in Cilicia, the island of Thasos in the Grecian archipelago, Tartessus in Spain, Carthage, some seaport of the British isles, and Point de Galle in Ceylon have all been urged as fulfilling certain conditions of the scriptural references. The following facts may be gleaned from the passages in which it is mentioned: It was largely engaged in com

merce, and probably in ship building; the ships of Tarshish and their precious freights are often mentioned (Isa. ii. 16; xxiii. 1-14; lx. 9; lxvi. 19, &c.); it derived its name apparently from Tarshish, the grandson of Japheth, who, it is supposed, settled some of the Grecian isles or coasts, and it is several times spoken of as an island or seacoast (Gen. x. 4, 5; lx. 9; lxvi. 19); it had large traffic with Tyre and Sidon, especially in gold and silver, tin, iron, and lead (1 Kings x. 22; Jer. x. 9; Ezek. xxvii. 12); it is usually represented as W. of Palestine and of Tyre, and its ships are spoken of as broken by an E. wind (Ps. xlviii. 7). Yet we are told distinctly in 2 Chron. ix. 21, that "Solomon's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Hiram; every 3 years once came the ships of Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks;" and that Jehoshaphat joined with Ahaziah in building ships at Ezion-geber, a place on the Elanitic gulf of the Red sea, to go to Tarshish (2 Chron. xx. 36), while the corresponding passages in 1 Kings (ix. 26-28, x. 22, xxii. 49) state that Tarshish vessels were built at Ezion-geber and sent to Ophir, whence they brought "gold and silver," &c. This apparent discrepancy has been explained in 3 ways: 1, that the name "ships of Tarshish” does not necessarily imply that the ships were built at Tarshish or intended to ply between that and some other port, but designated a peculiar style of ships, either in the shape of the hull or rigging, as we now say an "East Indiaman," a "Baltimore clipper," &c., and that hence ships intended for a long coast voyage (to Ophir, wherever that might be) were called ships of Tarshish" from their resemblance to the Phoenician model; 2, that the ships built at Ezion-geber (Solomon's only seaport) were taken through the canal of Sesostris (then open) into the Nile, and thence into the Mediterranean, a view which is urged by Dr. N. Davis in his work on Carthage; and 3, that there were two and possibly more places called Tarshish, the name being perhaps a generic rather than a specific one; that while one of these may have been Tartessus (which has on its side most critical authorities, among them Bochart, Michaelis, Gesenius, and Rawlinson) or Carthage, or perhaps one of the Grecian isles, the other was in the East, and most probably Point de Galle in Ceylon. This view is that of Sir J. Emerson Tennent as presented in his "Ceylon."

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TARSUS, or TARSOUS, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Adana, situated on the right bank of the Cydnus, about 10 m. from the Mediterranean; lat. 36° 56' N., long. 34° 59' E.; pop. about 8,000, but during the winter months it is much greater. It stands in a fertile plain, and the houses are interspersed by gardens and orchards, and are mostly low with flat roofs, but well built of stone. The town is partly enclosed by an ancient wall supposed to have been erected by the caliph Haroun al Rashid; and there is an old castle said to have been built by Bajazet. Tarsus has

an ancient Christian church, several mosques, handsome caravansaries, and public baths. The land in the vicinity is remarkably fertile, and wheat, barley, and cotton are exported, together with copper and gall nuts brought from the neighboring mountains. During the summer months the climate is unhealthy, and the inhabitants migrate in large numbers to the elevated grounds in the neighborhood.-Tarsus is a place of very great antiquity, and is said to have been founded by Sardanapalus. It was the chief city of Cilicia, was taken by Alexander, and became a military post of great importance under his successors in the East. Under the Romans it was much favored by both Augustus and Hadrian, and rose to such importance as to rival Athens, Antioch, and Alexandria in wealth, learning, and science. It was adorned with many magnificent temples, a gymnasium, and a theatre. Tarsus was the birthplace of the apostle Paul, as well as of several Greek philosophers, poets, and grammarians. TARTAGLIA, NICOLO, an Italian mathematician, born in Brescia about 1490, died in Venice in 1557. He was left an orphan and very poor at the age of 6 years, but became the ablest geometer of his time. He taught mathematics at Verona and Vicenza, was appointed professor of mathematics at Brescia, and in 1534 was called to the same post in Venice. He discovered the method of solving the cubic equation containing the 1st and 3d powers of the unknown quantity, and in repeated contests with the ablest mathematicians of his time defeated them, being able to solve all their problems, while his own remained unsolved. In 1539 and 1540 Cardan, under the promise of strict secrecy, obtained from him his discovery, and afterward, in violation of his promise, published it in his Ars Magna. This led to a violent controversy and a public mathematical contest, in which Cardan being worsted, his townsmen raised a mob, and prevented a continuance of it. This solution is still known as Cardan's rule. Tartaglia published a treatise on gunnery, which has been translated into English; the first Italian translation of Euclid; and 7 or 8 other mathematical works, the best known of which is Quesiti ed intenzioni diversi (Venice, 1550).

TARTAR (named from Tartarus, the infernal regions, according to Paracelsus, on account of its fiery heat), also called argol, the crude bitartrate of potash, precipitated from wines as they ferment, being set free as alcohol is produced, in which it is insoluble. When purified it is known as cream of tartar. Salt of tartar is a name often given to pure carbonate of potash. Soluble tartar is a compound of boracic acid, tartaric acid, and potash, used in medicine as a purgative.-Tartar is also the name of an incrustation which collects upon the teeth, and may be broken off in hard scales. Its composition, according to Berzelius, is: salivary mucus, 13.5; animal matter soluble in muriatic acid, 7.5; phosphate of lime (earthy phosphates), 7.9.

TARTAR, CREam of. See CREAM OF TAR

TAR.

TARTAR EMETIC, a double salt, consisting of tartrate of potash and tartrate of oxide of antimony. (See ANTIMONY, vol. i. p. 660.)

TARTARIC ACID, an acid compound existing in the juice of a great variety of fruits, sometimes free, but for the most part in combination with potash or lime. It is most abundant in the juice of the grape, forming with potash the bitartrate or tartar named above. It was first separated by Scheele in 1770. The composition of the ordinary form of tartaric acid is represented by the formula 2HO, C. H, O10. It is a white solid, of specific gravity 1.75, crystallizing in oblique rhombic prisms, which are sometimes colorless and transparent. It is permanent in the air, very soluble in water and in alcohol. Its aqueous solution becomes mouldy when kept for some time, and is slowly converted into acetic acid. It has a strong acid taste, which is pleasant in a weak solution, and is much used in the preparation of effervescing draughts with the bicarbonates of the alkalies. Its crystals when heated become strongly electrical. Its solutions when hot exert a powerful right-handed rotation upon a ray of polarized light, a property which distinguishes this from another isomeric form of tartaric acid, in which the rotation is to the left. The two varieties also exhibit some remarkable peculiarities in their crystallization, an account of which has been given by M. Pasteur in Annales de chimie, (iii.) xxiv. 442, and xxviii. 56. At a temperature of 340° tartaric acid fuses, and without losing weight changes into two metameric acids, metatartaric and isotartaric; and various other modifications are produced according to the different degrees of heat to which it is subjected. Tartaric acid is distinguished from other acids by forming a white precipitate, bitartrate of potassa, when mixed with any of the potash salts, thus separating this alkali from its combination with other acids.-Tartaric acid is prepared from the crude bitartrate of potash, of which 4 parts are added to boiling water with 1 part of chalk. An insoluble tartrate of lime is precipitated, and neutral tartrate of potash remains dissolved. This is decanted, and is further decomposed by adding an equivalent of chloride of calcium, which separates the remaining tartaric acid as tartrate of lime. The precipitates are well washed and digested at a gentle heat with sulphuric acid diluted with 8 or 10 parts of water. Sulphate of lime is formed, and the tartaric acid remains in solution. After filtering, the solution is evaporated in leaden vessels to the consistence of sirup when the acid crystallizes. The process on a large scale is somewhat different. About 1,500 lbs. of washed chalk is introduced into a wooden vessel called a generator, holding about 2,000 gallons, and is thoroughly mixed with about 500 gallons of water heated by a jet of steam and stirred by an agitator. The tartar is then introduced a little at a time, till

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