ing" (1842), and has contributed many essays to reviews. His sisters, ANN TAYLOR (Mrs. Gilbert) and JANE TAYLOR (1783-1824), wrote jointly several juvenile books which had remarkable success, as "Hymns for Infant Minds” and "Original Poems." The latter also wrote "Essays in Rhyme," a tale entitled "Display," and "Contributions of Q. Q.” TAYLOR, ISIDORE SEVERIN JUSTIN, baron, a French traveller and author, born in Brussels, Aug. 15, 1789. He studied design under the painter Suvé, and had commenced the life of a littérateur and artist when he was enrolled in the French conscription of 1811, but obtained his discharge and made a tour of artistic exploration in Flanders, Germany, and Italy. Returning to France in the last days of the empire, he served several years in the army, rising to the position of major and aide-de-camp of Gen. Dorsey. He then resigned and made excursions to Italy, Greece, European Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the African coasts, bringing thence rich collections in archæology or objects of curiosity, which he placed in the galleries of Versailles, the Louvre, and the various museums of Paris. He exerted himself also to procure from the French chambers the restoration of the principal monuments of the middle ages in France; in 1824 was made royal commissary of the comédie Française, and introduced great improvements in scenery and in the character of the operas performed; and at the direction of the government twice visited Egypt, and negotiated the transfer to France of the obelisks of Luxor and the other rare Egyptian antiquities of the Louvre museum. Louis Philippe after his accession confided to him several important artistic missions. Baron Taylor has been very active also in the organization of societies for the benefit of artists and men of letters, of several of which he is perpetual president. In connection with C. Nodier and De Caillieu, he edited Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans l'ancienne France (fol., 1820-'54), a work still incomplete, in the illustration of which several of the most eminent artists in France have assisted; Voyage pittoresque en Espagne, en Portugal et sur la côte d'Afrique de Tanger à Tétouan (4to., 1826 et seq.); La Syrie, Egypte, la Palestine et la Judée (4to., 1837 et seq.); Pèlerinage à Jérusalem (1841); and Voyage en Suisse, en Italie, en Sicile, en Angleterre, en Écosse, en Allemagne, en Grèce, &c. (1843). While in the army he also published 5 dramas (1815-22). TAYLOR, JEREMY, D.D., an English theologian, born in Cambridge in 1613, died at Lisburn, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1667. His father was a parber and surgeon. The son was educated at the grammar school in Cambridge, and at the age of 13 entered Caius college as a sizar, or poor scholar. In 1633 he received the degree of M.A., having distinguished himself by his proficiency in theological studies. Having attracted the attention of Archbishop Laud, he received through his aid a fellowship in All Souls' college in Oxford, and the rectory of Uppingham in Rutland. His marriage in May, 1639, compelled him to relinquish his fellowship, and he remained in the quiet discharge of his pastoral duties until the troubles in the state drew him prominently into notice. In these political difficulties he took sides with the royalists, became a favorite with Charles I., and secured the degree of D.D. by a defence of episcopacy which he wrote at the king's request. For a time, as chaplain to the king, Taylor followed the fortunes of his master, losing by his devotion his living in the church, suffering imprisonment, and compelled at last to seek refuge in the parish of Llanfihangel, Caermarthenshire. Here, with William Nicholson, afterward bishop of Gloucester, and William Wyatt, afterward prebendary of Lincoln, Taylor for some time taught school. During his residence in Wales a large part of his sermons were composed, and several of his most elaborate works, among others his "Discourse on the Liberty of Prophesying," on "Holy Living and Dying," and the "Life of Christ." In these compositions his mild and tolerant spirit appears, as well as his aversion to controversy. In 1654, however, he ventured into the field of debate, as the opponent of transubstantiation and as the advocate of episcopacy. A double imprisonment was the result of this polemic zeal, and the loss of much of his second wife's fortune. Added to these trou. bles was the annoying suspicion of heresy concerning original sin, which was excited by his work on "Repentance." In 1658 he was confined in the tower of London, through the act of his publisher in prefixing to the "Collection of Offices" an engraving of a kneeling Christ. After his release he obtained the place of lecturer at Lisburn in Ireland, where he was removed in some degree from the enmity of the Puritan party. Yet even here he was closely watched, and was more than once in danger of arrest as an enemy to the state. After the death of Cromwell, Taylor returned to London, where he was received with honor as the defender of monarchy and the church, and was soon appointed by Charles II., to whom he had dedicated his "Ductor Dubitantium," to the bishopric of Down and Connor in Ireland, to which that of Dromore was soon added, and a member of the Irish privy council; and he was also elected vice-chancellor of the Dublin university. In the administration of his episcopal duties Taylor found great difficulty, from the confusion which the civil wars had wrought in the social condition and the religious life of the Irish people; and though he labored with unwearied fidelity, as pastor, as bishop, and as privy councillor, his episcopal life cannot be called successful.-As a writer of sermons, Jeremy Taylor has by general consent the highest rank among the writers of the English church. The characteristics of his style are: exuberant beauty of diction, both in the choice of words and the flow of the sentences; redundant illustration from natural scenery, from the customs of life, from science, from history, and from Scripture; great fondness for metaphor; accuracy of method in statement and in division; prolixity, running into almost endless digressions and reveries; with a prevailing moderation, dignity, and majesty of tone. His doctrines were those of moderate orthodoxy. He is the advocate of toleration, of freedom of thought, of charity, and of practical religion as of more worth than dogmatic strictness. His private life was free from any blemish, and even his foes honored his virtue. The works of Taylor have been published in many forms, sometimes separately, and sometimes in complete editions, as in that of Bishop Heber (15 vols., 1822). The most important are the "Holy Living and Dying," a very minute and practical treatise concerning all the routine of the Christian life; the "Life and Death of Jesus Christ," a treatise curious for its quaint and endless erudition, which is still very popular; the "Ductor Dubitantium," which deals with difficult points and cases of conscience; the "Liberty of Prophesying," which is the broadest and most catholic of all his treatises; and the "Dissuasive from Popery," an effort to convert the Irish people to the church of England. The life of Taylor has been written best by Bishop Heber, as the preface to his edition of Taylor's works, and by Willmot (London, 1846). TAYLOR, JOHN, an English author, called "the water poet," born in Gloucester in 1580, died in London in 1654. He was educated at the free school of Gloucester, and subsequently was apprenticed to a London waterman, an occupation which he followed during the greater part of his life. He also held some position at the tower of London, and kept a public house in Phoenix lane, Long Acre. His publications, in prose and in verse, amounting to upward of 80, have little literary merit, but are of value as illustrations of opinions and manners during the first half of the 17th century. Two of the most curious of his prose works are devoted to descriptions of a journey on foot to Scotland in 1618, and of another, made principally in a boat, from London to Hereford in 1641. He was a stanch loyalist, and when Charles I. was beheaded hung up over his hostel the sign of the "Mourning Crown." His title of "water poet" was self-conferred. TAYLOR, JOHN, D.D., an English dissenting minister, born near Lancaster in 1674, died at Warrington, March 5, 1761. He was educated at Whitehaven, and settled for 18 years at Kirkstead in Lincolnshire, where he taught a grammar school beside supplying the small congregation there. In 1733 he was chosen pastor of a Presbyterian congregation at Norwich, where he preached for 24 years, and avowed anti-Trinitarian sentiments. In 1757 he became principal of the dissenting academy at Warrington, but met with much opposition. His principal published works are: "An He brew English Concordance" (2 vols. fol.); “A Paraphrase on the Epistle to the Romans;" "The Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin;" "The Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement;" "A Sketch of Moral Philosophy;" and "A Scheme of Scripture Divinity," published "after his death by his son. TAYLOR, JOHN, an English author and classical scholar, born in Shrewsbury in 1703, died in Cambridge, April 4, 1766. He was educated at Shrewsbury grammar school and at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1730. Subsequently he became university librarian and registrar at Cambridge, where the greater part of his life was passed. His first publication of importance was an edition of the orations and fragments of Lysias (4to., London, 1739), evincing a remarkably intimate knowledge of the Attic law. In 1741 he was admitted an advocate in doctors' commons, although it does not appear that he ever practised as a civilian; and in 1743 he produced a dissertation in Latin on the Sandwich marble and an edition of two orations by Demosthenes and Lycurgus. Several years later he took orders, and in 1757 was appointed canon residentiary of St. Paul's. In 1755 appeared his most important work, "Elements of Civil Law," of which a 2d edition was published in 1769, and an abridgment in 1793 under the title of "A Summary of the Roman Law." During the latter part of his life he was engaged upon an edition of the Greek orators, to comprise 5 volumes, of which the 3d, containing the 10 orations of Demosthenes, appeared in 1748, and the 2d, containing the controversial orations of Demosthenes and Eschines, together with the epistles ascribed to the latter, in 1757. The remainder of the work was left incomplete at his death. TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM, D.D., an American clergyman, born in New Milford, Conn., June 23, 1786, died in New Haven, March 10, 1858. He was graduated at Yale college in 1807, and then devoted 5 years to the study of theology, mainly under the guidance of President Dwight, in whose family he resided for two years as the president's amanuensis. In 1812 he was ordained pastor of the first church (Congregational) in New Haven, as the successor of Moses Stuart. As a preacher Dr. Taylor soon gained a wide reputation, both for the clearness and force of his reasoning in doctrinal discussions, and for the fervor and pathos of his practical appeals. When his mind was wrought up to its highest tone, his sermons were characterized as "logic on fire." In 1822 he was called to the Dwight professorship of didactic theology, then just established in Yale college. In this office he continued until his death, a period of 36 years, giving instruction to nearly 700 students in course of preparation for the ministry. While yet a pastor, Dr. Taylor had shown his aptitude for theological discussion, in a series of articles upon the Unitarian controversy, which he contributed to the of revealed theology, and the remaining two his argument upon the moral government of God. The system of mental philosophy which he so carefully elaborated, and which was his special delight, has not yet been published. "Monthly Christian Spectator." He had also in his sermons laid out the groundwork of that theodicy which, in his course of lectures on "The Moral Government of God," became afterward the great thought and labor of his life. The struggles of his own mind with phil- TAYLOR, RICHARD, an English printer and osophical doubts upon the truths of revealed naturalist, born in Norwich, May 18, 1781, died religion, led him to give special attention to the in Richmond, Dec. 1, 1858. While serving an study of natural theology, and of mental and apprenticeship to a printer in London, he studmoral science, as preparatory to the investiga- ied the classics and the mediaeval Latin and tion of the Bible as a revelation. In such Italian authors, and also the Flemish, Anglostudies he exhibited an ardor in the pursuit of Saxon, and several of the kindred Teutonic truth, an honesty of conviction, an indepen- dialects. In 1803 he established himself in dence in thinking, and a courage and candor in business with his father as a printer, and his argument, which commanded respect and ad- press soon became the medium through which miration, even where his conclusions provoked nearly all the more important works in sciendissent. These qualities gave him a rare mag- tific natural history were published. The beaunetic power over the minds of young men. In tiful editions of the classics which also issued theology, Dr. Taylor was in the main a disciple from it were long celebrated in England. In of Edwards and Dwight, adopting the Calvin- 1807 he became a fellow of the Linnæan socieistic theory as modified by the Edwardean ty, and in 1810 was elected its under secretary, school. In 1828 he preached at New Haven an office which he held nearly half a century. the concio ad clerum, in which he set forth He also attached himself from the commenceviews upon human depravity and other related ment to the "British Association for the Addoctrines which provoked much controversy in vancement of Science." In 1822 he became a New England, and caused him to be widely joint editor of the "Philosophical Magazine," denounced for heresy. For several years he with which he was connected until his death, maintained a vigorous discussion of these and and in 1838 he established the "Annals of Natsimilar topics, through the quarterly "Chris- ural History." His own literary labors, which tian Spectator," sometimes writing with a were principally in the field of biblical and marked individuality of style, sometimes anony- philological research, comprise an edition of mously reviewing both himself and his oppo- Tooke's "Diversions of Purley" (London, 1829 nents. Dr. Taylor insisted much upon the free- and 1840), enriched with notes; Warton's dom of the will and the responsibility of the "History of English Poetry" (London, 1840), individual man; he held that, while depravity in the reëditing of which he took the chief is universal in the race, it is not to be ascribed part; "Taylor's Scientific Memoirs," a series to any property, propensity, or disposition of of papers chiefly translated, &c. He warmly the soul prior to actual transgression, as sinful promoted the establishment of University colin itself, or as the necessary cause of sin, nor lege and the university of London. to a sinful nature corrupted in or derived from Adam. He traced sin to the constitutional propensity of man for natural good, as perverted by his own moral agency; thus he maintained moral obligation unimpaired. At the same time, by harmonizing certainty with freedom, in the sphere of moral action, he also maintained the supremacy of the divine government in the spiritual as in the natural world. Though his views may have hereafter less prominence as a system than when they were urged and defended by his own resolute will, his earnest logic, and his fervid eloquence, yet they have separately incorporated themselves so widely with the preaching of recent times, that they have silently modified, and, as it is claimed, in the true sense rationalized the Calvinistic theology, without appearing to revolutionize it. Dr. Taylor was always averse to publication; and with the exception of a few occasional sermons, and the controversial articles above referred to, he committed nothing to the press during his long life. Since his death 4 8vo. volumes of his works have been published: one a volume of practical sermons, another a volume of essays and discourses upon the more perplexing and controverted topics TAYLOR, RICHARD COWLING, an English geologist, born in Hinton, Suffolk, Jan. 18, 1789, died in Philadelphia, Penn., Oct. 26, 1851. He was educated as a mining engineer and geologist, partly under the auspices of William Smith, the "father of British geology," and in the early part of his career was employed on the ordnance survey of England. Subsequently he was engaged for many years in investigating and reporting upon mining properties in various parts of England, including that of the British iron company in Wales, his plaster model of which received the gold Isis medal of the society of arts. In 1830 he removed to the United States, and, after surveying the Blossburg coal region in Pennsylvania, devoted 3 years to the exploration of the coal and iron veins of Dauphin co. in the same state, on which he published an elaborate report with maps. For a number of years he was occupied with similar undertakings in the United States, and also made surveys of mining lands in Cuba and the British provinces. In the course of his labors he made careful notes of the chief facts connected with general geology and palæontology, the results of which were published in the "Transactions" of the principal scientific bodies of England and America. The work, however, on which his reputation rests is his "Statistics of Coal" (8vo., Philadelphia, 1848), which had engaged him for many years, and which was regarded as the standard authority on the distribution, production, and consumption of fossil fuel. Beside his proficiency in economic geology, in which he stood preeminent, he was well informed in theoretic geology, and was the first to refer the old red sandstone underlying the Pennsylvania coal fields to its true position, corresponding with its place in the series of European rocks. During his residence in England he gave much attention to archæology, and published in 1821 an "Index Monasticus, in the Ancient Kingdom of Anglia" (fol.), followed by a very complete "General Index to Dugdale's Monasticon Anglica num" (fol., 1830). TAYLOR, STEPHEN WILLIAM, LL.D., an American educator, born in Adams, Berkshire co., Mass., Oct. 23, 1791, died at Hamilton, Madison co., N. Y., Jan. 7, 1856. He was graduated at Hamilton college, N. Y., in 1817, and took charge of the Black river academy at Lowville, Lewis co., where he remained for 14 years. In 1831 he resigned and became the teacher of a family school, and in 1834 was invited to take charge of the preparatory department of the "Hamilton Institution," now Madison university. In 1838 he was elected to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy, which he resigned in 1845, and in the following winter removed into Pennsylvania and aided in the establishment of the university at Lewisburg, of which he was chosen the first president. At the end of 5 years (1851), the institution being placed in a flourishing condition, he resigned, and in the same year was offered the presidency of Madison university, then in a state of great depression from the efforts to transfer the collegiate department to Rochester, and the removal of a majority of its faculty and board to that city, although the supreme court had decided that Madison university must remain at Hamilton. He entered upon his duties in the autumn of 1851, and within 3 years the university was stronger in resources and the number of its students than at any previous time. A historical sketch of Madison university, several inaugural and baccalaureate discourses, and a series of essays on the theory of education published in the "Christian Chronicle," Philadelphia, are all that remain of his published works. He had partially completed at the time of his death an elaborate work on education. TAYLOR, THOMAS, an English scholar and translator, surnamed the "Platonist," born in London, May 15, 1758, died at Walworth, Nov. 1, 1835. He studied the classics, mathematics, and chemistry, but was obliged to relinquish his design of entering a university, and became a clerk in a banking house. Having been appointed assistant secretary of the society for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, he resolved to attempt an English version of all the works of Aristotle and Plato and those of the Neo-Platonists. The duke of Norfolk and others defrayed the expense of the publication of many of these, but Mr. Taylor received little or no profit from them. In this way he issued, in the course of 40 years, translations of part or the whole of Ocellus, the hymns of Orpheus, the complete works of Plato in 5 vols. 4to., Proclus, the emperor Julian, Pausanias, Plotinus, Apuleius, Aristotle, Maximus Tyrius, Demophilus, Iamblichus, Hierocles, Porphyry, Celsus, Olympiodorus, and the "Chaldean Oracles." Beside these he published works on geometry and arithmetic, on the Eleusinian and Bacchic mysteries, on The Rights of Brutes" (in ridicule of Paine's "Rights of Man"), "Miscellanies in Prose and Verse," &c. His works amounted to 55 vols. 8vo. or 4to. TAYLOR, TOм, an English author, born in Sunderland, Durham, in 1817. He was educated at the Grange school of his native town, passed some time at the university of Glasgow, and was graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. After filling for a few years the chair of English literature in University college, London, he was in 1845 called to the bar, and went the northern circuit, until his appointment in 1850 as assistant secretary to the board of health, of which in 1854 he became secretary. Since 1858 he has held the position of secretary to the local government act office. He was a frequent contributor to the early volumes of "Punch," and is favorably known as the author of numerous dramatic pieces, among the most successful of which have been "Still Waters Run Deep," "The Unequal Match," and "The Overland Route." Of more pretension and value than these are his biography of Benjamin Robert Haydon, prepared from the journals of the artist, and his editorial preface and continuation to the "Autobiography of Charles Robert Leslie." His contributions to the periodical press have been numerous. TAYLOR, WILLIAM, an English author and translator, born in Norwich in 1765, died there in March, 1836. He completed his education in France, Italy, and Germany, returned to Norwich in 1783, and soon began to write for periodicals and translate from German writers. În 1802 he became editor of the "Norwich Iris," a weekly journal, which he continued for two years. Among his publications are translations of Bürger's "Lenore" and Lessing's "Nathan the Wise," a collection of essays on English synonymes, and critical essays on the German poets, with translations, entitled "Survey of German Poetry" (1830). His "Life and Writings," including his correspondence with Southey, was published in 1843, with a memoir by J. W. Robberds (2 vols. 8vo.). TAYLOR, WILLIAM COOKE, LL.D., an Irish author, born in Youghal, April 16, 1800, died in Dublin, Sept. 12, 1849. He was educated at the university of Dublin, and commenced con tributing to the periodical press at an early age. He went to London about 1828, and till his death was constantly engaged in literary labor. His chief works are: Historical Miscellany" (1829); "History of France and Normandy" (1830); manuals of ancient and modern his tory; "Natural History of Society" (2 vols.); "History of Mohammedanism;""History of Christianity;""History of the Civil Wars in Ireland;" "History of British India;" "Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel" (3 vols.); "Revolutions and Remarkable Conspiracies in Europe" (3 vols.); "Romantic Biography;" "The Bible Illustrated from Egyptian Monuments;""History of Popery;" and the "History of the House of Orleans," which was his last work. In 1846 he was employed by the British government to inquire into the system of education on the continent, and at the time of his death was about to be appointed superintendent of national education in Ireland. TAYLOR, ZACHARY, the 12th president of the United States, born in Orange co., Va., Nov. 24, 1784, died in Washington, D. C., July 9, 1850. His father, Col. Richard Taylor, was a Virginian of a distinguished family, who served with zeal and courage throughout the revolutionary war, and subsequently removed to Kentucky, where he was one of the first settlers of Louisville, in the neighborhood of which city he had an extensive plantation. Zachary was but a few months old at the time of his father's emigration from Virginia; and as Kentucky during his infancy and early boyhood was thinly peopled and greatly harassed by the Indians, his means of education were very limited, and were confined to the simplest rudiments of learning. Until his 24th year he was engaged in the labors of the plantation; but his brother Hancock, a lieutenant in the U. S. army, having died in 1808, through the influence of Madison, then secretary of state, who was a relative of the Taylor family, the vacant commission was assigned to Zachary, and he became first lieutenant in the 7th regiment of infantry. He was made a captain in Nov. 1810, and two years later, after the declaration of war against Great Britain, was placed in command of Fort Harrison, a blockhouse and stockade on the Wabash river, about 50 miles above Vincennes. This place was one of the most advanced posts of the United States on the Indian frontier, and was the first object of attack by the tribes whom Tecumseh had stirred up to war against the Americans. Early in September it was invested by a large force of Indians, who, after a futile attempt to outwit the young captain by professions of peace, made a furious night assault, and succeeded in setting fire to the lower buildings of the fort. Taylor had but 50 men, of whom two thirds were ill with fever. He maintained the defence, however, with skill and steadiness, and after a sharp conflict of several hours extinguished the flames and repulsed the savage assailants with such severe loss that at daybreak they abandoned the siege. For his conduct on this occasion he received from the president the rank of major by brevet, the first instance in the service of this species of promotion. A few months later he took part in a successful expedition led by Gen. Hopkins against the Indian villages, and from that time to the close of the war was actively engaged in service on the N. W. frontier. In 1814 he attained the full rank of major, and commanded an expedition against the British and Indians on Rock river, during which he fought an indecisive action with a superior force of the enemy strongly posted at the mouth of the river. On the restoration of peace in 1815, congress reduced the army and annulled many of the promotions made during the war. By this means Taylor was reduced to the rank of captain, and in consequence resigned his commission and retired to his plan tation near Louisville. The influence of his friends, however, soon procured his reinstatement as major, and he was employed for several years alternately on the N. W. frontier and in the south, where in 1822 he built Fort Jesup. In 1826 he was a member of a board of officers convened by the secretary of war to consider and prepare a system for the organization and improvement of the militia of the United States. A report drawn by Gen. Scott was adopted on Taylor's motion, and was approved in congress, but never carried into effect. In 1819 Taylor had received a commission as lieutenant-colonel, and in 1832 he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In the latter year he was engaged in the Black Hawk war, and Black Hawk after his capture was placed in his charge to be conveyed a prisoner to Jefferson barracks. After the war Taylor was ordered to Prairie du Chien, where he took command of Fort Crawford, a work which had been erected under his superintendence. In 1836 he was ordered to Florida, where the war with the Seminoles was then going on without much prospect of a speedy termination. Dec. 25, 1837, he defeated the Indians in the battle of Okechobee, one of the most desperate and hotly contested in the annals of our warfare with the red men, and which had a decisive effect upon the duration of the struggle, the Seminoles never again rallying in sufficient force to be formidable to the whites. Taylor was rewarded for this affair by promotion to the rank of brigadier-general by brevet, and in April, 1838, he was made commander-in-chief in Florida in place of Gen. Jesup. This post he held till 1840, when he was relieved from it at his own request, and was immediately appointed to the command of the first department of the army in the south-west, comprehending the states of Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. He purchased at this time an estate at Baton Rouge on the banks of the Mississippi, to which he removed his family from Kentucky. On March 1, 1845, congress passed the joint resolution annexing Texas, and on May 28 Mr. Marcy, the secretary On |