STANDARD, the most considerable banner of an army, or the national banner when displayed in the field, on public occasions, or at sea to distinguish the ships of one nation from those of another. In common parlance the term is synonymous with banner, flag, ensign, or colors. For some time previous to the revolutionary war, and even after the declaration of independence, a variety of flags were displayed in the revolted colonies of British America, emblematic of the popular grievances and of the particular arm of service. Frequent mention is made of union flags in the newspapers of 1774, but, from the absence of any description of the devices employed, it has been supposed that they were the common ensigns of the commercial marine, in which were blended the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew in commemoration of the union of England and Scotland. In March, 1775, a union flag with a red field was hoisted upon the liberty pole in New York, with the inscription: "George Rex, and the Liberties of America." The Connecticut troops bore upon their standards and drums the arms of the colony, with the motto: Qui transtulit sustinet; and by act of the provincial congress the standard of each regiment was distinguished by its color, as "for the seventh, blue; for the eighth, orange," &c. The flag displayed by Gen. Putnam on Prospect hill near Boston, July 18, 1775, was red in token of defiance, and bore on one side the motto of Connecticut, and on the other the words: "An Appeal to Heaven," which were adopted by a resolution of the provincial congress of Massachusetts, April 29, 1776, as the motto to be borne on the flag of the cruisers of that colony—“ a white flag with a green pine tree." The first American flag unfurled in South Carolina, “a blue ground with a white crescent in the dexter corner," was designed by Col. Moultrie at the request of the council of safety, and was carried at the taking of Fort Johnston, Sept. 13, 1775. By a letter of Col. Joseph Reed, Oct. 20, 1775, it appears that the flag of the floating batteries was similar to that of the Massachusetts cruisers. The standard of the first American fleet was hoisted at Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 1775, by Paul Jones with his own hands, as Commodore Ezekiel Hopkins embarked on board his flag ship, the Alfred; it represented a rattlesnake on a yellow field, with the motto, "Don't tread on me"-a device suggested probably by the head pieces of many of the newspapers in the revolutionary interest, in which a disjointed snake divided into 13 parts, with the motto, "Join or die," was employed to typify the necessity of union. When this result had been accomplished, the device was changed into a united snake or into a rattlesnake about to strike. A paper attributed to Dr. Franklin gives an elaborate explanation of the reasons for selecting this device, founded upon the character and habits of the rattleshake. The fleet did not sail from the Delaware capes until Feb. 17, 1776, when it car

ried the flag known as the "Great Union," which was first displayed by Washington upon the heights before Boston, upon assuming the command of the newly organized army of the colonies, Jan. 1, 1776, and which consisted of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew on a blue ground in the upper corner, with a field composed of alternate horizontal stripes of red and white, to indicate the union of the colonies for the maintenance of their rights within the empire of Great Britain. The combination of these two colors was probably suggested by the red flag of the army and the white one of the navy, previously in use, and the form of stripes by the order of Washington that officers of different grades should wear stripes of different colors "to prevent mistakes," and to enable "both officers and men to make themselves acquainted with the persons of all officers in general command." The emblems of British union having become inappropriate after the declaration of independence, it was ordered by congress, June 14, 1777, "that the flag of the 13 United States be 13 stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be 13 stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." It is not known precisely to whom is due the credit of suggesting the stars for the union. The idea is supposed to have emanated from John Adams, who was then chairman of the board of war; and it has also been urged with considerable plausibility that the stars and stripes of the national standard were borrowed from the coat of arms of the Washington family, the shield of which presents a white or silver field traversed by two red bars, with three spur rowels or stars in the upper portion. The resolution of June 14 was not made public until Sept. 3, 1777, and the stars and stripes first figured conspicuously at the surrender of Burgoyne in the succeeding month; in December of the same year they were carried to Europe by Paul Jones on his ship, the Ranger. The flag, having been instituted on the representative principle, to designate the states of the united republic, remained unaltered until 1794, when, on motion of Mr. Bradley, senator from Vermont, which state, with Kentucky, had recently been admitted into the Union, it was resolved that from and after May 1, 1794, "the flag of the United States be 15 stripes," and that "the union be 15 stars," &c. The act of 1794 contained no provisions for future alterations, and until 1818 none were made, notwithstanding that in the mean time the states of Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, and Mississippi were added to the Union. On the admission of Indiana in 1816 a committee was appointed, on motion of Mr. Wendover of New York, "to inquire into the expediency of altering the flag," by whom the whole subject was carefully examined. The proposition to carry out the principles of Bradley's act of 1794, which contemplated the addition of a star and a stripe for each state admitted into the Union, was deemed objectionable on the ground that

nothing would be left to recall the past; and by a similar course of reasoning a return to the 13 stars and 13 stripes prescribed by the act of 1777 was considered equally impracticable, as the past would then only be recognized and the present ignored. The flag of 1794 was, if possible, more objectionable than either of these. The credit of establishing the device finally agreed upon, and which is intended to illustrate at once the origin of the republic and its progress in material prosperity, is due to Capt. Samuel C. Reid of New York, who gained distinction by his defence of the private armed brig General Armstrong against a greatly superior British force at Fayal in Sept. 1814; and his suggestions were embodied in the report of the committee submitted Jan. 2, 1817. This proposed to retain the 13 stripes, alternate red and white, in commemoration of the 13 colonies which took the field in the struggle for independence, and to make the number of the stars (white on a blue field), representing the Union, correspond with that of the states, with the provision that a new star should be added on the 4th of July next succeeding the admission of any new state. A bill embodying these provisions was also reported, but the subject having been laid over until the next congress owing to press of business, a new committee reported through Mr. Wendover a bill identical with the former, which on April 4, 1818, became a law. The flag thus established was first hoisted over the hall of representatives at Washington on the 13th of the same month at 2 P. M., although, in accordance with the act, its legal existence could not be recognized until the 4th of July ensuing; and down to the present time it has continued to be the national standard of the American Union. Resolutions were introduced in the 35th congress offering the thanks of the nation to Captain Reid "for having designed and formed the present flag of the United States," but were overlooked amid the exciting questions which subsequently occupied the attention of the national legislature.

STANDISH, MILES, the first military leader of the Plymouth settlers in New England, born in Lancashire, England, about 1584, died in Duxbury, Mass., Oct. 3, 1656. He came to Plymouth with the first company in 1620, previous to which he had served in the army in the Netherlands. He was a man of great courage, energy, and determination, with a fiery temper, and rendered important services to the early settlers. He commanded frequent expeditions against the savages that annoyed the settlements, and by the boldness and skill of his attacks inspired them with great awe of his military prowess. He visited England in 1625 as an agent for the colony, and after his return settled at Duxbury, and for the remainder of his life held the office of magistrate or assistant for that town.

STANFIELD, CLARKSON, an English painter, born in Sunderland about 1798. In early life

he followed the sea, acquiring thereby a knowledge of marine scenery. He was afterward distinguished as a theatrical scene painter, became an exhibitor in the galleries of the British institution and the society of British artists, and in 1832 he was elected an associate of the royal academy, and in 1835 an academician. His works comprise almost every kind of landscape, but as a painter of sea pieces he enjoys a unique reputation. Among his pictures of this class are views in and about the chief cities of the Italian coast, and the coasts of Normandy, Holland, and England. As an imaginative painter in the same department he has produced many striking works, including his "Wreck of a Dutch East Indiaman on the Coast of Holland ;""The Victory, bearing the Body of Nelson, towed into Gibraltar;" "The Abandoned," the sentiment of which Ruskin characterized as very grand;" and "The Battle of Trafalgar." He has occasionally attempted with success a very different class of subjects, familiar examples of which are "The French Troops fording the Magra," "The Battle of Roveredo," "The Pyrénées," and "St. Sebastian during the Siege under the Duke of Wellington." He has been a prolific designer for illustrated works, and has published a series of lithographic copies of his sketches, "The Moselle, the Rhine, and the Meuse" (fol., 1838). He is perhaps the most popular of living English landscape painters.

66

STANFORD, JOHN, D.D., an American clergyman and philanthropist, born at Wandsworth, England, Oct. 20, 1754, died in New York, Jan. 14, 1834. He studied medicine for a time, but engaged in teaching at Hammersmith, near London. He had been brought up in the church of England, but united with the Baptist church, and in 1786 emigrated to the United States, spent a few months at Norfolk, Va., and then opened an academy at New York. In 1787 he became pastor of the first Baptist church, Providence, R. I., and while there wrote a history of that church. In Nov. 1789, he returned to New York, and again became a teacher; and in 1791 he commenced a course of Sunday evening lectures. A Baptist church having been formed through his exertions in 1794, he served in connection with his other duties as its pastor for the next 6 or 7 years. He continued teaching till 1813, when he finally relinquished his school. In 1808 he preached for the first time in the almshouse, and in 1811 became the chaplain of that institution. His field of labors ultimately embraced the prisons, hospitals, and charitable asylums of the city. He also gave instruction to classes of theological students. Beside the "History of the First Baptist Church of Providence," already mentioned, Dr. Stanford was the author of numerous tracts and small religious works, and published a number of addresses and discourses, and a collection of essays entitled "The Aged Christian's Companion (8vo., 1829), which has passed through several editions.

STANHOPE. I. JAMES, earl, a British statesman and soldier, born in 1673, died in London, Feb. 5, 1721. He was the son of Alexander Stanhope, a brother of the 2d earl of Chesterfield and a diplomatist of some distinction under William III. Entering the military service at an early age, he was in 1694 commissioned a. captain in the foot guards. After serving with credit in the wars in Flanders which terminated with the peace of Ryswick, he participated in the disastrous expeditions of 1702 and 1704 to the Spanish peninsula; and in 1705, being then a brigadier-general, he shared in the exploits of the earl of Peterborough's brilliant Spanish campaign. In 1707 he was made major-general, in 1708 commander-in-chief of the British forces in Spain, and in the latter year effected the reduction of Minorca and the capture of Port Mahon. After gaining further important successes in Spain, he was on Nov. 27, 1710, surprised by the duke of Vendôme at Brihuega, and forced with his army of 2,000 men to capitulate. Subsequent to his return to England he held no military command, but became a prominent whig member of parliament, to which he had been regularly returned since 1702. Having distinguished himself by his opposition to the commercial treaty with France and on other occasions, he was appointed by George I. on his accession one of his principal secretaries of state, Viscount Townshend being the other. The intrigues of the earl of Sunderland, by whom Stanhope, it has been asserted, was incited to betray his ministerial colleagues, led to the retirement of Townshend, Walpole, and others of the cabinet; and Stanhope was in April, 1717, made first lord of the treasury, and a few months afterward raised to the peerage as Baron Stanhope of Elvaston and Viscount Stanhope of Mahon. In the succeeding year he resumed his office of secretary, Sunderland becoming first lord of the treasury, and was created Earl Stanhope. On Feb. 4, 1721, while replying with much heat to an attack upon the ministry by the duke of Wharton, he burst a blood vessel, which caused his death on the succeeding day. II. CHARLES, 3d earl, grandson of the preceding, born in Aug. 1753, died in 1816. By his first wife, a daughter of the earl of Chatham, he had 3 daughters, the eldest of whom was the eccentric Lady Hester Stanhope. Succeeding to his family honors in 1786, he became noted for his radical democratic opinions on the prominent questions of the day, in discussing which he carried the principles of the whigs, with whom he voted, to a point deemed so perilous by that party that none dared follow him; and in the latter years of his life he used to be called "the minority of one." As a mechanical inventor he is well known by the printing press which bears his name, by his improvements in the construction of locks for canals, and by two ingenious calculating machines, one of which performed addition and subtraction, and the other multiplication and division. He also gave considerable atten

tion to the subject of electricity, and in 1779 published his theory of what is called the return stroke. His political works consist of a refutation of Price's "Plan for a Sinking Fund," a reply to Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution," and an "Essay on Juries." III. PHILIP HENRY, 5th earl, a British statesman and author, grandson of the preceding, born at Walmer, Kent, in 1805. He was graduated at Oxford in 1827, and in 1830, being then known by his courtesy title of Lord Mahon, entered parliament as member for Wotton Bassett, upon the disfranchisement of which borough he was returned for Hertford. Being unseated on petition, he was reelected in 1835, and continued to represent Hertford until 1852. He has been conservative in politics, and held office during brief periods in the cabinets of the duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel. As a legislator he is favorably known by the copyright act of 1842, which he introduced and carried, and he occupies an important place among modern English writers of history and biography. His first work was the "Life of Belisarius" (8vo., 1829), succeeded by a "History of the War of Succession in Spain" (8vo., 1832), and the "History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-'83" (7 vols., 1836-'54). His remaining works comprise "Spain under Charles II." (8vo., 1840); "Life of Louis, Prince of Condé" (18mo., 1845); "Historical Essays contributed to the Quarterly Review" (8vo., 1849); a "Life of Joan of Arc" (1853); and a "Life of William Pitt" (4 vols. 8vo., 1861 et seq.). He has edited "The Letters of Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield" (1845; 2d edition, 5 vols. 8vo., 1853), and, in conjunction with Mr. Cardwell, 2 vols. of the "Memoirs by the Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Bart." (1856-7), to be followed by a selection from his correspondence. During the publication of his history of England he entered into a controversy with Mr. Jared Sparks on the accuracy and value of the latter's edition of the "Writings of George Washington." He subsequently exonerated Mr. Sparks from the charges of serious "omissions and additions" originally preferred against him, but continued to "differ widely from him on the privileges and duties pertaining to an editor." Lord Stanhope succeeded to his title in 1855, since which time he has taken a less active part in public life. In 1834 he received the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford, and since 1846 he has been president of the society of antiquaries. He was appointed by the duke of Wellington his literary executor.

STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY, an eccentric English woman, born in London, March 12, 1776, died at Joon, in the Lebanon, June 23, 1839. She was the eldest child of Charles, 3d Earl Stanhope, by Hester, daughter of the great earl of Chatham, and in girlhood was remarkable for precocity, and boldness and independence of character. Unlike her father, who was almost a democrat in principle, she

prided herself upon her aristocratic birth, and the superior mental and physical qualities which she supposed to be its concomitants; and it was probably in consequence of this antagonism between parent and child that at an early age she entered the family of her uncle William Pitt, with whom she lived until his death, acting as his private secretary and sharing in all his confidences. Pitt having recommended his niece to the care of the nation, she received a pension of £1,200, which proving inadequate to support her according to her former rank and style, she retired to solitude in Wales. In 1810, disgusted with the artificial character of European society, and influenced also by the impression that a great destiny awaited her in the East, she resolved to expatriate herself. After spending several years in travel, during which she visited Jerusalem, Baalbec, Damascus, and Palmyra, at which last place she is said to have been crowned by 50,000 Arabs queen of the East, she established herself in 1813 at the deserted convent of Mar Elias, beside the little village of Joon, and within 8 miles of Sidon. Her striking manners and conversation, her munificence and reputation for extraordinary wealth, produced a strong impression upon the neighboring tribes and their chiefs, who learned to admire and ultimately to fear her. The old convent, perched upon an isolated eminence among the wildest scenery of the Lebanon, was soon converted into a fortress garrisoned by a band of Albanians, and became a refuge to all the persecuted and distressed who sought her assistance. Possessing a passion for intrigue and considerable diplomatic talent, she exercised a despotic sway over the surrounding country, fomenting and allaying commotions at her pleasure. So powerful was the influence which she wielded, that Ibrahim Pasha, when about to invade Syria in 1832, was constrained to solicit her neutrality. After the siege of Acre in the same year, she is said to have sheltered several hundred refugees. Whether for the purpose of awing her followers or from inward conviction, she practised astrology and other secret arts, and promulgated some peculiar religious sentiments which she held to the last. That her mind was diseased on certain points is clear from the fact that she kept in a magnificent stable two mares, on which she fancied she was to ride into Jerusalem with the Messiah at his next coming, to inaugurate the millennium. She treated with extreme rudeness many of the travellers who visited her, particularly Englishmen, and had an especial enmity against consuls and commercial agents, who, she said, "were intended to regulate merchants, and not to interfere with or control nobility." The extravagant state which she maintained and her numerous benefactions gradually brought pecuniary embarrassments, and during the latter years of her life she was constantly harassed by debts. Nothing, however, could tempt her to return to England, and she was forced to resort to

various dishonorable shifts to elude her credi tors, dying at last with no European near her, and surrounded by a crowd of native servants, who plundered the house almost before life had left her body. She was buried in the garden adjoining her residence by the British consul at Beyrout and Dr. W. M. Thomson, an American missionary, the latter of whom, for several years her neighbor, thus sums up her qualities: "On most subjects she was not merely sane, but sensible, well informed, and extremely shrewd. She possessed extraordinary powers of conversation, and was perfectly fascinating to all with whom she chose to make herself agreeable. She was however whimsical, imperious, tyrannical, and at times revengeful in a high degree. Bold as a lion, she wore the dress of an emeer, weapons, pipe, and all; nor did she fail to rule her Albanian guards and her servants with absolute authority. She kept spies in the principal cities, and at the residences of pashas and emeers, and knew every thing that was going forward in the country." Her "Memoirs as related by Herself" (3 vols. 8vo.), and "Travels" (3 vols. 8vo.) by Dr. Meryon, who had been for several years her physician, were published soon after her death.

STANHOPE, PHILIP DORMER. See CHES

TERFIELD.

STANISLAS I. LESZCZYNSKI, king of Poland, and afterward duke of Lorraine and Bar, born in Lemberg, Galicia, April 20, 1677, died in Lunéville, Feb. 23, 1766. He was the son of Raphael Leszczynski, palatine of Posen and treasurer of Poland, and was appointed archbutler of the crown by Augustus II. When war broke out between Charles XII. of Sweden and that prince, he was in 1704 sent on a mission to the former by the diet at Warsaw, won the good graces of the conqueror, and through his influence was in the same year elected to the throne of Poland. This he held but a few years; his patron having been defeated at Pultowa in 1709, he was unable to resist his competitor Augustus II., left Poland in 1712, and took refuge in Pomerania, and then in Sweden. For the sake of peace he was willing to abdicate, and having gone for this purpose to Charles XII., then at Bender, was taken prisoner by the hospodar of Moldavia and delivered to the Turks; being released in 1714, he returned to Sweden, was appointed governor of Deux-Ponts by Charles XII., and remained there until that prince's death in 1719. Without protection and bereft of his patrimonial estates, he sought an asylum in France, and the regent Philip of Orleans granted him a pension and permission to reside at Wissembourg, Alsace, where he lived obscurely with his only daughter Marie Leszczynska. He had given up all ambitious aspirations, when he was suddenly apprised that the hand of his daughter was desired for Louis XV., to whom she was married Sept. 5, 1725. In 1733, on the death of Augustus II., he was recalled to

Poland by his adherents, who hoped that he would be supported by the French government; he however received only lukewarm assistance, while Russia strongly favored his competitor Augustus III.; he was obliged to retire to Dantzic, where he was besieged by a Russian army, and after a bold resistance of several months had a remarkable escape. In accordance with the preliminaries of the peace of Vienna in 1738, he resigned his pretensions to the throne of Poland, but was allowed to preserve his royal title; his confiscated estates were restored to him, and he received beside from Austria the duchies of Lorraine and Bar, which on his death were to be united to France. He died after 3 weeks' suffering, caused by his garments taking fire as he was reading. He has been deservedly styled Le Bienfaisant. He left several essays on philosophy, politics, and morals, which have been printed under the title of Euvres du philosophe bienfaisant (4 vols. 8vo. and 4 vols. 12mo., 1765), a selection from which (ŒŒuvres choisies de Stanislas, roi de Pologne, duc de Lorraine et de Bar) was published in 1825.

STANISLAS AUGUSTUS, king of Poland. See POLAND, vol. xiii. pp. 432-'3.

STANISLAUS, a central co. of California, bounded N. in part by the Stanislaus, and drained by the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers; area, nearly 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 2,245. The surface is generally hilly, and the soil well adapted for farming and grazing. The chief productions in 1858 were 18,500 bushels of wheat, 48,000 of barley, and 75,000 lbs. of wool. Gold and other minerals are found. Capital, La Grange.

STANLEY, a S. W. co. of North Carolina, bounded E. by the Yadkin and S. by Rocky river; area, 280 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 7,801, of whom 1,169 were slaves. The surface is mountainous and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 31,267 bushels of wheat, 203,281 of Indian corn, and 22,877 of oats. There were 2 tanneries, 6 grist mills, 21 churches, and 600 pupils attending public schools. Gold and silver in considerable quantities have been found. Capital, Albemarle.

STANLEY, EDWARD, an English divine and author, born in London, Jan. 1, 1779, died at Brahan castle, Ross-shire, Sept. 6, 1849. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and in 1805 presented to the living of Alderley, which he retained for the next 32 years. He gave much attention to the natural history of his neighborhood, and became a contributor on such topics to "Blackwood's Magazine" and other periodicals. His "Familiar History of Birds, their Nature, Habits, and Instincts" (2 vols., 1835), was published under the auspices of the society for promoting Christian knowledge. In 1837 he was offered by Lord Melbourne the bishopric of Norwich, which he accepted with some reluctance. His views were of so liberal a character, that he was accused of latitudinarianism. His "Addresses and Charges" were VOL. XV.-3

published in 1851, with a memoir by his son Arthur Penrhyn Stanley. His remaining works comprise "Questions on the Bible," and a number of occasional sermons, pamphlets, &c. . He was a fellow of the royal society, and president of the Linnæan society.-ARTHUR PENRHYN, an English clergyman and author, son of the preceding, born in Alderley, Dec. 13, 1815. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and in 1838 was graduated at University college, Oxford, where he subsequently resided for several years as tutor. In 1851 he was appointed one of the canons of Canterbury, which office he still holds, and he was also one of the chaplains of Prince Albert. In 1856 he was elected regius professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford. In 1842 he preached the funeral sermon of Dr. Arnold in the chapel of Rugby school, whose "Life and Correspondence" he published in 1844. He has also published "Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age” (Oxford, 1847); a Lecture on the Study of Modern History" (1854); “Historical Memorials of Canterbury" (1855); “Sinai and Palestine in Connection with their History" (2d ed., 1857); "History of the Eastern Church" (1861); and several occasional sermons and lectures. He is a leader of the so called "Broad Church" party in England.

STANLEY, EDWARD HENRY SMITH, styled by courtesy Lord Stanley, an English statesman, born at Knowsley Park, July 21, 1826. He is the eldest son of the present earl of Derby, and was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and at Trinity college, Cambridge. Having contested unsuccessfully the representation of Lancaster in parliament, he made an extended tour in North America, visiting Canada, the United States, and the West India islands, and during his absence was, in Dec. 1848, elected for the borough of Lynn-Regis. During a subsequent visit to India he was appointed under secretary of state for foreign affairs in the first administration of his father (Feb. 27 to Dec. 28, 1852); and at the general election of 1852 he was again returned for Lynn-Regis, which he has continued to represent down to the present time. In the spring of 1853 he submitted to the house of commons a motion which contemplated a more complete reform of Indian affairs than the measures proposed by the Aberdeen-Russell administration, and which was a foreshadowing of the policy adopted in 1858. Although a conservative in politics, Lord Stanley showed such liberal views on many questions, particularly the abolition of church rates, and recommended himself to public approval so strongly by his ef forts for the intellectual improvement of the lower classes through the establishment of mechanics' institutes and libraries and the promotion of popular education, that on the death of Sir William Molesworth in 1855 he was offered by Lord Palmerston the seals of the colonial office, which he declined. He however accepted the office in the second Derby cabinet,