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fessor of oriental languages in St. Mary's college, St. Andrew's. Here he compiled Syriac and Chaldaic grammars, which appeared in 1840. Beside writing some miscellaneous poems and translations from the Persian, Greek, and German, he published "The Thane of Fife" (1822); "Cardinal Beaton" (1823), a tragedy; "John Baliol" (1825), a drama; "The Dinging Down of the Cathedral" (of St. Andrew's); "Hebrew Dramas founded on Bible History" (1845); and a "Life of Allan Ramsay" was first issued in New York (1852).

TENNEMANN, WILHELM GOTTLIEB, a German historian of philosophy, born at Brembach. near Erfurt, Dec. 7, 1761, died in Marburg, Sept. 30, 1819. He studied at Erfurt, where he abandoned theology for philosophy, and at Jena, where he was both one of the first opponents and one of the first adherents of the Kantian system. He became professor extraordinary of philosophy at Jena in 1798, and at Marburg in 1804, and retained the latter position till his death. His most important work is the Geschichte der Philosophie (11 vols., Leipsic, 1798-1819), in which all systems are regarded from the standpoint of the critical school. An abridgment, entitled Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie (Leipsic, 1812), has been translated into English by Arthur Johnson (1832; revised by J. R. Morell, 1852). Among his other publications are: Lehren und Meinungen der Sokratiker über Unsterblichkeit der Seele (Jena, 1791); System der Platonischen Philosophie (4 vols., Leipsic, 1792-'4); and translations into German from Locke, Hume, and De Gerando.

TENNENT, GILBERT, an American clergyman, born in the county of Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 5, 1703, died in Philadelphia, July 23, 1764. He was the son of the Rev. William Tennent, an Irish Presbyterian clergyman who emigrated to America in 1718, and several of whose sons and grandsons entered the ministry. He was ordained in 1726 at New Brunswick, N. J., and remained there as pastor till 1743, though he spent several months with Whitefield on a preaching tour in New England, where his eloquence and terrible descriptions of the eternal punishment due the sinner produced a great effect. In 1741 he was instrumental, by his fiery denunciations of those who differed from him in doctrine, in causing a division in the Presbyterian church, which 17 years later he did his utmost to heal. In 1743 he was called to the charge of a Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, where he resided during the remainder of his life, excepting a visit to England in 1753, in company with the Rev. Samuel Davies, to solicit aid for the college of New Jersey. He published many works, but few of permanent interest.-WILLIAM, an American clergyman, brother of the preceding, born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, Jan. 3, 1705, died at Freehold, N. J., March 8, 1777. When he had nearly completed his theological course, he became seriously ill, fell into a catalepsy or VOL. XV.-24

trance, and remained for several days in a condition of apparent death. His physician, perceiving a slight tremor under his left arm, refused to consent to his burial; and, although his friends were satisfied that he was dead, his funeral was postponed for 3 days, and subsequently for several hours, efforts being made for his resuscitation, which finally occurred just as his physician was giving up in despair. His recovery was very slow and painful, and for many months his memory and intellectual faculties were almost lost, but were eventually and suddenly restored. Mr. Tennent's own account of his emotions during this period was, that at the moment of his apparent decease he found himself surrounded by an unutterable glory, and saw a great multitude, apparently in the height of bliss, singing most melodiously; and that when he was about to join the great and happy multitude, some one came to him, looked him full in the face, and said: "You must go back." At the shock this intelligence gave him he opened his eyes, and, finding himself in the world, fainted. For 3 years he said the recollection of what he had seen and heard was so intense as to make earthly things seem worthless. Mr. Tennent was ordained in 1733 at Freehold, Monmouth co., N. J., where he continued as pastor 44 years. He published only a few occasional sermons. A memoir of him, giving a very full account of his trance, was prepared and published by Judge Elias Boudinot.

TENNENT, SIR JAMES EMERSON, a British author and statesman, born in Belfast, April 7, 1804. His name was originally Emerson, Tennent being added on the succession of his wife to the estate of her father, William Tennent. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1831, but never practised. Under the name of Emerson he published "Travels in Greece" (1825); "Letters from the Ægæan" (2 vols., 1829); and "History of Modern Greece" (2 vols., 1830). In 1832 he was elected to parliament for Belfast, and continued to represent that city most of the time till 1845. From 1841 to 1845 he was secretary to the India board; in 1845 he was appointed civil secretary to the colonial government of Ceylon, and knighted. He returned in 1850, and in 1852 was member of parliament for Lisburn, and for a few months of that year secretary of the poor law board. In Nov. 1852, he became one of the joint secretaries of the board of trade, which office he still holds. He is also deputy lieutenant of the county of Sligo, and a magistrate for Antrim and Down. His works, beside those already mentioned, are: “Belgium” (2 vols., 1841); “Ă Treatise on the Copyright of Designs for Printed Fabrics, &c." (1841); "Christianity in Ceylon, with an Historical Sketch of the Brahminical and Buddhist Superstitions" (8vo., 1850); "Wine, its Use and Taxation" (8vo., 1855); "Account of Ceylon" (2 vols., 1859); and "Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon” (1861).

TENNESSEE, one of the southern states of the American Union, and the third admitted under the federal constitution, situated between lat. 35° and 36° 30′ N., and long. 81° 37′ and 90° 28′ W.; greatest length from E. to W. about 430 m., breadth 105 m.; area, about 45,600 sq. m., or 29,384,000 acres. Its shape is rhomboidal, its E. and W. sides sloping at considerable, though not equal angles. It is bounded N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by North Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. The state is divided into 84 counties, viz. Anderson, Bedford, Benton, Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, Carroll, Carter, Cheatham, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Cumberland, Davidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, Granger, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Hawkins, Hardeman, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, McMinn, McNairy, Macon, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Putnam, Rhea, Roane, Robertson, Rutherford, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier, Shelby, Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, Tipton, Union, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Weakley, White, Williamson, and Wilson. The chief cities and towns are: Nashville, the seat of government; Memphis, the most important commercial point; Knoxville, Columbia, Murfreesborough, Shelbyville, Lebanon, Pulaski, Jackson, Brownsville, Franklin, Greenville, and Dresden. The following table exhibits the decennial progress of population since 1790:

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Density of population in 1850, 21.98 to the square mile; in 1860, 24.12; ratio to the total population of the Union in 1860, 3.85 per cent. Of the white population in 1850, 382,235 were males and 374,601 females; of the free colored, 3,117 males and 3,305 females; and of the slaves, 118,780 males and 120,679 females. Of the free colored, 2,646 were blacks and 3,776 mulattoes; of the slaves, 219,103 blacks and 20,356 mulattoes. The white and free colored inhabited 129,419 dwellings, and constituted 130,604 families. Births (white and free colored) in 1849-'50, 23,090 (3.03 per cent.); deaths, 7,825 (1.03 per cent.), and including slaves, 11.874 (1.18 per cent.); married (whites), 7.872 (1.04 per cent.). Deaf and dumb, 377; blind, 474; insane, 407; idiotic, 846. Of the white and free colored population (763,258), there

were born in the state 585,835; in other states, 170,184; in foreign countries, 5,653; unknown, 1,586. Ages of the total population: under 1 year, 30,151; 1 and under 5 years, 140,117; 5 and under 10, 157,608; 10 and under 15, 142,257; 15 and under 20, 118,260; 20 and under 30, 172,351; 30 and under 40, 101,250; 40 and under 50, 65,579; 50 and under 60, 40,486; 60 and under 70, 21,255; 70 and under 80, 9,483; 80 and under 90, 2,976; 90 and under 100, 572; 100 and upward, 148; unknown, 224. The occupations of 168,240 free male persons over 15 years of age were as follows: commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining, 23,432; agriculture, 118,979; labor not agricultural, 17,559; navigation, 258; law, medicine, and divinity, 3,363; other pursuits requir ing education, 3,589; government civil service, 705; domestic servants, 10; other pursuits, 345. The number employed in manufacturing establishments in 1820 was 7,860; in 1840, 17,815; in 1850, 12,032. The number of slaveholders in 1850 was 33,864, viz.: holders of 1 slave, 7,616; of 1 and under 5 slaves, 10,582; of 5 and under 10, 8,314; of 10 and under 20, 4,852; of 20 and under 50, 2,202; of 50 and under 100, 276; of 100 and under 200, 19; of 200 and under 300, 2; of 300 and under 500, 1. The federal representative population of Tennessee in 1850 was 906,933, and entitled the state to 10 members of congress; in 1860 it was 1,031,794, giving, under the new apportionment, 8 members.-The Mississippi river, washing the western border of the state, gives it important commercial advantages which have been successfully improved. The Cumberland river, rising in Kentucky, traverses N. Tennessee for a distance of 250 m., and returning to Kentucky falls into the Ohio at Smithland; it is navigable by the largest steamboats to Nashville, and by smaller boats to Waitsburg, Ky., 400 m. above. The Tennessee traverses · the state in a S. W. direction, passes across the N. part of Alabama, and returning runs due N. across Tennessee and Kentucky into the Ohio at Paducah. The other principal streams are the Holston and its affluents, the Watanga, Nolichucky, French Broad, and Little river; the Hiawassee, Sequatchie, Duck, and Elk, all tributaries of the Tennessee; the Caney fork of the Cumberland; and the Obion, Hatchie, and Wolf, which flow into the Mississippi. Nearly all of these are navigable by steamboats or small vessels. The facilities for water communication are unsurpassed, and there is a great abundance of water power for manufacturing purposes.-The range of mountains which forms the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee bears in its different divisions the local names of Stone, Iron, Bald, Smoky, and Unaka mountains. South-west of this ridge is the valley enclosed by it and the Blue_ridge, in which are the head streams of the Tennessee, and further W. are the Cumberland mountains, which stretch across the state from N. to S., bearing a little S. W., and in the middle of the state take a W.

direction, gradually diminishing into moderately hilly ridges, enclosing beautiful and fertile valleys. These mountains in some places occupy a breadth of 50 m., and are a prolongation of the Alleghany range and the Laurel and Chestnut ridges. All the mountains of Tennessee belong to the great Appalachian chain, and the loftiest are not more than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. The surface of the state consists of three natural divisions: East Tennessee, comprising the mountainous region from the E. boundary to the Cumberland mountains; Middle Tennessee, embracing the hilly portion of the state from the Cumberland mountains to the Tennessee river; and West Tennessee, composed of the level part lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. -Tennessee is divided geologically into 5 districts or cross belts running from N. to S. The first, comprising the interval between the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, is occupied (in an order from W. to E.) by the alluvial, the tertiary, and the cretaceous formations of the gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic seaboard. The 2d or central portion of the state, from the Tennessee river to the W. foot of the Cumberland mountains, is a rolling country of nearly horizontal paleozoic rocks, with a great islandlike district of lower silurian ground in the centre, watered by the Cumberland, Stone's, Duck, and Elk rivers, and surrounded on all sides by devonian hills. The 3d is the mountain division of the coal; a plateau 3,000 feet above the sea, 40 m. wide by 140 long, bounded on the E. by the valleys of the upper Tennessee and Holston rivers, and covered with a plate of carboniferous rocks, which is thinned and broken up into patches and mounds as it approaches the Alabama state line. The last workable coal mines of any importance going S. are the Sewannee mines at the N. end of a branch railroad 16 m. long, which leaves the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad at the tunnel where it crosses the mountain. The Sequatchee river valley, cut down through this plateau to its base, follows the line of a profound fault like those which characterize the belt next to be described. The 4th district is the great valley of Knoxville or East Tennessee, through which the waters of S. W. Virginia flow to compose the upper Tennessee river. It is a prolongation of the great valley of Virginia, the valley of the Shenandoah, and the valley of Harrisburg and Reading, Penn. Its rocks are of silurian age, upturned and broken by enormous faults, which bring them against the coal. On the E. side of this great valley rise the Onaka or Smoky mountains, forming a 5th district, the true prolongation of the Blue ridge and South mountain range, extending laterally into North Carolina, and composed of rocks of undetermined age, the equivalents of the slate rock, gneiss, and marble of western Massachusetts and Vermont, and probably of "calciferous sandrock" age. Among these rocks (as at Alton in Canada) occur the remarkable copper

mines of Ducktown, Polk co. (See COPPER MINES.) The limestone of the great valley yields, at innumerable places, fine limonite or brown hematite iron ore, affording stock for many forges and furnaces, which receive an additional supply from long straight outcrops of "dyestone" or upper silurian fossil ore along the whole W. side of the great valley. Lead and zinc ores are also met with, but have been little worked. This district also affords brecciated marbles, large quantities of which have been introduced in the new capitol at Washington. (See MARBLE.) The remarkable ironmaking region, with its numerous furnaces, in the W. part of the state, between the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, is a prolongation and widening out southward of the iron region of western Kentucky. Its ores are subcarboniferous brown hematite deposits in hills of sand and gravel. (See IRON.)— Like other regions where the cavernous limestone is the prevailing surface rock, Tennessee has numerous caves, of which but few have yet been explored. In the Cumberland mountains are several which are 100 feet or more below the surface and several miles in extent. One has been descended to a depth of 400 feet, where a stream of water was found having sufficient force and fall to drive the machinery of a mill. Another, on the summit of Cumberland mountain, is perpendicular in its descent, and its depth has never yet been fathomed. Some of these caves contain fossils and bones of extinct species of animals. Big Bone cave when first explored contained a skeleton of the mastodon. The Enchanted mountain, also one of the Cumberland range, has impressions of the feet of men and animals in the limestone rock. There are throughout the cavernous limestone region occasional "sink holes," as they are termed, where the roof of a cavern has given way under the superincumbent pressure, and a tract of several acres, often with a grove of trees and sometimes with dwellings upon it, has sunk down 75 or 100 feet below its former level. Near Manchester, Coffee co., is an ancient work called the Stone Fort, enclosed by a rude stone embankment by tourists called a wall, upon which trees are growing whose age is estimated at over 500 years. This mysterious enclosure lies in a peninsula formed by the near approach of two forks of Duck river, and occupies an area of 47 acres. -The climate is generally mild and remarkably salubrious, excepting in the swampy districts of the N. W. The eastern division is noted for its pure, bracing mountain air. East Tennessee, from its rough and mountainous character, has but a limited surface adapted to cultivation. The soil of Middle Tennessee is generally good, producing large crops of wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, hemp, hay, sweet potatoes, flax, cotton, and tobacco. The western division is almost level, and cotton, tobacco, and all kinds of grain are grown in extraordinary abundance.

The soil of this part is a rich black mould of unsurpassed fertility. Along the banks of the Mississippi and Tennessee are extensive cane brakes, covered with reeds of immense size. The state altogether forms one of the finest agricultural regions on the continent. The country is well watered, and has an abundance of choice timber. The N. W. part contains an extensive tract of swampy land. The high mountains in the east are covered with forests of pine, which yield tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber for exportation. On the mountain slopes the sugar maple, cedar, juniper, and savin are also abundant; and in the lower lands as well as in Middle Tennessee the poplar, hickory, black walnut, oak, beech, locust, and cherry are found. In the swamps and lowlands of West Tennessee the cypress, hacmatac, cottonwood, and swamp cedar occur in large quantities. The pawpaw, a low bushy tree or shrub, bearing a fruit somewhat resembling the banana, though inferior to it, is found in the river bottoms. The wild animals of the state are the bear, found only in the mountainous districts, deer, raccoons, foxes, opossums, and squirrels. Horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are raised on a large scale, and many thousands are annually exported. The hills and mountain slopes afford an abundance of fine pasturage. Much attention is given to wool growing, and there are hundreds of flocks of sheep of the best varieties. A state agricultural bureau was established in 1854, and an annual bounty is paid to district and county societies under certain regulations. In 1859 there were 37 county societies organized in the state, and the general interest taken in these associations is proving highly beneficial to the farmers.-The number of farms and plantations in Tennessee in 1850 was 72,735, embracing 5,175,173 acres of improved and 13,808,849 of unimproved land, valued at $97,851,212; an average of 261 acres to each farm, and of $5.10 per acre. The value of implements and machinery was $5,360,210. The live stock consisted of 270,636 horses, 75,303 asses and mules, 250,456 milch cows, 86,255 working oxen, 414,051 other cattle, 811,591 sheep, and 3,104,800 swine, all valued at $29,978,016. The numbers of asses and mules and of swine were the largest of any state in the Union. The value of animals slaughtered in the census year was $6,401,765. The products of animals were: wool, 1,364,378 lbs.; butter, 8,139,585 lbs.; cheese, 177,681 lbs. The value of live stock, June 1, 1860, was $61,200,000. The crops of 1859, as returned by the census of 1860, were as follows: wheat, 5,410,000 bushels; Indian corn, 50,748,000; oats, 2,343,000; Irish potatoes, 1,175,000; sweet potatoes, 2,614,000; flax, 146,000 lbs.; tobacco, 38,931,000; cotton, 212,000 bales; hay, 146,000 tons; wool, 1,400,000 lbs. During the year ending June 1, 1860, the values of some of the chief manufactures were as follows: sawed and planed lumber, $1,970,000; flour, $3,820,

000; steam engines and machinery, $170,000; agricultural implements, $18,000; bar iron, $483,000; pig iron, $457,000; home manufac tures, $3,166,000. Total value of products of industry, $17,080,000.-Tennessee, being an interior state, has but little foreign commerce, though Memphis and Nashville are ports of entry; but its commerce with New Orleans, St. Louis, Louisville, and Cincinnati, through its navigable rivers, is very large; and by means of its railroads it is in connection with Mobile, Charleston, and Savannah. The exports are principally live stock, pork, bacon, lard, butter, ginseng, cotton bagging, flour, Indian corn, fruits, tobacco, cotton, hemp, feathers, and a little saltpetre. Tennessee has 23 lines of railroad, all, except some small branch railroads, proceeding from 3 centres, Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville. Memphis and Nashville are thus connected with Cairo and St. Louis, with New Orleans and Mobile, with Charleston and Savannah, with Bowling Green and Louisville, with Nashville, and with Knoxville, Lynchburg, Richmond, and Washington. Knoxville is connected with Memphis, with Atlanta and Charleston, with Columbia, S. C., and Wilmington, N. C., on the S.; with Danville, Lexington, and Cincinnati on the N.; and with Lynchburg and Richmond on the E. On Jan. 1, 1861, there were 1,412.63 miles of railroad projected in the state, of which 1,283.54 were in operation; the cost of the lines already completed was $30,793,180. On Jan. 1, 1860, there were 34 banks in the state, the condition of which was as follows: capital, $8,067,037; loans and discounts, $11,751,019; stocks, $1,233,432; real estate, $595,759; other investments, $84,355; due by other banks, $2,613,910; notes of other banks, $495,362; specie funds, $932,092; specie, $2,267,710; circulation, $5,538,378; deposits, $4,324,799; due to other banks, $264,627; other liabilities, $462,420.—There is • a state hospital for the insane near Nashville, which has accommodations for 250 patients, and has 455 acres of land connected with it; number in the hospital in 1860, 211; the expenditure is about $48,000 per annum. There is also an institution for the instruction of the blind in Nashville, which in 1860 had 36 pupils, and the expenditures were $7,642; the state allows $200 a year for each indigent blind pupil. At Knoxville there is a school for the deaf and dumb, which is also allowed $200 per annum for each indigent pupil; the number of pupils in 1860 was 61, and the expenditures $13,000. The Tennessee penitentiary is at Nashville; it is conducted upon the Auburn or silent system, and on Sept. 30, 1859, had 378 inmates, of whom 366 were white males and 3 white females, 8 black males and 1 black female; 156 were natives of Tennessee, and 60 were born out of the United States; 10 were sentenced for life, and 73 for 10 years and upward. The following table gives the principal colleges and professional schools with their statistics to about Jan. 1860:

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1821

1855

1847

1850

1856

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104

10,000

106

4,000

8,500

165

4,000

Cumberland Presbyterian.

84

4,500

150

4,600

Baptist.

20

8,600

2,000

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Not yet in operation.
Presbyterian.

Cumberland Presbyterian.

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8

436

S

South-western theological seminary, Maryville..

Theological school of Cumberland university. Cumberland university law school.... Medical department of Nashville university. Medical department of East Tennessee university. There is a common school fund, declared by the constitution to be perpetual and not to be diminished, which consists of $1,500,000 deposited in the bank of Tennessee; of property given by deed, will, or otherwise for the use of the common schools; proceeds of escheated lands and lands donated by the United States; and the personal effects of intestates having no kindred entitled thereto by the laws of distribution. The annual fund for distribution to the schools in 1859 was $230,430.27. It consisted of the dividends from the bank of Tennessee, bonuses of banks and other incorporated companies, 25 cents on each $100 of capital of banks organized under the banking law of the state, and sundry taxes. The distribution is made at the rate of 75 cents per scholar. The scholastic population in 1859 was 294,497. The number of free persons over 20 years of age in the state who could not read or write in 1850 was 78,619. There were in the same year 264 academies in the state, with 404 teachers and 9,928 pupils, and an annual income of $155,902. The college and seminary libraries of the state in 1860 had 46,000 volumes, the state library 9,000 volumes, and other public libraries at least 15,000 volumes more, making a total of 70,000 volumes. -The leading religious denominations in Tennessee are Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Of the last named there are several distinct organizations, the most prominent of which are the Cumberland and the Old School Presbyterians. In 1850 there were 867 Methodist churches in the state, holding church property to the amount of $381,811; 648 Baptist churches, $271,899; and 363 Presbyterian churches, $367,081. The church accommodations for these 3 denominations the same year were: Methodists, 247,853 sittings; Baptists, 197,315; Presbyterians, 135,517. The other denominations were: Disciples or Campbellites, 63 churches; Episcopalians, 17; Free churches, 30; Friends, 4; Lutherans, 12; Roman Catholics, 4; Union churches, 15; Dunkers, 1, &c. The whole number of churches was 2,027, and of sittings 628,495, and the total value of church property $1,216,201. In 1850 there were 8 daily, 2 triweekly, 36 weekly, and 4 monthly newspapers published in Tennessee, being an aggregate of 50, and printing annually 6,940,750 copies.-The governor of Tennessee is elected by popular vote for 2 years, and has a salary of $3,000 per annum. The legislature

consists of a senate of 25 members and a house of representatives of 75, both elected by the people. The legislature meets biennially on the first Monday of October in the odd years. The secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, and attorney-general are chosen by the legislature on joint ballot, the first named for 4 years, the others for 2 years. The secretary of state receives $800 and fees; treasurer, $1,500 and fees; comptroller, $2,750 and fees; attorneygeneral, $1,500 and fees. The judiciary consists of a supreme court of 3 judges, having appellate jurisdiction only, elected by the people for 8 years, and receiving a salary of $2,500 each; 15 circuit judges, and 6 chancellors of the court of chancery, also elected by the people for 8 years, and each having a salary of $2,000. There are 3 special courts, the criminal court of Davidson co. (in which Nashville is situated), the criminal court of the city of Memphis, and the common law and chancery court of the same city; the judges of these receive respectively $1,500, $2,000, and $1,800 salary. The present constitution, adopted in 1835, provides that every free white male of the age of 21 years, being a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the county wherein he may offer his vote 6 months next preceding the day of election, may vote for members of the general assembly and other civil officers. Representatives must be at least 21 years of age, and senators 30. No clergyman or person holding office under the U. S. government is eligible to a seat in the legislature; and no person who denies the being of a God or a future state of rewards and punishments can hold any office in the civil department of the state. All persons concerned in duels, either as principals, seconds, aiders, or abettors, are deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit. No person who is or has been a collector or holder of public moneys can have a seat in either house of the general assembly until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be accountable or liable. A plurality of lucrative offices is forbidden. No judge can preside on the trial of any cause in the event of which he may be interested, or where either of the parties is connected with him within the degrees of consanguinity, or in which he may have been counsel, or in which he may have presided in an inferior court, except by consent of all the parties.

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