insect feeds, are also natives of Texas; the agave and numerous species of cacti are abundant W. of the Nueces. The fruit trees are numerous. The peach, of superior size and flavor, the nectarine, the quince, fig, plum, orange, melon, lime, mulberry, and crab apple are found in most parts of the state; and the vine yields luscious grapes, and some attention is given to the manufacture of wine. Many kinds of berries also are found in the river basins and forests. The vanilla and cayenne pepper are grown in large quantities. The flowers of Texas are of great beauty and grow in wonderful profusion. Mimosas, wax plants, cardinal flowers, trumpet flowers, lilies of numberless varieties, geraniums, asters, dahlias, and many other flowers cultivated at the north, here grow wild. The upland variety of cotton matures and yields abundantly in all parts of the state below lat. 81° N., and the sea island yields as fine a quality and larger crops than in South Carolina and Georgia, on the islands of the coast. In Texas the cotton crop, on account of the temperate character of the climate, can be cultivated to great advantage by small farmers who perform their own labor, and in western Texas (that portion of the state W. of the Trinity) large quantities are thus produced without slave labor. Sugar is made from the sugar cane chiefly in the vicinity of the Brazos river, of quality fully equal to the best Louisiana, and also from the sorghum. Indian corn is cultivated in every settled county in the state. Wheat is raised in all the interior, northern, and western counties, and yields an average of over 15 bushels to the acre. In 1858 there were 632,225 acres planted with cotton, about 225,000 acres with wheat, 16,000 either with sugar cane or sorghum, and about 1,250,000 with Indian corn. Hay is also a considerable crop; and the grasses of the state suitable for grazing or curing are numerous and of superior quality. The wild animals of Texas are the buffalo, which still roams in considerable numbers in the N. W.; the wild horse, or mustang, of which immense herds are found on the western prairie lands; deer, pumas, jaguars, ocelots, wild cats, black bears, wolves, foxes, some peccaries, raccoons, opossums, rabbits, hares, squirrels of several species, prairie dogs, and in the mountains of the N. W. the antelope, the bighorn, and the moose. Of birds there is the greatest possible variety, including the prairie hen and other grouse, the wild goose, the wild turkey, numerous species of the duck tribe, woodcock, pigeons, turtle doves, snipe, plover, and rice birds; cranes, swans, pelicans, king fishers, and water turkeys; the bald-headed and Mexican eagles, vultures, hawks, owls, and other rapacious birds; the blackbird, starling, blue jay, paroquet, oriole, cardinal, mocking bird, whippoorwill, woodpecker, redstart, martin, robin, swallow, and wren. There are many varieties of fish peculiar to the Texan coast and rivers, beside the species common to the gulf states. The most numerous are the red

fish, a delicious fish often weighing 50 lbs.; the yellow, blue, and white codfish; sheepshead, mullet, flounders, perch, pike, suckers, and sea trout are also abundant. The crawfish, crabs, oysters, clams, mussels, shrimps, and hard and soft shelled turtles are found all along the coasts. Great attention is paid to the raising of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, and the camel has been introduced with some success.-Among the objects of interest to the tourist are the pass of the Guadalupe mountains in the N. W. part of the state, where the traveller finds himself wandering for hours in an apparently interminable labyrinth of mountain spurs and deep gorges, with lofty walls of terraced limestone almost shutting out his view of the sky, and dark, precipitous ravines, whose bottom is concealed by the shadows of the walls which bound it. The Castle mountain pass and the Waco mountain pass are hardly inferior to this in grandeur. In the N. of Texas the Red river cuts its way through solid rock in a cañon or gorge 800 feet in depth. On one of the branches of the Colorado river there is a fall of 120 feet perpendicular, the sheet of water being 100 feet in width. Numerous fossils of gigantic extinct animals have been found in different parts of the state, some of them of larger size than have been discovered elsewhere. In Houston co. there are numerous silicified trees, most of them nearly perpendicular or inclining to the N., but some lying upon the ground.-In 1850 Texas had 12,198 farms, comprising 643,976 acres of improved and 10,852,363 acres of unimproved lands, the whole value of which was estimated at $16,550,008. The value of farming implements and machinery was $2,151,704. In 1858 the farming lands under cultivation amounted to 47,937,537 acres, valued at $73,677,316. The live stock in 1850 consisted of 76,760 horses, 12,463 asses and mules, 217,811 milch cows, 51,285 working oxen, 661,018 other cattle, 100,530 sheep, and 692,022 swine; the value of live stock was $10,412,927, and of animals slaughtered $1,116,137. The products of animals were: 2,344,900 lbs. of butter, 95,299 of cheese, and 131,917 of wool. The crops of 1849 were: wheat, 41,729 bushels; rye, 3,108; oats, 199,017; Indian corn, 6,028,876; potatoes, 1,426,803; barley, 4,706; hay, 8,354 tons; peas and beans, 179,350 bushels; beeswax and honey, 380,825 lbs.; flax, 1,048 lbs.; cane sugar, 7,351 hhds.; molasses, 441,918 galls.; cotton, 58,072 bales; rice, 82,203 lbs. ; tobacco, 66,897 lbs. of produce of market gardens, $12,354; of orchard products, $12,505. In 1858 the number of horses was 238,203, valued at $11,583,247; of cattle, 2,220,433, valued at $13,259,537. In 1860 the number of sheep, estimated from the returns of over 100 counties, was over 350,000. The cotton exported directly to foreign ports in the year ending July 1, 1860, was 125,641 bales, valued at $5,744,981, and the whole crop was estimated at 400,000 bales. The wheat crop of 1859 was estimated at 3,750,000 bushels; the

Value

corn crop was about 25,000,000 bushels; the sugar crop was not estimated. The statistics of the manufactures of the state in 1850 were: value of home-made manufactures, $266,984; manufacturing establishments, 309; capital, $539,290; raw material used, $394,642; hands employed, 1,042 male and 24 female; annual wages, $322,368; annual product, $1,165,538. Among the manufactories noted are a woollen mill, employing $8,000 capital, using 30,000 lbs. of wool valued at $10,000, and producing $15,000 worth of goods; 2 iron founderies, employing $16,000 capital; and 2 salt factories, with $3,475 capital. The state, in reference to its inhabitants as well as its pursuits, has two great divisions. Eastern Texas, including that portion of the state lying E. of the Trinity river, is inhabited principally by emigrants from the southern states; the landholders have mostly large plantations, hold the greater part of the slaves of the state, and cultivate by slave labor cotton, rice, sugar, wheat, and Indian corn. Western Texas, lying W. of the Trinity, is occupied mostly by emigrants from Germany, France, and other European countries, and the northern states; the farms are smaller, and cotton, sorghum, sugar and molasses, wheat, Indian corn, &c., are the principal crops, which are almost entirely cultivated by the farmers and their families, very little slave labor being employed. The state has great facilities for both internal and foreign commerce. Her large rivers, though somewhat obstructed by sand bars, are yet navigable far into the interior; and the railroad lines in operation and in course of construction will greatly increase the facilities for bringing products to market. The direct exports from Texan ports to foreign countries in the year ending July 1, 1860, were $6,784,934, of which $5,839,757 worth was cotton. The direct imports for the same year were $2,436,408. The value of imports from Mexico in 1859, for 11 months, was $3,865,312. The enrolled and licensed tonnage of the state the same year was 7,668 tons, of which 1,006 tons were built that year. The arrivals of American and foreign vessels at the several ports of entry from foreign countries in 1859 were 76, tonnage 32,812, and the clearances for foreign countries were 108, tonnage 48,763. The internal and coasting commerce very greatly surpasses this, and the great bulk of the exports from the state are sent to New Orleans and New York, to both which ports large seagoing steamers usually ply weekly or oftener. There is but one canal in Texas, extending from West bay to the Brazos river; but there have been improvements of the rivers and harbors completed at a cost of nearly $370,000. On Jan. 1, 1861, there were 2,667 m. of railroad projected and in progress in the state, of which 294.50 were completed, at a cost of $9,200,000. Since that time several roads have been completed or extended. The amount in operation in the autumn of 1861 was nearly or quite 450 m. The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colo

rado road extends from Harrisburg (which is connected with Galveston by steamer) to Columbus, a distance of 175 m.; the Houston Tap and Brazoria road, from Houston to Columbia on the Brazos, 50 m., and perhaps to Wharton on the Colorado, a further distance of about 40 m.; the Houston and Texas central, from Houston to Navasota, and probably to Booneville, 70 or 100 m.; the Washington co. road, from Hempstead to Brenham, 25 m.; the Texas and New Orleans road, from Orange on the Sabine river to Houston, 106 m.; and there is a short line from Shreveport, La., to Marshall, Texas, intended as the commencement of the southern Pacific road.-Texas has an institution for the deaf and dumb at Austin, founded in 1857, and endowed with 100,000 acres of state land; the number of pupils in 1860 was 30, and the current expenses $9,000 per annum. There is an institute for the blind in the same city, which was incorporated in 1856, and which is also endowed with 100,000 acres of land; in 1859 it had 10 pupils, and the current expenses were $6,500 per annum. Near Austin there is a lunatic asylum in course of erection, intended to accommodate when completed 250 patients. An appropriation of 100,000 acres of land has also been made for an orphan asylum. The state penitentiary is at Huntsville, Walker co. It is on the silent or Auburn plan, and the labor of the prisoners is let to contractors. In Sept. 1860, the number of prisoners was 200, of whom 160 were employed in the prison factory, manufacturing osnaburgs and coarse woollen goods; 8 in the cabinet and clothing shops; and 32 were sick, invalids, or in the floating force. The cost of raw material in the factory was $76,187, and the value of the manufactured goods $124,598.—The school fund of the state on Sept. 1, 1860, amounted to $2,531,520.64, and the amount distributed to counties was $112,595.31. Beside this, each county has 17,712 acres of land set apart for school purposes, and from the proceeds of this may materially increase the annual appropriation to its schools. The school fund consists of the sum of $2,000,000 of the 5 per cent. U. S. bonds set apart for the purpose, to which is added annually the state tax. The number of children of school age (6 to 18) in 1860 was 104,447, and the amount distributed $1 to each. There is also a university fund, which in 1860 amounted to $111,000, the interest of which is at present accumulating. There are numerous academies and female seminaries in the state, and 3 colleges, viz.: Aranama college (Presbyterian), at Goliad in Goliad co., founded in 1852, and which in 1860 had 3 professors, 75 students, and 1,800 volumes in its library; Austin college (also Presbyterian), at Huntsville, Walker co., which in 1858 had 5 professors and over 100 students, exclusive of those in the law department; and Baylor university, at Independence, Washington co., founded in 1845, and having 5 professors and about 150 students in 1858.

of

and at San Juan Bautista, both on the right bank of the Rio Grande, but none within the present bounds of Texas. In 1714 the French again attempted to effect a settlement within its limits, and Crozat, to whom Louis XIV. had granted the whole of Louisiana, sent Huchereau St. Denis upon an expedition thither. He penetrated from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, and visited the Spanish mission of San Juan, where he was taken prisoner by the governor of Coahuila; but having subsequently married the daughter of the commandant of that mission, he introduced Spanish missionaries into Texas, who established a mission on the bay of San Bernard, another west of the Sabine and near the coast (the famous mission of Dolores), and a third on the right bank of the San Pedro, near San Antonio, subsequently removed eastward, and known afterward as the Alamo. Two other missions were established soon after, one near Nacogdoches, the other not far from San Augustine. The name of "the New Philippines" was now given to the country, and in 1715 the marquis de Aguayo was made governor-general of the colony. For 20 years the Spaniards held sole sway over this colony, and multiplied their settlements. In 1735 St. Denis, who had acquired great influence over the Texas Indians, aided in removing a French settlement on the Red river into Texas; the Spaniards protested, but owing to quarrels among themselves did not drive them out, and finally conceded that they had a right to the region they were occupying. Texas did not prosper under its Spanish rulers, and in 1744 its European population did not exceed 1,500. In 1758 the Indians attacked the mission of San Saba, and killed all its inhabitants. This caused the decline of the missions in Texas, as the slaughter was never avenged. In 1763 the feud between France and Spain was finally settled by the cession of Louisiana by the former power to the latter; and up to the establishment of peace between the United States and Great Britain in 1783, there were no events of interest connected with its history. By treaty with Great Britain before the war of the American revolution, Spain had conceded the free navigation of the Mississippi, and the right to make New Orleans a place of deposit for goods in transitu. These privileges she was disposed to withhold from the United States, which had succeeded to the British title, from fear that they would lead to aggressions upon her territories along the gulf coast. For a long time war seemed imminent, but was finally averted by the difficulties of Spain at home. In 1803, Spain having re-ceded Louisiana to France, that power ceded it to the United States; and as there had been no well defined boundary between Louisiana and the old Spanish possessions W. of it, a controversy at once ensued between Spain and the United States on the question of boundaries, Spain claiming a region E. of the Sabine, and the United States urging that they were entitled to the country W. as far as the Rio

Grande. At one time the U. S. authorities drove the Spaniards across the Sabine, and for some time the troops of the two nations occupied the opposite banks of that river, and a collision seemed inevitable; this was finally averted, in Oct. 1806, by the prudence and discretion of Gen. Herrera, the Spanish commander, who entered into an agreement with Gen. Wilkinson establishing the territory between the Sabine and Arroyo Honda as a neutral ground, and retiring W. of that line. The illicit trade with Mexico carried on through Texas was so lucrative as to engage numerous adventurers in it, some of whom were captured and treated with great cruelty by the Spanish authorities; and as the relations of Spain with her American colonies were becoming very unsatisfactory, there were frequent attempts made to throw off the Spanish yoke both by Mexico and the settlers in Texas, many of whom belonged to this class of adventurers. From 1806 a series of revolutionary efforts commenced, beginning with the projected movement of Aaron Burr, and embracing the expeditions of Magee, a former lieutenant of the U. S. army; of Col. Kemper, his successor; of Bernardo Gutierrez; of Col. Ellis P. Bean, who had suffered a protracted and cruel imprisonment from the Spanish authorities; of Gen. J. A. Toledo, a Cuban republican; of Col. Perry, an American officer of considerable ability; of Auzy, who styled himself governor of Texas; and of Xavier Mina, a Spanish refugee, who aided in the capture of Galveston island in 1816. In these expeditions there were several severe battles fought between the invaders and the Spanish authorities; on two occasions in 1813, the invaders defeated the Spanish forces, and caused them a loss of more than 1,000 killed and wounded. These defeats were terribly avenged in the same year, when, of a force of 2,500 Americans and Mexicans, all were slain but about 100, a considerable number being butchered in cold blood, and nearly 700 of the peaceable inhabitants of San Antonio murdered. In 1817 Mina won several victories in conflicts with the Spanish troops, but was finally defeated, taken prisoner, and shot on Nov. 11 of that year. Col. Perry attempted to return by land to the United States; but having with a force of only 50 men demanded the surrender of La Bahia, a Spanish garrison, he was attacked in the rear by a troop of 200 royalist cavalry, and, all his men having fallen, blew out his own brains with his pistol. After the close of the war of 1812 Lafitte, the pirate of the gulf, made Galveston island his head-quarters, and established a town there named Campeachy. He also claimed to be acting under authority of the Mexican republic, and it is said actually received such authority from Col. Bean, one of the revolutionary leaders. He remained here till 1821, when, a naval force having been despatched by the U. S. government to break up the settlement, he abandoned Texas for ever. In 1819 the long con

troversy between the United States and Spain in regard to the Texan boundary was terminated by the cession of Florida to the United States and the establishment of the Sabine as the boundary line, with a guaranty to Spain of her possessions W. of that river. This treaty occasioned much dissatisfaction on the part of the western and south-western states. Mr. Clay and other prominent men opposed it. Another revolutionary expedition was organized at Natchez the same year, under the command of Dr. James Long, a Tennesseean, which penetrated as far as Nacogdoches and established a provisional government there, and the leader went to Galveston island to secure the coöperation of Lafitte; but while absent his force was routed and cut to pieces by the royalist troops, and Long himself escaped with difficulty across the Sabine. In a second expedition he took possession of La Bahia without difficulty; but, though Mexico had become independent under the presidency of Iturbide, he and his followers were taken prisoners and sent to Mexico, where after a brief imprisonment he was set at liberty, but almost immediately assassinated, in 1822. Texas at this time was almost wholly deserted, the settlement at Galveston entirely abandoned, and the few inhabitants at other points reduced to poverty by the civil war which had so long existed. In 1820 Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, but at that time a resident of Missouri, received from the Spanish authorities of Mexico a grant of lands in Texas for which he had petitioned a year previous; he died, however, before he was able to avail himself of it. His son, Stephen F. Austin, received a confirmation of the grant in April, 1823, having already in the beginning of 1822 conducted a considerable number of colonists to the site he had selected in the vicinity of the present county of Austin, and more soon followed. The grants of land to colonists were very liberal, 177 acres at least being given to each farmer, and a larger quantity if he had a family, and to each stock raiser 4,428 acres; the emigrants for the first 6 years were to be free from taxes, tithes, duties, &c. The founder of the colony, for each 200 families he introduced, was to receive 66,774 acres of land, but was limited to 3 times this amount how ever many families he might colonize. The colony increased rapidly, and Austin obtained permission to bring in 500 more families (his first grant was for 300). Others also followed in the establishment of colonies in the same vicinity. The Mexican constitution, adopted in 1824, united Coahuila, hitherto a separate province, with Texas in a single state, and the congress of the united state placed a Mexican as commandant of the department of Texas. The injustice of this commandant toward the American citizens, especially those attached to the colony of Haydon Edwards, adjacent to that of Austin, created difficulty; and an appeal being made to the governor of the state, who was also a Mexican, he without trial or examination an

nulled Edwards's grant and expelled him from the state. A band of American criminals, fugitives from justice who had settled in that vicinity, organized themselves into a company of "regulators" to harass the colonists who had taken up lands under Edwards and drive them from the farms they had improved. Thus oppressed, Edwards and his colonists attempted unsuccessfully to effect a revolution; and in Jan. 1827, they were compelled to retreat into the United States. A somewhat more liberal course was pursued by the Mexican authorities after this event, and the colonies prospered, though occasionally harassed by the Indians, whose forays injured their trade with Mexico. In 1830 Bustamente, who had seized the dictatorship of Mexico, issued a decree forbidding the people of the United States to enter Texas as colonists, and suspending all colony contracts which interfered with this prohibition. From this time forward the jealousy of the Mexican government against the emigrants from the United States became every month more manifest, and reckless and unprincipled adventurers, like Bean, Gaines, and Bradburn, who had long before become obnoxious to the government under which they were born and to good citizens everywhere, united with the Mexican government, or rather went beyond it, in acts of oppression and outrage upon the peaceable colonists. The Indians also were constantly becoming more and more ferocious and troublesome, and in several instances pitched battles were fought with them. In 1832 the Texans, sustaining the pronunciamiento of Vera Cruz in favor of the constitution, and in opposition to the rule of Bustamente, were attacked by a force sent by Bradburn to enforce the authority of that despot; but in the battle which followed the Mexicans were defeated with heavy loss. In 1833 the American settlers in the state, now numbering over 20,000, held a convention and determined to separate themselves from Coahuila, which was exclusively Mexican in its population, and accordingly prepared a state constitution and an address to the general government, of which Santa Anna was now the head, requesting admission in the capacity of a separate state into the republic. This movement was one in which the best men of Texas were all united. Col. S. F. Austin was one of the commissioners, and the only one who went to Mexico_to present the request of the memorialists. He was unsuccessful, and was detained in Mexico till Sept.. 1835, but in 1834 succeeded in procuring the revocation of the decree of Bustamente prohibiting the admission of colonists from the United States, and several other favorable concessions. Meantime the Mexican inhabitants of Texas and Coahuila had quarrelled, and each had set up a revolutionary government; but the Anglo-American residents remained quiet. Santa Anna sought to amuse Austin and the Texans with promises of allowing them a state government till he could occupy the state with