GUSTAV NIKOLAUs took part in the Baden insurrection of 1849, was the commander of the fortress of Rastadt, and was condemned to death and shot, Aug. 11, 1849.

TIEDGE, CHRISTOPH AUGUST, a German poet, born at Gardelegen, in Brandenburg, Dec. 14, 1752, died in Dresden, March 8, 1841. He studied law at Halle, became a secretary in the administrative council at Magdeburg, and in 1781 went to Elrich as private tutor, where he was intimate with the poets Göcking, Gleim, Klamer Schmidt, and Elisa von der Recke. He accepted the invitation of Gleim to Halberstadt in 1788, where he resided till he became private secretary to the canon Von Stedern in 1792, in whose family he remained till 1799. At Berlin he renewed his intimacy with Elisa von der Recke, travelled with her through Germany, Switzerland, and Italy (1805-'8), and lived in her house at Berlin, and after 1819 at Dresden, till her death in 1833. By her will she ordered the same establishment to be kept up for him without change during the remainder of his life. His poems are chiefly didactic and elegiac, the most noteworthy being Urania, on the immortality of the soul. A complete edition was edited by Eberhard (8 vols., Halle, 1823-'9). See also Eberhard, Blicke in Tiedge's und in Elisa's Leben (Berlin, 1844).

TIEN-TE. See CHINA, vol. v. p. 112. TIEN-TSIN, TEEN-TSIN, or TIEN-SING, a town of China, province of Chi-li, situated on level ground at the junction of the Pei-ho with the grand canal, 70 m. S. E. from Peking; pop. 500,000. It is surrounded by a wall about 4 m. in circuit, and entered by 4 gates, each surmounted by a watch tower several stories high. The principal streets lead from the 4 gates to the centre of the town, and are broad and well paved; and the houses are built of unburned brick or mud and have a mean appearance, though some of them are commodious and well furnished. There are some temples and public offices. The river is crossed by a bridge of boats, and large suburbs extend for a considerable distance along both banks. Tien-tsin derives its importance from being the terminus of the grand canal and the port of Peking, and is said to have formerly been a place of great wealth and extensive trade; but since the banks of the canal were broken by the inundation of the Hoang-ho the trade has declined greatly, and the place has now the appearance of decay. Treaties were concluded here in 1858 between the Chinese government and the plenipotentiaries of England, France, Russia, and the United States, the chief provisions of which were the right of residence for a British minister at the court of Peking, permission for all to send special embassies to the capital and to travel and trade in all parts of the empire, the opening of several new ports, and the settlement of the question of transit dues.

TIERS ETAT (Fr., third estate), a name applied previous to the revolution of 1789 to that portion of the French people which was not in

cluded among the clergy or the nobility, and which comprised of the population. The tiers état appears as a third branch of the French states-general as early as the 13th century, and at all meetings was duly represented by its deputies, who however were so greatly outnumbered by those of the other two branches, that the measures voted upon in common were almost invariably decided in favor of the privileged classes. The refusal of the clergy and nobility to reform this abuse by giving the tiers état a representation proportioned to their actual numbers accelerated the crisis of the French revolution, to the consummation of which the pamphlet of Sieyès, Qu'est ce que le tiers état? greatly contributed. The term is now purely historical.

TIFFIN, a town and the capital of Seneca co., Ohio, situated on both sides of the Sandusky river and on the line of the Sandusky, Dayton, and Cincinnati_railroad, 33 m. S. W. from Sandusky City, and 180 m. N. N. E. from Cincinnati; pop. in 1860, 4,500. It has several manufacturing establishments, 5 weekly newspapers and 2 monthly periodicals, 2 banks, a large union school building, the county buildings, and 12 churches. Heidelberg college and theological seminary, under the supervision of the German Reformed church, is at this place.

TIFLIS, or TEFLIS, a town of Asiatic Russia, in Georgia, capital of the government of the same name and of all the Transcaucasian provinces, situated on the river Koor, 1,100 feet above the level of the Black sea, in lat 41° 41′ N., long. 44° 50' E.; pop. estimated at 50,000. It stands in a narrow valley midway between the Black and Caspian seas, at the foot of a line of barren hills, with ranges of lofty mountains on both sides. It is surrounded by a wall with 6 gates, has several forts, and is built upon both sides of the river, which is crossed by a wooden bridge. To the southward of the town there are extensive ruins of an old fortress, on a hill nearly 400 feet above the level of the bridge across the Koor. Tiflis has many Greek and Armenian and 2 Roman Catholic churches, some of which are very handsome buildings. There are numerous schools, and several good shops and hotels, in the new town or part chiefly occupied by the Russians. The population is extremely varied, being made up of Tartars, Persians, Lesghians, Circassians, and Russians. Tiflis is celebrated for its warm baths. The mineral springs are chiefly situated at the S. end of the city, and the temperature of the hottest is 115° and that of the coldest 75°. These waters are said to be very beneficial in cutaneous disorders and rheumatic complaints. The climate is exceedingly hot, and bilious diseases prevail. The manufactures consist of carpets, shawls, &c.; and a considerable trade is carried on with Persia. Wine is produced in the neighborhood, but the flavor is not relished by strangers.-Tiflis was founded about A. D. 469 by a monarch named Vakhtang, who conquered the territory lying be

tween the lack and Caspian seas, and was the capital of the nominally independent kingdom of Georgia, though devastated by Genghis Khan, and frequently in the possession of the Turks or Persians. Aga Mohammed Khan, shah of Persia, destroyed it in 1795, and reduced a large portion of the inhabitants to slavery. The last king of Georgia ceded it to Russia in 1801, since which its population has more than doubled.

TIGER (felis tigris, Linn.), one of the largest, strongest, and most active of the cat family, peculiar to Asia. It is usually about 8 feet long and between 3 and 4 feet high, but is occasionally seen considerably larger than this; the ground color is bright orange yellow, the face, throat, and under parts nearly white, and all elegantly striped with transverse black bands and bars, rendering it one of the most beautiful of quadrupeds; it is less high but longer and more slender than the lion, with rounder head and more cat-like form; the colors are brightest in the adult male, the young being grayish with obscure dusky bands. Having no mane, its appearance is less majestic than that of the lion, and its countenance conveys an impression of treachery and wanton cruelty. Bloodthirsty and ferocious when hungry, it lies in ambush at early dawn by the sides of springs and rivers for animals as they come to drink; it is able to leap a great distance upon its prey, carrying off a buffalo with apparent ease, a powerful man being as nothing in its jaws; its motions are exceedingly supple and graceful; it passes the day for the most part in a shady covert, gorged and sleepy from the morning meal. Its north and south geographical range is extensive, from northern China to the Malay peninsula, but it is most abundant in the vast jungles lining the banks of the great rivers of Hindostan. In many parts of Bengal it is the terror and scourge of villages, prowling around the outskirts, and attacking cattle in the fold and on the road, though the natives protect them in part by noisy drums by day and torches by night; men and women not unfrequently fall victims when they incautiously venture into the jungle. The English rifle has nearly cleared the thickly settled districts from these animals, against which the native traps and weapons (spears and poisoned arrows) are comparatively powerless. Tiger hunting is a favorite sport in India, especially with English officers; the native princes go in great state, mounted on elephants, with a large train of men on foot and on horseback, attended also with dogs; it is an exciting and dangerous pastime, often resulting fatally to men, horses, and elephants. In the East the tiger is considered the emblem of power, and in China the justice seats of the mandarins are covered with tiger skins; the tiger hunters of the native armies are the bravest and best of their soldiers, and a tiger's head, profusely decorated with jewels, is one of the chief ornaments of royal state. The tiger makes no noise com

parable to the roar of the lion, but rather a loud grunting sound. It may be tamed when taken young, though its temper cannot always be depended on; it was formerly sometimes seen as the apparently gentle and subdued attendant of the Indian fakir; it breeds in captivity, though less frequently than the lion; hybrids between the Asiatic lion and tigress have been born in menageries, but have not reached maturity; their color is brighter and the bands better marked than in young lions or tigers of unmixed race. The tiger was less known to the ancients than the lion and African spotted cats; Aristotle never saw one, and Pliny says that the first one known in Rome was a tame one belonging to the emperor Augustus. For recent and interesting accounts of tiger shooting, the reader is referred to Capt. Shakespear's "Wild Sports of India" (London and Boston, 1860).-The so called American tiger is the jaguar (F. onca, Linn.).

TIGER CAT, a name commonly applied to several small species of felina, in America, Asia, and Africa, especially to those ornamented by bands and bars. Among the American species, the ocelot has been described under that title, and under the same the margay (felis tigrina, Linn.). The F. eyra (Desm.) is called tiger cat; it is about the size of the house cat, but with longer neck, body, and tail; it is uniform brownish red, with under jaw and nose spot white, paler below; like the ocelot, it comes from Guiana as far north as Mexico and Texas. The F. yaguarundi (Desm.) is larger, with a much longer body; it is grizzled brownish gray without spots; hairs ringed and tipped with black; the young more rufous; it extends from Paraguay to Texas. Both of these cats frequent woods and thickets, feeding on small mammals and birds, and are excellent climbers. Another South American tiger cat is the chati or chibeguazu (F. mitis, F. Cuv.), about 21 inches long with a tail of 11; it is pale tawny yellow, white below, with lines of black spots on neck and back and circles of the same on the body and limbs, and tail ringed above with black; it is a beautiful and graceful animal, about 14 inches high, diurnal in habit, of a gentle disposition (whence its specific name), and with a cry somewhat harsher and more prolonged than that of the common cat.-There are several tiger cats in Asia, of which the largest and handsomest is the rimau-daban (F. macrocelis, Temm.); it is about 3 feet long, with a tail of 2 feet more, and 16 inches high at the shoulders; the head comparatively small, ears short and rounded, body cylindrical, limbs very robust, tail very full and long, and fur thick and soft; it is ashy or brownish gray, with irregular spots and bands of velvety blackness arranged longitudinally and unbroken along the back; border of mouth black, and feet gray. It is a native of Sumatra, and lives much on trees, hence called tree tiger; the food consists of birds and the smaller deer; it is not very

common, and not dreaded by the natives except for its visits to their poultry yards; it has none of the fierce expression of the tiger and leopard, and is playful and gentle in captivity. The Javanese or Sumatran tiger cat (F. minuta, Temm.) is 2 feet long, of which the tail is 9 inches, and 10 inches high; the color is grayish brown in the adult, the lower parts and inside of limbs white; back marked with lines, sides with irregular blotches, and limbs with small spots of dark brown; tail imperfectly ringed, black at tip; the young are reddish brown, paler below, with rows of lengthened spots on back and sides, smaller and more numerous on limbs, and no black at tip of tail. It inhabits the extensive forests of Sumatra and Java, remaining concealed in hollow trees during the day, prowling at night in search of food, and often committing depredations on hen roosts; it feeds principally on small mammals, but if hard pressed will eat carrion; it is fierce, untamable by confinement, and very shy and cunning. Diard's tiger cat (F. Diardi, Desm.), also from Java, is 3 feet long, of which the tail is 16 inches; it is yellowish gray, with spots and rings of black, resembling the ocelot in the enclosed spots on the sides, and the rimau-daban in the ample fur of the tail and the distribution of the markings. The Nepaul tiger cat (F. Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf.) is 23 inches long, with a tail of 11; the color is tawny gray, nearly white below, the markings of back in irregular lines, of body in angular blotches, and of legs in blackish spots; the form is long and civet-like, head small, and neck and tail comparatively slender and lengthened; it has been placed by some in the genus prionodon (Horsf.), one of the connecting links between the civet and the cat families.-The animal commonly called tiger cat by the furriers has been described under SERVAL, an African species.

TIGER MOTH. See MoTH.

TIGHE, MARY (BLACKFORD), a British authoress, born in Dublin in 1774, died in Woodstock, Kilkenny co., March 24, 1810. She was married in 1793 to her cousin, Henry Tighe of Wicklow co., a member of the Irish parliament, and in 1805 printed for private circulation her "Psyche," a poem in the Spenserian stanza, founded on the story of Cupid and Psyche as related in the "Golden Ass" of Apuleius. It passed through several editions in her lifetime. She died of consumption after several years of uninterrupted suffering, and is commemorated by Moore in the well known lyric commencing, "I saw thy form in youthful prime." In 1811 appeared a complete edition of her poetical works, containing many pieces of a devotional character written during her last illness. TIGRANES I., a king of Armenia, who ascended the throne about 96 B. C., and died about 55. He was a descendant of Artaxias, the founder of the Armenian monarchy, and by wars during the early part of his reign united all Armenia under his rule, and conVOL. XV.-31

At

quered in addition several provinces. He enlarged his dominions still more by conquest from the Parthians, and assumed the title of king of kings, and in public always appeared attended by tributary princes. Early in his reign he married Cleopatra, daughter of Mithridates, king of Pontus, with whom he formed an alliance. The dissensions which distracted Syria opened a fair field for his ambition, and enabled him by 83 B. C. to gain possession of that country from the Euphrates to the sea, of which he held undisputed control until 74, when his alliance with his father-in-law brought him into conflict with the Roman power. the instigation of Mithridates, he marched into Cappadocia at the head of a vast army, reduced that country, and carried off 300,000 of the inhabitants, many of whom he settled in his new capital, Tigranocerta. Mithridates, who had derived little support from his son-inlaw, was at length obliged to flee to him for refuge; and to the haughty demand of Appius Clodius, the ambassador of the Roman general Lucullus, that the fugitive king should be given up, Tigranes replied with a declaration of war. Lucullus crossed the Euphrates and Tigris, marching into the interior of Armenia, utterly defeated an army of 150,000 foot and 55,000 horse, and took possession of Tigranocerta. Tigranes prepared to collect a new army, and both he and Mithridates labored, though without success, to bring Phraates, king of Parthia, into an alliance; on the other hand, many princes of the neighboring countries submitted themselves to the Romans, and Antiochus Asiaticus was placed upon the throne of Syria. In the summer of 68 Lucullus again totally routed the Armenian forces on the river Arsanias, and was only prevented by the disaffection existing among his troops from making himself master of Artaxata, the ancient capital of the country. All the advantages which might have been derived from this victory were destroyed by the conduct of the Roman troops, whose mutinous spirit was said to have been secretly fomented by Pompey. Lucullus was compelled to retreat, his lieutenant L. Fannius was defeated, and a great part of the former possessions of Tigranes came again into his power. In 66 Pompey arrived to take the supreme command, and in a great battle on the Euphrates defeated Mithridates, who had been seeking to recover his lost dominions. At the same time a son of Tigranes of the same name had engaged in a conspiracy against the life of his father, and being discovered had fled to Phraates, who readily embraced his cause and marched an army into Armenia, which advanced near Artaxata and then retired without taking that city. Tigranes was easily able to drive out his rebel son, unsupported by a foreign force; but suspecting his father-in-law to have been engaged in the conspiracy against his throne, he refused to receive him after his defeat and flight, and even set a price of 100 talents on his head. As the Roman army un

der the guidance of his son was rapidly approaching Artaxata, he repaired in person to the camp of Pompey, and placed himself as a suppliant at the feet of that general. Pompey would not accept the diadem which he offered him, and treated him in a friendly manner, placing him on the throne of Armenia proper with the exception of Gordyene and Sophene, which were made a separate kingdom to be governed by the young Tigranes. The old king gave the Roman general 6,000 talents, and also subsidized the Roman troops; and remaining faithful to the Roman cause, he received in 65 the province of Gordyene, which had been seized by Phraates. In 64 he was again at war with the king of Parthia, but the differences between them were composed by the intervention of Pompey. After this he disappears almost entirely from history. He was succeeded by his son Artavasdes.

TIGRE, a district of Abyssinia, lying between lat. 12° and 15° 30′ N., and long. 37° 25′ and 40° 15' E. It is an elevated plain which forms the basis of several mountain chains, the principal of which are the Samen and the Taranta ranges, the latter being also called the Haramat. The Samen runs from N. E. to S. W., separating the Atbara and Bahrel-Azrek, and has several summits from 12,000 to 16,000 feet high. The Taranta range follows the line of the N. E. coast, separating the basin of the Tacazze from the Red sea; its highest summits do not much exceed 7,000 feet. The plateau itself is from 3,500 to 7,000 feet in elevation. The deep ravines which separate these mountain chains are the beds of rivers of considerable size. The Tacazze is second only to the Bahr-el-Azrek in size among the rivers of Abyssinia. The Mareb and the Guenqua are the other principal rivers. Tigré is divided into 13 petty chieftaincies or districts; the principal towns are Antalo, the capital, Tackeraggiro, Sokota, Axoom, Adowa, and Dixaur. Adowa is the largest town of the country, is the entrepot of trade on the great caravan route between Massowah and Gondar, and has considerable manufactures.-The district was for many years an independent kingdom, and was governed by a king named Ubye; but in 1854 Theodorus, king of Abyssinia, conquered it, taking Ubye prisoner, and still holds it as a province of his empire.

TIGRIS, the second river of western Asia, rising in the southern slope of the Armenian chain of the Taurus, E. of Malatiyah on the Euphrates, and taking a S. course to Diarbekir, whence its direction is S. E. to Mosul, and thence S. by E. to its junction with the Euphrates at Korna, where the two form the Shat-el-Arab. At its source it is not more than 10 m. distant from the Murad or E. branch of the Euphrates, and for 80 m. below Bagdad it is parallel with the Euphrates itself, being not more than 30 m. distant, and separated by a range of hills. It then diverges to the east, and for the rest of its course till near its junc

tion is from 80 to 100 m. distant from that river, to which however it is united by several canals. Its total course is estimated at 1,150 m., and its width from Mosul to Bagdad, a distance of about 220 m., averages 200 yards; its current in March flows 44 m. an hour. It is subject to annual floods, when it overflows its banks, especially in the lower part of its course. The greatest height is attained in the latter part of May, and it resumes its usual level by the middle of June. It is navigable between Diarbekir and Mosul for rafts at certain seasons of the year; below Mosul it is navigable for steamers at all seasons. Between the Euphrates and Tigris lies the once fertile and populous region formerly known as Mesopotamia, and near its source was, according to some, the lost Eden. Wars and bad government, the neglect of irrigation, and some changes in the course of the river, have reduced this region, once the garden of western Asia, to a desert. The banks of the Tigris are deserted, and except in the vicinity of Diarbekir, Mosul, and Bagdad, the only inhabitants are members of nomadic Arab tribes. The ruins of Nineveh, Seleucia, Ctesiphon, Opis, &c., are on its banks; and the discoveries of Rich, Botta, Layard, Rawlinson, and Lobdell were made in the mounds of ruins which line its shores. (See EUPHRATES.)

TILE, a thin sheet of baked clay, flat or curved, used for covering floors, roofs, or the walls of buildings, and also by the ancients for the flues of baths and for drains. In ancient times tiles were used by the eastern nations of a great variety of sizes and for numerous purposes, the Assyrians even employing them as tablets for writing. Upon flat slabs of fine terra cotta and upon cylinders and prisms of the same material, or sometimes of glazed ware, they impressed with extreme neatness characters which remain to this day among the most imperishable monuments of antiquity. The Egyptians employed tiles for the same purpose, but wrote upon them with black ink with a reed, while the Assyrians indented the characters with a sharp instrument in the soft clay before it was baked. The roofing tiles were sometimes flat and laid overlapping each other like slates; but they were more generally of the semi-cylindrical form, laid in rows up and down the roof, the rows having the concave side upward holding the alternating rows laid with the convex side upward. The Greeks used large flat roofing tiles, sometimes having flanges, with semi-cylindrical ones laid over their lines of junction. The flat tiles were often stamped with brief inscriptions, and the others were ornamented with painted devices. The Greeks employed tiles for flues of baths, in the construction of tombs, and for drains. The Romans used them still more generally, and their name, tegulæ (from tegere, to cover), came to be applied even to bricks, which were much more used than tiles; the real distinction between them is in the greater fineness of the tile. The roofing tiles were, like some of those

of the Greeks, large and flat, furnished with flanges rising about 24 inches above their surface, which when two adjacent tiles were set together were overlapped by the arched tile or imbrex set over them. Flat tiles alone were also used for covering roofs. It was customary to stamp the tiles with inscriptions designating the pottery, the manufacturer, the name of the estate which supplied the clay, the name of the emperor or of the consulship, and various other matters. They thus have often served as records of important historical events. As a covering of interior walls, the tiles used by the Romans were large thin squares of terra cotta, generally ornamented on one side with incised devices. The tessellated pavements were formed of small cubical tiles known as tessella (the diminutive of tessera, from the Gr. TEGσapes, four, having reference to their shape). Some of these were not more than of an inch square, and they were laid to form mosaics after various designs. The Romans, like the more ancient nations, made use of large flat tiles in the construction of their graves, and also as we use gravestones for receiving monumental inscriptions. In modern times tiles are used for coverings of roofs, chiefly in warm countries, their weight rendering them objectionable where much snow falls. Snow moreover is apt to be driven up under them, even though they exclude rain perfectly well. Glazed tiles several inches square, variously colored and ornamented, arranged in patterns, are much used for the floors of public buildings and in the better class of private houses. (See ENCAUSTIC TILES.) In the last century it was very much the fashion to adorn fireplaces with a row of porcelain pictured tiles on each side and over the top. Among the devices were often seen series of quaint illustrations of Scripture events, of Æsop's fables, &c.

TILGHMAN, WILLIAM, an American jurist, born in Talbot co., Md., Aug. 12, 1756, died in Philadelphia, April 30, 1827. He studied law in Philadelphia, and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1783. In 1793 he returned to Philadelphia, and practised his profession in that city till 1801, when he was appointed chief judge of the circuit court of the United States. In 1802 the law establishing this court was repealed, and Mr. Tilghman returned to the practice of the law till 1805, when he was appointed president of the courts of common pleas in the first district; and in 1806 he was elected chief justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. In 1809 he made an elaborate report on the English statutes in force in Pennsylvania; and his only other published work is a "Eulogy on Dr. Caspar Wistar."

TILLANDSIA, a genus of singular plants of the natural order bromeliacea or pineapple family. The name was given to them by Linnæus in memory of Dr. Elias Tillands, a professor at Abo in Sweden, and was intended to be suggestive of his aversion to travelling by water from their thriving best in arid situations.

There are numerous species, and most of them belong to South America. According to Dr. Chapman, in his "Flora of the Southern United States," there are at least 8 species at the South. The long moss (T. usneoides, Linn.) is found hanging from the live oak and other trees in humid districts from North Carolina to Florida. It is a perennial, its small fine roots penetrating the fissures of the bark; its stem thread-like, long, covered as well as the leaves with membranaceous scales dotted in the centre; the centre of the stem and leaves composed of a filiform, black, horny thread; the flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, with 3 or 4 bracts at base; calyx and corolla divided nearly to the base, segments lanceolate, corolla 3-cleft, campanulate. In winter the plant affords a scanty fare for cattle; and the stems, beaten until the bark peels off, are used for stuffing mattresses, &c., instead of horse hair, which they much resemble.-The tillandsias are all parasitical; some are remarkable for their showy flowers, others for their long, serrated, and stiff leaves, hollow at the base. Under cultivation in the greenhouse or parlor window, they only require a piece of wood or a basket of rotten chips, in which they will thrive.

TILLEMONT, Louis Sébastien le Nain de, a French historian, born in Paris, Nov. 30, 1637, died Jan. 10, 1698. He was educated at Port Royal, studied logic, theology, and ecclesiastical history, and at the age of 23 entered the episcopal seminary of Beauvais, where he remained 4 years. He became a subdeacon in 1672 and a priest in 1676, when he went to reside with the recluses at Port Royal; and after that establishment was broken up in 1679, he retired to his estate of Tillemont, between Vincennes and Montreuil, which he never again left except for a visit in 1681 to his friend Arnauld and the other refugees in the Netherlands. His principal works are: Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles (16 vols. 4to., 1693-1717), and Histoire des empereurs et des autres princes qui ont régné durant les six premiers siècles de l'église (6 vols. 4to., 1698-1738). His Vie de St. Louis was first published in 1847.

TILLER. See STEERING APPARATUS. TILLOCH, ALEXANDER, LL.D., a Scottish inventor and philosopher, born in Glasgow, Feb. 28, 1759, died in Islington, London, Jan. 26, 1825. He was brought up to the business of his father, a tobacconist, but paid most attention to mechanical and scientific pursuits. In connection with Foulis, a celebrated Glasgow printer, he improved Ged's method of printing from casts of whole pages of type, but failed to render stereotype printing practicable at that time, though his suggestions to Earl Stanhope, 30 years later, may have led to its success. After carrying on the printing business for some years in Glasgow, he removed to London in 1787, and in 1789 purchased the principal part of the "Star" newspaper, which he edited till 1821. He devised a plan of print