ing bank notes by which their forgery could be prevented, but could not induce the government to adopt it, and was not allowed to accede to proposals from the French republic for its employment in the printing of assignats. In 1797 he commenced the " Philosophical Magazine," which he published and edited alone till a few years before his death. In 1824 he started a third periodical, the "Mechanics' Oracle," which did not long survive his death. Among his other pursuits was the investigation of the prophecies and the Apoc alypse, on which he published several dissertations, one of which bears the title of "Dissertations introductory to the Study and Right Understanding of the Language, Structure, and Contents of the Apocalypse" (8vo., 1823). Dr. Tilloch was a dissenter, and for many years preached to a small body called Christian Dissenters, in Goswell street road. He was a member of many scientific societies in Great Britain and on the continent. the tone of Tillotson's sermons goes far to justify the charges brought against him of lax orthodoxy. Few prelates had warmer friends or more bitter enemies. His marriage with a niece of Cromwell brought him into intimate connection with Wilkins, bishop of Chester, whose posthumous works he edited. His funeral sermon was preached by Bishop Burnet, his special friend. His life was written by Dr. Thomas Birch (8vo., London, 1752). His sermons were published in 1704 in 14 vols., and in 1757 in 13 vols., and were translated into German by Mosheim. His complete works were published 1718 in 9 vols. During his life he published in folio 54 sermons, and the "Rule of Faith," in 4 parts (2d ed., 1699). He TILLY, JOHN TZERKLAS, Count of, a German soldier, born in the castle of Tilly, Brabant, in 1559, died at Ingolstadt, April 30, 1632. He was educated at a college of Jesuits and imbibed their religious principles, but left their order to enter military service. fought in the Netherlands under the duke of Alva, Don Juan of Austria, and Alexander Farnese; then went to Hungary, where, under the duke of Mercœur, he distinguished himself against the Turks. In this war he reached the rank of general of artillery. In 1609 he entered the service of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, who appointed him field marshal, and intrusted him with the reorganization of his army. On the opening of the 30 years' war he was placed at the head of the Catholic army, and contributed to the victory of Weissenberg, near Prague, Nov. 8, 1620; in 1621 took the strongholds of Pilsen and Tabor, which belonged to Count Ernest of Mansfeld, the stanchest supporter of the Protestant cause, and defeated the margrave of Baden on the banks of the Neckar; and in As a 1622 expelled Prince Christian of Brunswick from the Palatinate, worsting him at Höchst, June 8, and routed his army once more at Stadtloo in Aug. 1623. When Christian IV. of Denmark joined the German Protestants, he gained a great victory over that prince at Lutter, in Aug. 1626, and forced him back to his kingdom. A little later, notwithstanding the reenforcements the Danish king had received from England and France, Tilly besieged Nordheim, which he took after a hard struggle, crossed the Elbe, subdued the continental part of Denmark, and concluded with him the peace of Lübeck, May 12, 1629. In the following year, Wallenstein being deprived of his power, Tilly, who was already the general of the Catholic league, received the chief command of the imperial troops, and had now to oppose King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. He marched against the city of Magdeburg, which had entered into an alliance with that prince, carried it by storm, May 10, 1631, and allowed his infuriated soldiers to sack it in the most dreadful manner; it was reduced to ashes, and 30,000 persons were slaughtered. This act of vandalism excited TILLOTSON, JOHN, an English pulpit orator and prelate, born at Sowerby, near Halifax, in 1630, died in London, Nov. 22, 1694. His father, a clothier, was a strict Calvinist. At an early age Tillotson became a student in Clare hall, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1651, and remained till 1657, when he became tutor in the family of Prideaux, Cromwell's attorney-general. While a student, the reading of Chillingworth's writings had converted him from Puritanism, and at 30 years of age he took orders in the English church. His success was speedy, and his fame as a preacher soon gave him a choice among preferments. He was successively curate of Cheshunt, rector of Keddington, and preacher at Lincoln's Inn in London, and finally drew crowds to his lectures in St. Lawrence's church, Jewry, in that city. champion of the Protestant party, Tillotson was led to oppose the proclamation of Charles II. for liberty of conscience, which made him unpopular at court; and the offices of dean of Canterbury and prebendary of St. Paul's, which Tillotson obtained, were reluctant concessions to his popularity rather than hearty gifts. Tillotson preached earnestly against popery, advocated the exclusion of the duke of York, and prepared the way by his personal influence for the change of rulers. He was the leading member of the commission of 20 divines appointed in 1689 to examine and revise the liturgy. On the accession of William III. he received the office of dean of St. Paul's, and in 1691 was made archbishop of Canterbury. His only legacy to his widow was his collection of manuscript sermons, for the copyright of which she received 2,500 guineas. They are rather moral essays than doctrinal sermons, and deal with ordinary duties and interests more than with the high themes of religious discourse. Their peculiar merits are clearness and moderation, both in statement and argument, and liberality of tone. Indeed, universal indignation and horror. He met Gustavus at Breitenfeld, near Leipsic, Sept. 7, 1631, was terribly defeated, losing 7,000 killed and 5,000 prisoners, and fled with the miserable remains of his army. "The old corporal," as the king of Sweden called him on account of his being a strict disciplinarian, the man who had never before been conquered, lost his prestige, and soon after his life, dying of a wound received while attempting to oppose the passage of Gustavus across the Lech, April 10, 1632. TILSIT, a town of Prussia, in the province of East Prussia and government of Gumbinnen, situated on the left bank of the lower Niemen or Memel at its junction with the Tilse, 60 m. N. E. from Königsberg; pop. in 1858, 13,748. The Memel is crossed by a bridge of boats 1,150 feet long; and the town consists of one principal long wide street lined with good houses. It has a castle erected in 1537, several churches, a gymnasium, infirmary, workhouse, hospital, schools, and numerous charitable institutions. The manufactures include woollen goods, leather, hardware, and arms. The river is navigable up to the town. Napoleon met the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia upon a raft moored in the centre of the river, a little below the town, June 25, 1807, and the three there signed the treaty of Tilsit. TIMANTHES, a Greek painter, born probably in Cynthus, flourished about 400 B. C. He was a contemporary of Zeuxis and Parrhasius, and one of the most celebrated artists of antiquity. Only 5 pictures by him are mentioned by ancient authors. Of these, 2 gained prizes in competition with Parrhasius and Colotes; and one of them, representing the sacrifice of Iphigenia, has been perhaps the subject of more criticism than any other ancient work of art. The representation of Agamemnon concealing his face in his mantle, though highly lauded by the ancients as a method of expressing grief, has been objected to by several modern writers, including Sir Joshua Reynolds, as a "trick" of the painter. Fuseli, however, ably vindicates Timanthes in hiding the face of Agamemnon, "not because it was beyond the possibility, but because it was beyond the dignity of expression." TIMBER. See WOOD. TIMBS, JOHN, an English author, born in London, Aug. 17, 1801. In 1827 he became the editor of the "Mirror," a low-priced weekly journal, which was remarkable as one of the first attempts to found the now popular cheap press; but he is chiefly known by his historic compilations. He published in 1855 a volume entitled "Curiosities of London," a compendium of antiquarian and local information respecting the English_capital. This was followed by "Things Not Generally Known," a series in 5 volumes; "School Days of Eminent Men;" "Stories of Inventors and Discoverers, and Anecdote Biography" (4 vols.). He has edited the "Arcana of Science" and the "Year Book of Facts in Science and Art" (1839 et seq.), and was also for many years sub-editor of the "Illustrated London News," but withdrew from that journal in the beginning of 1858. TIMBUCTOO, or TOMBUCтOO, a town of central Africa, on the borders of the Sahara, about 9 m. from the river Niger or Quorra, in lat. 18° 4' N., long. 1° 45′ W.; pop. about 13,000, greatly increased during the season of trade, from November to January. It is surrounded by a clay wall, about 3 m. in extent, built in the shape of a triangle. The houses are closely packed together, and mostly built of clay and stone; some of them are two stories high, and show considerable taste in their decoration. The port of Timbuctoo is at Kabra on the Niger, which has a vast artificial basin, and is accessible for only 4 or 5 months in the year; but the most valuable traffic is by caravans, for which Timbuctoo is the central station of N. Africa. Gold dust is the great article of trade, but many native products and foreign manufactures are also found here. The merchants of Timbuctoo are generally only agents of those at Mogadore, Morocco, Fez, &c.; and this, with the incessant conflicts of race and religion, prevents the accumulation of wealth here. It has a mixed population of indigenous negroes, Tuariks, Bambaras, Mandingos, Arabs, and Foolahs, the governing race. Its origin dates from the 12th century, but it was long known in Europe only by reports of native travellers, until it was first reached by Major Laing in 1826, and furtively visited by Caillié in 1828. In 1853 Dr. Barth resided there nearly a year, and has given full details upon it. TIMOLEON, a Corinthian general, liberator of Syracuse, born about 394 B. C., died in 337. He belonged to one of the noblest families of Corinth, and from early youth was distinguished for his hatred of tyranny and his courage. His elder brother, Timophanes, was an energetic and ambitious man, and occupied a high station in the military service of the Corinthians; and in a battle against the Argives and Cleoneans, while holding the command of the cavalry, he was thrown from his horse, and would have been killed but for the devotion of Timoleon. The Corinthians afterward equipped a standing force of 400 mercenaries, placed them in the citadel as a garrison, and gave the command to Timophanes, who immediately took the supreme power into his own hands, and perpetrated various acts of cruelty. Timoleon remonstrated with his brother to no purpose. A second time he went to the acropolis attended by some friends, and when he found his pleading of no effect, his companions with his concurrence slew Timophanes. The people of Corinth, thus unexpectedly freed from an odious tyranny, were divided between admiration for the patriotism and horror at the fratricide; but the former feeling was largely preponderant. His mother, however, cursed her son, and in spite of his earnest entreaties refused to see him again. The life of Timoleon was now embittered by the imprecations of his mother and the reproaches of the minority, and it was only through the appeals of his friends that he was prevented from executing his design of starving himself to death. Twenty years passed by, according to Plutarch, and he refused to bear any important office in the Corinthian service. In 344 Syracusan envoys reached Corinth asking for aid for Sicily, which since the death of Dion had been rent by internal dissensions, and was now in addition threatened with subjection to Carthaginian rule. The assistance solicited was granted, but no leader could be found to undertake the apparently hopeless task; and while the archons doubted whom to choose, an unknown voice in the crowd called out the name of Timoleon. He accepted the command, and immediately set about preparing for the expedition; but his means were limited, and at last he set sail with only 10 triremes, having on board 1,000 men, chiefly mercenaries. In the mean time Hicetas, tyrant of Leontini, one of those who had sent to Corinth for aid, had formed an alliance with the Carthaginians against Dionysius the Younger, and endeavored to prevent Timoleon's entry into Sicily. But the latter eluded him and the Carthaginian ships by a stratagem, landed at Tauromenium, and was hospitably received by Andromachus. The first opportunity for active operations came from the town of Adranum, 40 miles distant, which was divided into two parties, one of which sent for aid to himself and the other to Hicetas. The latter was nearer, and reached the city with 5,000 men; but his force was suddenly attacked and put to flight by the troops of Timoleon, who had made a rapid march by the shortest but most rugged route. The victory enabled him to form an alliance with several of the cities of Sicily, and with reënforcements to march his army under the very walls of Syracuse, of all which Hicetas had control except the island of Ortygia, in which Dionysius lay encamped, and blockaded by the Carthaginian fleet. Dionysius at once gave up to Timoleon the island, with its garrison, arms, and magazines, and sailed for Corinth. There the news of the great success of Timoleon excited the highest enthusiasm; 2,000 hoplites and 200 horsemen were instantly voted and equipped, but were for some time prevented from reaching Sicily by a Carthaginian squadron. In the mean while the Corinthian leader retired to Adranum, while Hicetas, with a fleet of 150 Carthaginian triremes and a land force of 60,000 men, prosecuted the attack on Ortygia. But as supplies stole in from Catana to the relief of the garrison, it was determined to employ a part of the besieging force in the reduction of that place. While they were gone, Neon, the commander of Ortygia, attacked the blockading force, and gained possession of the section of the city called Achradina, which he joined to Ortygia and fortified. The force that had gone forth to attack Catana returned immediately, while Timoleon at the head of 4,000 men marched from Adranum. Mago, the Carthaginian commander, now began to distrust Hicetas, and soon sailed away with his whole fleet and all his troops; and the portion of the city held by Hicetas was taken without the loss of a single man. Timoleon was now complete master of Syracuse, and could easily have made himself tyrant; but he at once called together the inhabitants for the purpose of demolishing the strongholds and fortifications erected by former rulers, and upon their site built courts of judicature. The city had been so deserted and impoverished by civil and foreign wars, that, according to the statement of Plutarch, the market place served as a pasture for horses. A democratic constitution, based upon that of Diocles, subverted 70 years previously by Dionysius the Elder, was established, and 60,000 immigrants and restored exiles came to repeople the deserted town. But the Carthaginians, indignant at the return of Mago, prepared for another invasion; and an army of 70,000 men, led by Hasdrubal and Hamilcar, landed in 339 at Lilybæum. Among them was a body of 10,000 native infantry, one fourth of which constituted the sacred band. The inhabitants were panic-struck, and it was with difficulty that Timoleon could assemble 12,000 men for resistance. Even with this small force he determined to attack the enemy on their own ground, and accordingly set out for the western portion of the island. He reached an eminence overlooking the Crimissus just as the Carthaginians were crossing that stream, and, befriended by a violent storm which pelted the enemy directly in the face, completely routed them. The slaughter of the Carthaginians was terrible, their camp, their baggage, and immense plunder falling into the hands of the conquerors. After this victory he returned to Syracuse with a portion of his troops, and prepared to overthrow Hicetas and Mamercus, tyrants of Leontini and Catana, the latter of whom was also allied with the invaders. Carthage despatched to their assistance a body of Greek mercenaries under Gisco, and the troops of Timoleon suffered several partial defeats, though not while under his personal command. Hicetas invaded the territory of Syracuse; but on his return he was attacked and utterly defeated, Leontini was captured, and the tyrant with his son and the leader of his forces were taken and put to death. His wife and daughters were carried to Syracuse, and were there sacrificed by the inhabitants for the previous crime of Hicetas in putting to death the female relatives of Dion. Although Timoleon was not directly responsible for this judicial murder, his sanction of it is the greatest stain upon his conduct. He now turned his arms against Mamercus, whom he defeated near the river Abolus; and the loss of the Carthaginian auxiliaries was so serious that Carthage concluded a separate peace, and Mamercus fled to Messana, which was besieged and taken. Mamercus gave himself up, and was tried by the Syracusan people, and executed. In this work of dethroning tyrants Timoleon proceeded until there were none left in the Grecian portion of Sicily. He now laid down his command both civil and military, and became a private citizen of Syracuse, the inhabitants of that city voting him a house and a landed property, where he resided, bringing his wife and family from Corinth. Yet, though he had given up his power, his character and moral ascendency were so great that he exercised all the functions of a real ruler throughout Grecian Sicily. Cities were repeopled, constitutions were modified, and public decisions were made in accordance with his advice. This was more especially the case in Syracuse, where he never interfered in political matters except in times of serious difficulty, and where his counsel was usually followed without discussion. Toward the close of his life he became totally blind. His funeral ceremonies were celebrated with great magnificence, and as his body was about to be burned the herald Demetrius made the following announcement: "The Syracusan people solemnize, at the cost of 200 minæ, the funeral of this man, the Corinthian Timoleon, son of Timodemus. They have passed a vote to honor him for all future time with festival matches in music, horse and chariot races, and gymnastics, because, after having put down the despots, subdued the foreign enemy, and recolonized the greatest among the ruined cities, he restored to the Sicilian Greeks their constitution and laws." Timoleon is one of the noblest characters in ancient history, and the interval of freedom which Sicily enjoyed from his arrival to the usurpation of Agathocles was due solely to his efforts. His life was written by Nepos and Plutarch. TIMON, called THE MISANTHROPE, an Athenian who lived in the latter part of the 5th century B. C. In consequence of ingratitude experienced from those he had benefited, and of disappointments in friendship, he secluded himself from the world, and, except Alcibiades, admitted no one to his society. He is said to have died from a broken limb which he refused to suffer a surgeon to set. He is the subject of Shakespeare's "Timon of Athens." TIMOR, or TIMUR, an island situated near the S. E. part of the Indian archipelago, extending in a N. E. and S. W. direction about 300 m., with a breadth varying from 40 to 60 m.; lat. of S. end, 10° 24′ S., long. 123° 32′ E.; area estimated at 12,200 sq. m.; pop. about 200,000. The native chiefs on the W. and S. coasts acknowledge the supremacy of the Dutch, who have their chief settlement at Coepang; while those on the E. and N. pay tribute to the Portuguese, who have established themselves at Delli. The coasts are not much indented by bays, but the harbors of Coepang and Delli are safe and commodious. The shores are lined in many places by rocks and sand banks; and several islets intervene between Timor and the island of Flores to the W. and New Guinea to the E., which are respectively distant 100 and 440 m. The island is traversed throughout its length by a mountain chain, which attains a height in the north of about 6,000 feet. Numerous offsets extend to the coasts on both sides, so that the surface is almost entirely occupied by mountains separated from each other by narrow valleys; but there are considerable tracts of level ground near the head of Coepang bay, one of which is about 10 m. square. The rivers are all short mountain torrents; many of them become dry in summer, and the water of all is unwholesome. Traces of volcanic origin are apparent in several places, and the island is subject to frequent earthquakes, the most destructive of which on record took place in 1794, when the church and other buildings at Coepang were thrown down. The mountains are generally bare and rocky, but in places there are forests of considerable extent. Gold, copper, and iron have been found in small quantities. In many places the land is barren, and the vegetation differs considerably from that of the western islands of the archipelago, but partakes very much of the character of that of N. Australia. The palms are few in number, and many of the rich fruits of the western islands are not found here. animals found on the N. W. side of the central range of mountains resemble those on the western islands of the archipelago, but those on the opposite side are strongly allied to the fauna of Australia. The domestic animals have all been introduced, but with the exception of the horse and buffalo none of them are very numerous. Fish are plentiful on the coasts; pearl oysters are found in some places, and a kind of coral much prized by the Japanese is procured on the reefs. The people live chiefly by hunting. The women weave cloth, and the only manufactures which the men engage in are the construction of canoes and ornaments for their horses. The inhabitants are of low stature, with very dark complexions and bushy hair. A considerable trade is carried on, principally from Coepang, and is chiefly in the hands of the Chinese. Timor appears to have been well known to the Malays and Javanese, who traded to it, long before the arrival of the Portuguese in the eastern seas. The TIMOTHEUS, an Athenian general, died in Chalcis 354 B. C. He was the son of the general Conon, and first comes into public notice in 378 B. C., when, along with Iphicrates and Callistratus, he was made general of the fleet which was engaged in bringing over the islands and maritime cities to the Athenian confederacy, in which undertaking he was especially successful. In 375 he was sent with a fleet of 60 triremes to move about the Peloponnesus and alarm the coasts of Laconia, and by the justness of his dealings and the fairness of his professions gained over numerous allies to the Athenian cause. Near Alyzia he was attacked by a Spartan fleet, which he defeated. The next year, peace being made be tween Athens and Sparta, he was recalled; but in consequence of his stopping on his way home at Zacynthus and forcibly restoring some democratic exiles, war was again declared. In 373 he was appointed commander of a fleet to be sent to the relief of Corcyra, but in order to obtain seamen and funds was obliged to make a preliminary cruise among the insular allies, remaining absent so long as to endanger the loss of Corcyra. His appointment was consequently cancelled, and an accusation was entered against him, which was tried in November at Athens, Alcetas, tyrant of the Molossians, and Jason, king of Phere, appearing as witnesses in his favor. He was acquitted, and in the spring of 372 accepted the command of the Greek mercenaries serving under Artaxerxes II. of Persia against Nectanebus I. in Egypt. Soon after returning from this war, he was sent by the Athenians with an armament to the coast of Asia Minor to assist Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia; but finding that the latter was in revolt against Artaxerxes, he refused him direct aid in accordance with his instructions, but turned his force against the island of Samos, of which he became master after a siege of 10 or 11 months. In return for this conquest, which really shook the authority of Artaxerxes and aided the revolt of Ariobarzanes, the latter made over to him Sestus and Crithote, which secured to the Athenians a partial control of the Hellespont and the occupation of a large surrounding territory. Timotheus was then appointed in place of Iphicrates to an extensive command, including Macedonia, Thrace, and the Chersonese. With the aid of Macedonia he reduced Torone, Potidæa, Pydna, Methone, and various other cities belonging to the Olynthian confederacy, but was unsuccessful in the attack upon Amphipolis. In 363-362 he proceeded against Cotys, king of Thrace, and to the defence of the Athenian possessions in the Chersonese, in which he is said to have been successful, notwithstanding the appearance of a Theban fleet under Epaminondas; but for some reason not now known he retired from his command. In 358 the cities of Euboea sent messages to Athens entreating aid against the Thebans, who had despatched a large force into the island. Through the energy of Timotheus, within 5 days an Athenian fleet and army under his command was in Euboea, and in the course of 30 days the Thebans were forced to evacuate the island under capitulation. In 356, the second year of the social war, Chares, Iphicrates and his son Menestheus, and Timotheus were appointed to the joint command of an Athenian fleet, which first directed its attention to the reduction of Byzantium, whereupon the fleet of the Chians and their allies raised the siege of Samos and sailed to the Hellespont. The Athenian commanders agreed upon a common plan of action, when a sudden storm arose, which in the judgment of Iphicrates and Timotheus rendered it unadvisable to begin a bat tle. Chares thought differently, and calling upon the men to follow him rushed into the fight without his colleagues and was driven back. Hereupon he wrote to Athens accusing his colleagues of corruption and backwardness in not supporting him. A trial of accountability was afterward held at Athens, in which Iphicrates and Timotheus were charged with having received bribes from the Chians and Rhodians, and with betraying their trust by deserting Chares at a moment when success might have been gained. The former was acquitted, but the latter was found guilty and condemned to pay a fine of 100 talents, although it is not known what caused the difference in the sentences. The fine was the largest ever imposed at Athens, and Timotheus after the trial retired to Chalcis in Euboea. After his death his son Conon was permitted to compromise the fine by paying 10 talents for repairing the walls of the city. Isocrates, the friend of Timotheus, says that the result of this trial was due to the great unpopularity of the latter in Athens. In the foreign service he had been scrupulously just in his dealings, but his haughtiness had made him extremely unpopular among the political leaders at home. His life was written by Cornelius Nepos. TIMOTHY (Gr. Tipoteos, "honored of God"), a disciple of Paul, and his companion in travel and in preaching. He was a native of Derbe or Lystra, and the son of a Greek and a Jewess. To prevent the cavils of the Jews, Paul circumcised him. He was regularly set apart to the office of the ministry by the laying on of the hands of Paul and the presbytery. He journeyed, partly in company with Paul and partly commissioned by him, through Macedonia and Achaia; later he was sent by Paul to Ephesus, whence he accompanied the apostle to Jerusalem, and probably to Rome. In the epistles of Paul written during his captivity at Rome, Timothy is mentioned as being with the apostle. According to ecclesiastical tradition, Timothy was the first bishop of Ephesus, and suffered martyrdom under Domitian. TIMOTHY, EPISTLES TO, two canonical books of the New Testament, addressed by the apostle Paul to his disciple Timothy. They are mentioned by Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, but are not contained in the collection of Marcion. In modern times, Schleiermacher attacked the authenticity of the first epistle, and after him the authenticity of either the first or both epistles has been doubted by Baur, Reuterdahl (now archbishop of Lund), Meyer, De Wette, Ewald, Credner, and others; against whom it has been defended by Hug, Guericke, Thiersch, Wieseler, Reuss, and others. The first epistle is supposed to have been written about the year 65, and contains instructions respecting the qualifications of various officers in the church, and strong exhortations to fidelity. Purity of conduct and improvement of his spiritual gifts are urged upon |