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ed to grazing than tillage. The productions in 1850 were 141,896 bushels of wheat, 147,140 of Indian corn, 300,017 of oats, 158,289 of potatoes, 37,614 tons of hay, 724,281 lbs. of butter, and 202,851 of maple sugar. There were 18 grist mills, 102 saw mills, 2 iron founderies, a furnace, 3 woollen factories, 12 tanneries, 22 churches, 4 newspapers, and in 1860, 9,438 pupils attending public schools. Iron ore is found, and bituminous coal is abundant, of which large quantities are transported to Buffalo, N. Y., by the Corning and Blossburg railroad. Capital, Wellsborough.

TIPPAH, a N. co. of Miss., bordering on Tenn., drained by the Hatchie, Wolf, and Tallahatchie rivers and Tippah creek; area, 1,050 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 22,550, of whom 6,331 were slaves. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 865,131 bushels of Indian corn, 83,440 of oats, 125,675 of sweet potatoes, and 12,098 bales of cotton. There were 30 churches, and 202 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Ripley. TIPPECANOE, a river of Indiana, which rises in a lake of the same name in Kosciusko co., and flows in a general S. W. direction into the Wabash river 9 m. above Lafayette, Tippecanoe co. Its length is about 200 m. It is famous for the battle fought on its banks, Nov. 5, 1811, in which the Americans under Gen. Harrison defeated the Indians under Tecumseh's brother the prophet.

TIPPECANOE, a W. co. of Indiana, intersected by the Wabash river, and drained by the Tippecanoe river and several creeks; area, 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 25,765. The surface is generally level, and the soil a rich black loam. The productions in 1850 were 1,833,311 bushels of Indian corn, 68,259 of wheat, 95,038 of oats, and 6,871 tons of hay. There were 32 churches, 5 newspapers, and 2,042 pupils at tending public schools. It is intersected by the Toledo and Wabash, the New Albany and Salem, and the Lafayette and Indianapolis railroads, and by the Wabash and Erie canal. Capital, Lafayette.

TIPPERARY, a county in the province of Munster, Ireland, bounded by the counties of Galway, King's, Queen's, Kilkenny, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Clare; area, 1,659 sq. m.; pop. in 1861, 247,496. The chief towns are Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir, Nenagh, and Tipperary, the capital. In the N. part a range of mountains extends completely across from the Shannon to King's county, and there are several groups in other parts of the county, the highest of which does not exceed 3,000 feet above the sea. The principal rivers are the Shannon, which flows along the W. boundary, and the Suir on the S. With the exception of the portion of Lough Derg which is in Tipperary, all the other lakes are small. The soil of the level country is a rich loam of great fertility. There are large numbers of horned cattle in Tipperary, and butter is extensively made and exported. Coal, copper, and lead are found;

and slates are extensively worked. The county returns two members to parliament. TIPPOO SULTAN, or TIPPO0 SAHIB, the last independent sovereign of Mysore, born in 1749, killed at Seringapatam, May 4, 1799. The son of Hyder Ali, he was first known by the appellation of Feth Ali Khan, was carefully educated, distinguished himself by great personal bravery and military ability as a commander in the war against the English, and succeeded his father, Dec. 7, 1782. He at once gave a new impulse to the war, took Bednore and other cities, and concluded a peace, March 11, 1784, on advantageous terms to himself. He now assumed the title of sultan, and even the superior one of padishah, although he was but a nabob or lieutenant of the Great Mogul, Shah Allum; and his court, in point of magnificence and splendor, outshone that of any other oriental prince. He meanwhile unsuccessfully courted an alliance with France, 1787-'8, and subdued the Nairs of Malabar, carrying off from that province, it is said, 70,000 Christians, and forcing 100,000 Hindoos to become Mohammedans. Under a flimsy pretext, in April, 1790, he broke the treaty with the English by invading the territory of their ally, the rajah of Travancore. The English in turn invaded Mysore, took several of his strongholds, were joined by the Mahrattas and the subahdar of the Deccan, and, under Cornwallis and Abercromby, besieged him in Seringapatam, his capital. He was now forced to sue for peace, which was concluded, Feb. 24, 1792, Tippoo agreeing to pay within a year 33,000,000 rupees, to give up to the allies nearly half of his dominions, and to deliver two of his sons as hostages. Burning with a desire for revenge, he tried to arouse several Indian princes against his conquerors, entered into secret negotiations with the French governor of Mauritius, and even sent ambassadors to Gen. Bonaparte, who had landed in Egypt, meanwhile increasing the number and efficiency of his troops, enlisting foreign officers, and making every preparation for a renewal of hostilities. The marquis of Wellesley, then governor-general of India, discovering his intrigues and ultimate designs, ordered him to dismiss his French auxiliaries and desist from arming his subjects, and on his refusal gave orders for the invasion of Mysore, Feb. 3, 1799. Two English armies, under Gens. Stuart and Harris, advanced, and defeated the Mysoreans in two encounters, at Sidasir and Malaveli; and the sultan himself was obliged to take refuge in Seringapatam. That city was stormed by the army under Gen. Harris, and Tippoo himself was killed while fighting on the ramparts. The conquerors gave up a part of his dominions to their allies, assigned to his family the stronghold of Vellore in the presidency of Madras as their residence, with an annual income of 720,000 rupees, and nominally placed the government in the hands of a native prince, though it was actually vested in the British residents at Mysore.

TIPTON. I. A central co. of Ind., drained by Cicero and Buck creeks; area, 280 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 8,171. The surface is level and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 151,961 bushels of Indian corn, 8,487 of wheat, 7,715 of oats, and 913 tons of hay. There were 9 or 10 churches, and 264 pupils attending public schools. It is intersected by the Peru and Indianapolis railroad. Capital, Tipton. II. A W. co. of Tenn., bordering on the Mississippi river, and bounded N. by the Hatchie; area, 370 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 10,704, of whom 5,288 were slaves. It has a level surface and fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 439,785 bushels of Indian corn, 43,429 of potatoes, 6,611 bales of cotton, and 84,756 lbs. of butter, There were 11 churches, and 295 pupils attending public schools. Its S. E. corner is intersected by the Memphis and Ohio railroad. Capital, Covington.

TIRÁBOSCHI, GIROLAMO, an Italian literary historian, born in Bergamo, Dec. 28, 1731, died in Modena, June 3, 1794. He was educated in the Jesuit college of Monza, became a member of that order, and about 1766 was appointed professor of rhetoric in the university of Milan. In 1770 he was made librarian of the duke of Modena, and employed the facilities thus afforded him in preparing his great work, Storia della letteratura Italiana (13 vols., Modena, 1772'82; best edition, 16 vols., Milan, 1822-'6), which comprises the literary history of Italy from the earliest times down to the 17th century. As a reward for his labors he was made by the duke of Modena a knight and a member of his council in 1780. Tiraboschi was also the author of many other literary, historical, and biographical works.

TIRESIAS, the great soothsayer of Greek legendary history, born in Thebes. He was the son of Eueres and Chariclo, and was fabled to have lived through 9 generations of men, but was blind from his 7th year. His loss of sight was ascribed by one account to the fact that he disclosed to mortals what they should not know; by another, to his having seen Minerva bathing, who thereupon blinded him by sprinkling water upon his face. When Chariclo complained of the severity of the punishment, the goddess, unable to restore his sight, gave him a staff by which he could safely guide his steps, and the ability to comprehend the voice of birds and thus know futurity. In the mythic history of Greece Tiresias appears in events widely separated in time and place, and even in the lower world he was represented as still retaining his prophetic power. His oracle was at Orchomenus.

TIRYNS, one of the oldest cities of Greece, situated in Argolis, 2 m. from Nauplia. Its walls, which were popularly attributed to the Cyclops, are the finest existing specimens of the military architecture of the heroic age of Greece. Pausanias said that these were no less worthy of admiration than the pyramids of Egypt, and were constructed of stones so

large that a yoke of oxen could not stir the least of them, the spaces between them being filled up with smaller stones. The ruins at present occupy the lowest hill of several which rise out of the plain, and the entire circuit of the walls enclosing the citadel is still preserved to some extent, being from 20 to 25 feet wide and } of a mile in circumference. On the E. side of the hill are two towers, and the S. E. part of the wall has a remarkable covered gallery 36 feet in length and 5 feet in breadth. The origin of Tiryns belongs to the mythical period, and in 468 B. C. it was entirely destroyed by the Argives, so that no trace of the city now remains except the fortifications. It is now called Tirynthus. It was famed in Greek legendary history as the birthplace, according to some accounts, of Hercules, and the royal seat of Perseus.

TISCHBEIN, JOHANN HEINRICH, a German painter, born at Haina, near Frankenberg, Oct. 3, 1722, died in Cassel, Aug. 22, 1789. Having studied several years under Vanloo in Paris, and subsequently practised his art in Italy, he settled in 1752 at Cassel. He was highly esteemed as a painter of history and mythology. His works are numerous in Germany.-JoHANN HEINRICH WILHELM, a German painter, nephew of the preceding, born at Haina, Feb. 15, 1751, died at Eutin, Oldenburg, July 26, 1829. After gaining some local reputation as a painter of history and landscape, he went in 1781 to Italy, resided 6 years in Rome, and then settled in Naples, where he was appointed director of the academy and rose to the head of his profession. At the breaking out of the Neapolitan revolution in 1799 he returned to Germany. He painted mythological subjects, and excelled in drawing animals; but he is chiefly known at the present day by three elaborate illustrated works: Têtes des differents animaux dessinées d'après nature (2 vols. fol., Naples, 1796); "A Collection of Ancient Vases, &c., in the possession of Sir William Hamilton" (4 vols. fol., Naples, 1790), the plates of which, 214 in number, were engraved from Tischbein's designs; and "Illustrations of Homer from Antiques, with Explanations by Heyne" (fol., Göttingen, 1801-4).

TISCHENDORF, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN, a German theologian, born at Lengenfeld, Saxony, Jan. 18, 1815. He studied philosophy and theology at the university of Leipsic from 1884 to 1838, and in 1840 was aided by the government of Saxony in making a literary journey through England, France, and Holland, for the purpose of collating the ancient manuscripts of the original text of the Greek Testament, with a view to preparing a thoroughly revised critical edition. In 1843 and 1844 he visited Switzerland, southern France, Italy, Malta, Egypt, Libya, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, and Greece, and on his return thoroughly searched the libraries of Vienna and Munich. An important result of this journey (which he described in the work

Reise in den Orient, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1845-'6), beside the information obtained on the libraries of the eastern countries, was a large and most valuable collection of ancient Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Arabic, Georgian, Ethiopian, and Druse manuscripts. A facsimile of a Greek manuscript of the Old Testament, which Tischendorf considered the most ancient manuscript on parchment in Europe, was published at Leipsic in 1846. In 1845 Tischendorf was appointed extraordinary, and in 1850 ordinary professor of theology at Leipsic. In 1849 he made another journey through France and England, and in 1853 in the East, visiting especially Egypt and Mount Sinai, and bringing home another collection of valuable Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Caraitic manuscripts. Beside that above mentioned, he has published a number of old Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, as Codex Ephraemi (Leipsic, 1843 and 1845); Monumenta Sacra Inedita (1846); Evangelium Palatinum Ineditum (1847); Codex Amiatianus (1850 and 1854); Codex Claromontanus (1852); and Fragmenta Sacra Palimpsesta (1854); and also several editions of the Greek Testament, embodying the results of his critical researches. His critical edition of the Septuagint was published in 1850. He has also devoted much attention to the literature of the Apocrypha, and published extensively on that subject. In 1858 and 1859 he made another literary journey in the East at the expense of the Russian government, and in the convent of St. Catharine at Mount Sinai found a manuscript on vellum, containing, beside many parts of the Old Testament, the Epistle to Barnabas, and the Pastor of Hermas, the entire New Testament, being among all the manuscripts of the New Testament extant from the 4th to the 9th century the only complete one. Tischendorf considers this newly found manuscript, which he calls Codex Sinaiticus, more important than any other heretofore known. Its publication has been announced for 1862.

TISHEMINGO, a N. E. co. of Miss., bordering on Tenn. and Ala., bounded N. E. by the Tennessee river, and drained by the Tuscumbia and affluents of the Tennessee and Tombigbee rivers; area, 1,400 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 24,149, of whom 4,981 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 526,769 bushels of Indian corn, 50,704 of oats, 78,990 of sweet potatoes, and 3,945 bales of cotton. There were 47 churches, 2 newspapers, and 490 pupils attending public schools. It is traversed by the Mobile and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. Capital, Jacinto.

TISSAPHERNES, a Persian statesman and general, killed in Colossæ, Phrygia, in 395 B. C. He first appears in history as sent by Darius Nothus in 414 to quell the revolt of Pissuthnes, satrap of Lower Asia, and in pursuance of this object made a treaty with the Spartans, who assisted him in the capture of Amorges, the son of Pissuthnes. The alliances made by

the Greeks with the treacherous Persian were never of long duration, as he managed his power so as not to render either Athens or Sparta completely triumphant, and thus made himself an object of suspicion and dislike to both parties. In 407 Cyrus the Younger was appointed viceroy of the maritime region of Asia Minor. A mutual hostility soon sprang up between the prince and the satrap, and after the death of Darius the latter accused the former of aspiring to the throne of his brother Artaxerxes. Involved in constant disputes and wars with the prince, he was the first to reveal to the king the news of Cyrus's intended expedition, and at the battle of Cunaxa in 401 was one of the 4 generals who commanded the Persian army. He gained possession, by treachery, of the persons of the 5 generals commanding the Greek mercenaries of Cyrus, put them to death, and during the famous retreat of the 10,000 under Xenophon continually harassed them on their march as far as the Carduchian mountains. For his services Tissaphernes, in addition to his own satrapy, was made governor of the provinces ruled by Cyrus, and in this position carried on a war with the Spartan generals Thimbron, Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus, by the last of whom he was outmanœuvred and badly beaten. Complaints against the timid and treacherous satrap were now sent to the Persian court, and these were supported by the influence of Parysatis, the queen mother, who wished to revenge the death of her favorite son Cyrus; and Tithraustes was accordingly sent down to put Tissaphernes to death. The disgraced satrap was surprised in the bath, slain, and his head sent to Artaxerxes.

TISSOT, SIMON ANDRÉ, a Swiss physician, born in the canton of Vaud in 1728, died near Lausanne, June 15, 1797. He was educated at the universities of Geneva and Montpellier, and about 1750 established himself in Lausanne, where he rapidly rose to great eminence as a practitioner and professor in the university. Having declined various flattering offers from foreign courts and universities, he in 1780 accepted the professorship of clinical medicine in the university of Pavia, tendered to him by the emperor Joseph II.; and during his residence there the students, in consequence of his successful treatment of an epidemic bilious fever, caused a marble inscription, commencing with the words Immortali Præceptori, to be placed under the portico of the school. In 1783 he returned to Switzerland. His works, of which a complete edition was published by J. N. Hallé (11 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1811), comprise Avis au peuple sur la santé (12mo., Lausanne, 1761), which has been translated into every European language and frequently reprinted; De Valetudine Literatorum (1766), also frequently reprinted; Essai sur les maladies des gens du monde (Nuremberg, 1770); Traité des nerfs et de leurs maladies (4 vols., Lausanne, 1778), and numerous other treatises. He also edited Morgagni's works, with a memoir.

TITANIUM, a metal first detected in 1791 by Gregor in titanic iron, and found by Klaproth in 1794 in rutile, and named by him from the Titans. Dr. Wollaston in 1822 recognized it in the form of minute copper-colored cubical crystals found in the slags of the iron smelting furnaces at Merthyr Tydvil in South Wales, and these, often met with since that time in iron slags, have been until recently regarded as pure titanium, but are now understood to be compounds of the metal with nitrogen and cyanogen. Berzelius was the first to separate this metal in a state of purity. He did this by decomposing a mixture of the fluorides of titanium and potassium by means of metallic potassium, and obtained the metal in a grayish powder. M. St. Clair Deville obtained it in forms resembling specular iron ore, crystallized in prisms with a square base. Its chemical equivalent is 25; symbol Ti. Three oxides of the metal are known, TiO, Ti, Os, and TiO2; the last of which, titanic acid, is the only one of interest. It occurs as a mineral in 3 forms: as rutile and anatase, which both crystallize in the dimetric system, though with different angles, and as brookite, crystallizing in the trimetric system. Rutile is generally a reddish brown mineral, sometimes yellowish or black, harder than feldspar, and of specific gravity 4.18 to 4.25. It occurs in many parts of Europe and America, the richest localities in the United States being in Chester and Lancaster cos., Penn. In Vermont and New Hampshire, as also in Brazil and Switzerland, it is found in long needles enclosed in masses of transparent quartz, making very curious and beautiful specimens, which are often used in jewelry. Anatase and brookite are comparatively rare minerals. In combination with oxide of iron, titanic acid forms the compound ilemnite or titaniferous iron, of which as an iron ore mention is made in the article IRON. This is met with in large masses in Maryland, northern New York, and Canada. At Bay St. Paul on the St. Lawrence are beds of it, from 100 to 300 feet long and 90 feet thick, the ore, according to Mr. T. S. Hunt, containing 48.60 per cent. of titanic acid combined with 37.06 of protoxide of iron, 10.42 of peroxide of iron, and 3.60 of magnesia.-The only useful application of titanium is to furnish a yellow color in porcelain painting, and to give the proper tint to artificial teeth. The American supply for these purposes is derived from Pennsylvania. TITANS AND TITANIDES, in Greek mythology, the sons and daughters of Uranus (Coelus) and Gæa (Terra). The names of the Titans were Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronos (Saturn); those of the Titanides, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys. According to the Hesiodic account, Uranus feared his offspring, and as fast as they were born confined them in the cavities of the earth; and Gæa, who could not make room for them, produced iron and endeavored to persuade them to free her and them

selves from this oppressive treatment. Cronos alone had the courage to undertake the deed, and, armed with a sickle made by his mother, emasculated his father, and thus secured liberty and power for himself and his brothers. Marrying his sister Rhea, he begat 3 sons and 3 daughters, but, having been told that he would be destroyed by one of his own children, swallowed them as soon as they were born. Rhea by the aid of Uranus and Gæa concealed Zeus (Jupiter), the youngest, in a cavern on Mt. Ida, giving to Cronos instead a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. When Zeus had grown up, he was enabled by stratagem to make his father vomit up the stone and the 5 children he had swallowed, and now determined to wrest the supreme power from the hands of Cronos and the Titans. Supplied by the Cyclops with thunder and lightning, and aided by the Centimanes, he carried on a war against the Titans for 10 years, himself and his allies occupying Olympus, while the opposing gods were encamped on Mt. Othrys. At length Zeus triumphed. The Titans, with the exception of Oceanus, were confined for ever in a subterranean dungeon, where a wall of brass was built about them by Poseidon (Neptune), and where they were guarded by the Centimanes.-The name of Titans was also given to those beings who were their descendants, such as Prometheus, Hecate, and others.

TITHES, a tax of one tenth of the increase of crops, stock, and avails of personal industry, formerly and still in some countries levied for the support of the officers of religion, religious worship, or the assistance of the poor. This tax seems to have been of patriarchal origin (Gen. xiv. 20), and existed in many of the nations of antiquity. Under the Jewish theocracy the tenth part of the increase of the property of the Jews was accorded to the Levites, as a substitute for the landed inheritance they forfeited by their consecration to the temple worship, and also as a compensation for their services. Other tithes were also prescribed for the sacrifices of the temple, and at particular periods for the poor. (See TAXES.) The early Christian church adopted voluntarily the custom of consecrating to religious purposes the tenth of the income; and it was not till after the church wielded the temporal power that tithes were the subject of legal enactment. It was during the dark ages extended over the greater part of Catholic Europe. In France, Charlemagne established them by decree in the 8th century. In England the first law in relation to them is believed to have been that of Offa, king of Mercia, who brought the civil power to the aid of the clergy in collecting their tithes. This was subsequently extended over the whole of England by Ethelwulf. In the 9th century they were also made legally obligatory in Scotland, and not long after in Ireland. At first they were paid to whatever church the payer chose, but the decretal of Pope Innocent III. directed their

payment to the parsons of the respective parishes in which they arose. Tithes were by the ecclesiastical law divided into 3 kinds: "prædial," or such as arose immediately from the ground, like grain of all kinds, fruits, herbs, grasses, hops, wood, &c.; "mixed," natural products, but nurtured and preserved in part by the care of man, such as wool, milk, pigs, butter, cheese, &c.; and "personal," as of manual occupations, trades, fisheries, and the like. The first two kinds are payable in gross, but of the third class only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits is due. In France, Charlemagne divided the tithes into 4 parts, one to maintain the edifice of the church, another to support the poor, a third to maintain the bishop, and a fourth the parochial clergy. By the original law in England, all lands except those of the crown and of the church itself were tithable; but at the reformation many of the forfeited church lands when sold were specially exempted, and some were also exempted by composition and some by prescription. These partial exemptions only made the burden more galling to those who were compelled to pay; and as the tithes were a tax for the support of the clergy of the established church, it was particularly annoying to dissenters, and has been for the past 150 years a constant subject of complaint. Until the reign of William IV. the payment of tithes might be exacted in kind, but by the act of 6 and 7 William IV. c. 71, a board of commissioners was appointed for the purpose of converting them into a rent charge payable in money, but varying annually according to the average price of corn for the preceding 7 years. They have now been thus converted throughout the greater part of England, and their former amount somewhat reduced; but the amount raised from them still exceeds $10,000,000. In Ireland they have been compounded at their former estimated value. In France tithes were abolished at the revolution, and this example was followed afterward by the other continental states. The Greek church has recommended, but never legally enforced, the payment of tithes. In the United States tithes are only exacted by the Mormon hierarchy, and among them the system bears a close resemblance to that of the Jewish theocracy.

TITIAN (TIZIANO VERCELLI), an Italian painter, born in Cadore, Friuli, in 1477, died in Venice, Sept. 9, 1576. He displayed in infancy a remarkable predilection for painting, and is said to have made his first attempts at coloring with juices expressed from flowers. At 9 years of age he was placed under Sebastian Zuccati, a Venetian painter and worker in mosaic, whom he left to enter the school of the Bellini, in which he accquired the essential elements of his art, with somewhat of the antiquated manner of his masters. He also came probably under the influence of Albert Dürer, who visited Venice in 1494 and again in 1507, but was indebted chiefly to his friend and fellow pupil Giorgione for those ideas of art and color, re

flecting the cheerful enjoyment of life and its splendor, which thenceforth characterized the productions of the Venetian school. For a time the two young painters were bound to each other by the closest ties of friendship; and such was the overpowering influence of Giorgione's genius and personal character, that it was not until he had entered far into manhood that Titian can be said to have shown any decided originality. At Giorgione's death in 1511 the styles of the two artists were so closely assimilated that it was difficult to distinguish their productions, and hence it was a comparatively easy, as it was a natural task, for Titian to complete the unfinished works of his friend. A new era thenceforth commenced in his development. Perceiving that breadth of form produced breadth of color, he endeavored to see nature in a more ample light, and, instead of copying or imitating her tones, to generalize and elevate them in accordance with his own original conceptions. The result was a free and serene beauty of form and expression, and a representation of life realizing what Kugler calls "the glorification of earthly existence, and the liberation of art from the bonds of ecclesiastical dogmas." Left at the age of 35 without a rival worthy of competing with him, Titian immediately entered upon a career which for the uniform excellence of its productions, for celebrity and duration, has perhaps no parallel in the history of painting. Commissions from the wealthy Venetian nobility afforded him abundant employment at home, and for two years subsequent to 1514 he resided at the court of Duke Alfonso I. of Ferrara, for whom he painted three celebrated mythological pictures, the "Arrival of Bacchus in the Island of Naxos" and "A Sacrifice to the Goddess of Fertility," both of which are now in the gallery at Madrid; and the "Bacchus and Ariadne" in the British national gallery, which presents on a small scale an epitome of all the characteristic beauties of Titian in composition, color, and form. At Ferrara he also painted portraits of the duke's wife, the celebrated Lucrezia Borgia, and of Ariosto. In 1516 he was back in Venice, having resisted a pressing offer from Leo X. to visit Rome, where Raphael was then executing his grand series of frescoes in the Vatican, and one also from Francis I. of France; and for a number of years he was too fully occupied with the commissions of local patrons to find time to practise his art abroad. In 1530, however, he repaired to Bologna, where the emperor Charles V. and Pope Clement VII., each surrounded by a brilliant court, had met in conference; and through the influence of the cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, the pope's nephew, he was enabled to paint the portraits of both potentates. The emperor, whom he represented on horseback, with lance in rest, loaded him with honors and rewards; and after a brief residence in Mantua, where among other works he executed for Federico Gonzaga portraits of 11 of the 12 Cæsars, Titian returned

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