other species is the T. sessile (Linn.), with its leaves and flowers sessile, the petals dull purple varying to greenish, found from Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward. Its root has similar medicinal properties. Two or three species are particularly southern, and have rose-colored petals. The drooping trillium (T. cernuum, Linn.) has clustered stems, 2 or 3 together, broadly rhomboidal leaves, and small, acute, wavy, recurved, short, whitepetalled flowers, concealed by the curved peduncle beneath the leaves. Its distribution is very wide from New England southwardly. -A blue coloring matter can be procured by treating the juice of the ripe berries of the trillium with alum, and the general medicinal properties of the species are emetic.

TRILOBITE (Gr. rpets, three, and λoßos, lobe), the name of a group of fossil crustaceans, so called from the 3 lobes into which the body is divided; they form the palcade of Dalmann and the branchio-podaires of Milne-Edwards. They were once supposed to be mollusks with 3-lobed shells and a fleshy gasteropodous foot, but are now known to be articulates; they do not correspond exactly to any living group, but, according to Burmeister ("Organization of Trilobites," Ray society's publications, 4to., London, 1846), were a peculiar family of crustaceans, nearly allied to the existing phyllopoda (like apus and branchipus), and forming a connecting link between these and the pacilopoda (like argulus, caligus, and other parasites called fish lice); they come nearest to phyllopods, especially in the double large eyes, undeveloped antennæ, and soft membranous feet, and nearest of all to branchipus; a marked resemblance in the form of the limulus (king-crab, or common horseshoe of our coasts) is also observed to that of many species of trilobites. The general form of the animal is oval, divided into 3 well defined regions, the head or buckler, the thorax, and the abdomen or pygidium, the last 2 composed of semicircular plates or segments, varying in number, by whose movements the animal could roll itself into a ball like the common wood louse and pill bug (oniscus and armadillo). Each of these 3 divisions presents 3 lobes limited by 2 longitudinal depressions; the head is generally the largest and considerably the widest, varying from to the total length, semicircular, with a border often ornamented with granulations, depressions, and spines; the middle portion is the glabella, the grooves which mark its lateral limit corresponding, according to Barrande (Système silurien de Bohême, 4to., Paris, 1853), to the insertion of the jaws or first pair of feet; the different pieces are united by distinct sutures, which are important zoological characters. Eyes were denied to some genera, conocephalites being the only one in the primordial fauna in which these organs are certainly known to have been present; some had eyes when young, but lost them when old; others had 2 well formed, compound, facetted,

prominent eyes, which are often perfectly preserved in the fossil state; they are sometimes larger than half the length of the head, the greatest diameter being almost always the longitudinal; they had no simple eyes. Traces of a mouth have been distinguished in a few; no traces of antennæ have been found, and they were probably short and feebly developed. The number of the thoracic segments varies in different genera, and at different stages of growth, but is constant in adults of the same species; the terminal portions on the sides are the pleura, and are curved backward and sometimes very long; no traces of feet have been discovered, but they were doubtless soft, membranous, and leaf-shaped, as in phyllopoda. The pygidium was made up of segments like those of the thorax, but consolidated to form a posterior buckler; it was usually semicircular, less long than wide, developed inversely to the thorax, and the largest in the more recent genera. The shell had a thinner horny membrane covering it, becoming more delicate toward the median line; between the two is found in the fossils a stony layer measuring their distance from each other; the lower surface was soft and membranous; the skin was undoubtedly cast as in other articulates, and Wahlenberg has suggested that some supposed new species may have been founded on their cast shells. They have been divided into 3 families, according to the nature of their cov ering: 1, eurypterida, without shell, including the single genus eurypterus (De Kay); 2, cytherinida, with bivalve, bean-shaped shell, including the single genus cytherina (Lam.); and 3, trilobite, with a shell having as many rings as there are joints to the body, containing many genera and species, and divided into 2 large groups, one with the power of rolling into a ball, like ogygia (Brongn.), and the other with no such power, as in calymene (Brongn.); the first are found chiefly in limestone strata, and are less ancient than the second, which occur principally in the lowest silurian rocks. According to Burmeister, the trilobites moved only by swimming, just below the surface of the water, with the back downward, rolling into a ball when danger threatened from above, and did not creep upon the bottom; they lived in shallow water, near the coast, associating in immense numbers, chiefly of the same species; while only 6 or 8 species occur in a given stratum, the number of individuals was very great; their food consisted of small aquatic animals and their spawn; they underwent progressive metamorphoses, and varied considerably according to age; their metamorphoses are given at length by Barrande, who makes 4 distinct types, according to the serial development of the different parts.-Trilobites are the oldest of the articulata, and among the first created animals on this planet; though none are now living, during the palæozoic period they were very abundant, and almost the only representatives of their class.

They have been most studied in Bohemia, and by M. Barrande. There are none found above the carboniferous rocks, and only one genus (Phillipsia), according to Pictet, in that; Barrande's primordial fauna, or the lower silurian, has one genus but no species passing to his second fauna or middle silurian, and this has many genera but no species common to it and the third fauna or upper silurian, which in turn has several genera passing to the devonian fauna-the whole series affording remarkable proofs of the limitations of fauna in time; their distribution in space was also very circumscribed, probably on account of their feeble locomotive powers. In America several trilobites, especially paradorides and its allied genera, have been met with in slates formerly classed among the metamorphic rocks, as the P. Harlani (Green), found in Braintree, Mass., in 1856, by Prof. W. B. Rogers, and this and other trilobites in Canada and Newfoundland.-The trilobites have long attracted much interest, as well on account of the great numbers in which they have been found in many localities, as from their singular conformation, and the perfect state in which their forms are preserved. They were noticed in the "Philosophical Transactions" for Aug. 1698, and Burmeister, in his work referred to above, cites 98 authors whose writings he has examined on this subject. The eye is a feature of great beauty in this animal, and its perfection in many of the stony fossils, especially some brought from the Hartz mountains, and from the upper silurian limestone of Dudley, England, is very remarkable; the facets or lenses, sometimes nearly 400 in number, are like those observed in the eye of the dragon fly and butterfly, and as in these insects are arranged around a conical-shaped tube through which the visual rays enter from almost every direction; in the asaphus caudatus each eye thus has a range of nearly of a circle, and both together command a panoramic view. Buckland in his "Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' vol. i. p. 370 (London, 1858), avails himself of this interesting feature, so perfectly developed in the most ancient periods of organic life, to draw an argument of the identity of mechanical arrangements existing through the long succession of animated beings down to the present time, and hence of the continuance of the same intelligent creative power. The structure of the eye also indicates the prevalence in those ancient periods of the same conditions of the waters and the atmosphere, as regards their adaptation to the organs of vision, as now obtain; and it affords a strong argument against the theory of a gradually advancing development in animal structures in the progress of geological periods.-The geographical range of trilobites is very extensive; these fossils are met with at most distant points, both of the southern and northern hemispheres; they are found all over northern Europe, and in numerous localities in North America, in the

Andes of Bolivia, and at the Cape of Good Hope. Trenton Falls, N. Y., has afforded, in the limestone known by its name, fine specimens of the species calymene Blumenbachii (Brongn.). Lebanon, Ohio, is another interesting locality. In Adams co., Ohio, Dr. Locke procured an isoletus, to which he gave the specific name megistos, that measured more than 20 inches in length and 12 in width. The isoletus gigas (De Kay) and paradoxides Harlani have been found 12 inches long.

TRIMBLE, a N. co. of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio river; area, 150 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 5,880, of whom 881 were slaves. The surface is generally hilly and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 286,795 bushels of Indian corn, 19,516 of wheat, 30,754 of oats, and 454,722 lbs. of tobacco. There were 14 churches, and 320 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Bedford.

TRIMMER, SARAH, an English writer of juvenile and educational works, born in Ipswich, Jan. 6, 1741, died Dec. 15, 1810. She was the daughter of Joshua Kirby, author of "The Perspective of Architecture," and subsequently tutor in perspective to George III, then prince of Wales, and at the age of 21 was married to Mr. Trimmer. About 1780 she began her literary career with an "Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature," and from 1782 to 1784 appeared 6 volumes under the title of "Sacred History, selected from the Scriptures, with Annotations and Reflections, adapted to the Comprehension of Young Persons." In 1786 she published the "Economy of Charity," of which a revised and enlarged edition appeared in 1801. She also edited the "Family Magazine," designed for the instruction of the lower classes, and subsequently carried on a periodical work called the "Guardian of Education." She wrote books for the use of charity schools, which received the sanction of the society for the promotion of Christian knowledge. In 1806 she published a "Comparative View of the New Plan of Education," which caused much controversy by the views it took of the education of the poor. An "Account of the Life and Writings of Mrs. Trimmer" was published in 1814 (2 vols. 8vo.).

TRINCOMALEE, a town of Ceylon, situated in the S. E. part of the island, in lat. 8° 33′ N., long. 81° 14' E.; pop. about 20,000. It stands on the N. side of the entrance to a capacious and secure harbor at the foot of well wooded hills, and two heights crowned by forts, beside which the port is defended by numerous fortifications which extend for about a mile along the shore. The inner harbor is landlocked, and has water in many places sufficient to float the largest vessels close to the shore; but its peculiar superiority over all other harbors of India consists in its being accessible to all descriptions of ships during both monsoons. The inhabitants are mostly Tamulians and their descendants, from the S. E. coast of India. The trade is of little importance, but a consid

Father, and that the Spirit was proceeding from the Father. The western church, at the synod of Toledo (589), declared that the Holy Ghost proceeded also from the Son (filioque); but the Greeks protested against this change of the creed as an innovation, and the phrase filioque has remained up to the present day one of the chief hindrances of a reunion between the Greek and the Roman Catholic churches. The symbolic books of the Lutheran and Reformed churches retained the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Trinity unchanged; but it has been attacked ever since the 16th century, as contrary to both the Bible and sound reason, by a large number of theologians and by several new denominations, as the Socinians, the German theosophists (Weigel, Boehm, &c.), the Unitarians, and the Universalists. Swedenborg referred the Trinity to the person of Christ, teaching a trinity, not of persons, but of the person, by which he understood that that which is divine in the nature of Christ is the Father, that the divine which is united to the human is the Son, and the divine which proceeds from him is the Holy Spirit. The spread of rationalism in the Lutheran and Reformed churches undermined for some time the belief in the Trinity among a large portion of German theologians. Kant thought that Father, Son, and Spirit designated only three fundamental qualities in the Deity, power, wisdom, and love, or three agencies of God, creation, preservation, and government. Hegel and Schelling attempted to give to the doctrine of the Trinity a speculative basis; and after their example the modern dogmatic theology of Germany has in general undertaken an apology of the doctrine of the Trinity on speculative as well as theological grounds. A number of supranaturalist theologians, however, do not hold the strict doctrine of ecclesiastical orthodoxy, as defined by the councils of Nice and Constantinople, and the view of Sabellius especially has found in modern times many advocates.-Complete and exhaustive works on the history of the doctrine of the Trinity have been published by Baur (Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit, Tübingen, 1841), and Meier (Die Lehre von der Trinitat in historischer Entwickelung, Hamburg, 1844).

TRINITY. I. An E. co. of Texas, formed since 1850, bounded N. E. by the Neches and S. W. by the Trinity river, and drained by several creeks; area, about 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 4,392, of whom 959 were slaves. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. Corn and cotton are the staples. Capital, Sumter. II. A N. W. co. of California, bounded E. by the Coast range, and drained by tributaries of Trinity and Eel rivers; area, about 3,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 5,125. The surface is generally hilly, and in the E. part mountainous, containing Mt. Linn, the highest peak of the range. The productions in 1858 were 19,060 bushels of wheat, 25,170 of barley, and 4,660 of oats; and in 1856 there were returned 1,228 tons of hay

and 169,150 bushels of potatoes. There were 4 grist mills and 18 saw mills. Gold mining is largely prosecuted, and other valuable minerals are found. Capital, Weaverville.

TRINITY. I. A river of Texas, formed by two streams, called the West fork and Elm fork, which rise near the N. boundary of the state, and after a length of about 150 m. each unite in Dallas co., whence the main stream flows in a tortuous but generally S. S. E. direction to the N. extremity of Galveston bay, about 40 m. from Galveston city. Its whole course lies through a valley of great fertility, occupied in part by extensive plantations of corn, cotton, rice, and sugar; but the greater part is still unoccupied and unexplored. The length of the main stream is about 550 m., and steamboats ascend from 350 to 500 m. in time of high water, the stream being principally fed by rains, which are abundant from February to May. II. A river of California, rising by two forks near the Coast range in Trinity co., about lat. 40° 30′ N., and flowing S. W. and then N. W. into the Klamath river in lat. 41° 20' N. It is celebrated for its rich gold mines.

TRINITY COLLEGE, an institution of learning at Hartford, Conn., under the control of the Protestant Episcopal church. Its charter was obtained in 1823, under the name of Washington college, and an endowment of $50,000 subscribed within a year; the college buildings were commenced in 1824, and the college regularly organized and recitations held in the autumn of the same year. Its first president was the Rt. Rev. Dr. Thomas C. Brownell, bishop of Connecticut, who resigned in 1831 and was succeeded by the Rev. N. S. Wheaton, D.D. In 1837, on his resignation, the Rev. Silas Totten, D.D., was elected president, and during his administration, in 1845, its name was changed to Trinity college. He was succeeded in 1848 by the Rev. John Williams, D.D., now assistant bishop of Connecticut, who in 1853 resigned, and the Rev. Daniel R. Goodwin, D.D., previously professor of modern languages in Bowdoin college, became his successor. In 1860 Dr. Goodwin was elected provost of the university of Pennsylvania, and the present incumbent, Samuel Eliot, then professor of history, was chosen president. At different periods of its history the college has received endowments amounting to about $150,000, of which $16,000 has been contributed by the state and the remainder by its friends. Among its professors have been Dr. S. F. Jarvis, in the chair of oriental literature; Bishop Horatio Potter, in that of mathematics and natural philosophy; Bishop Doane in that of rhetoric and oratory; Charles Davies, LL.D., in that of mathematics; Thomas W. Coit, D.D., in that of eclesiastical history; George C. Shattuck in that of institutes of medicine; and the Hon. W. W. Ellsworth in that of law. In 1861 the number of professors and other instructors was 14, of alumni 500, and of students 70; and the libraries comprised 13,500 volumes.

TRIO, a musical composition for 3 voices or instruments, one of the parts of which must make a third with the base and the other a fifth or octave. In a minuet it signifies the passage, formerly called the menuetto, which alternates with the minuet proper.

TRIPANG. See SEA CUCUMBER, vol. xiv. p.

467.

TRIPOD (Gr. Tpeis, three, and Tovs, a foot), literally, any vessel, table, seat, or other utensil supported on 3 legs. The term is most commonly applied to the bronze chair or altar in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, on which the Pythian priestess sat while giving responses to those consulting the Delphic oracle. Numerous imitations of the Delphic tripod were employed in the worship of other deities, particularly Bacchus, in games celebrated in honor of Apollo, at which it was often given as a prize, and on similar solemn occasions; and in domestic use it assumed many graceful variations of the original form. Tables, caldrons for boiling food, and crateres, or vessels in which wine was mixed with water at the banquets of the ancients, were frequently tripods richly ornamented. Fine specimens have been exhumed at Pompeii.

TRIPOLI (called by the natives Tarabul), a country of N. Africa, forming one of the Barbary states, nominally dependent on the Turkish empire, bounded N. by the Mediterranean, E. by the state of Barca, S. by Fezzan and the desert of Sahara, and W. by the Sahara and Tunis, between lat. 28° and 33° 30′ N., and long. 10° and 20° E.; extreme length about 800 m., breadth from 100 to 200 m.; area estimated at 105,000 sq. m.; pop. 1,500,000. Though the sea coast extends 800 m., there is only one good harbor, that of Tripoli, in its entire length. In its E. part, between Cape Mesurata and the town of Bengazi, there is.a remarkable indentation called by the ancients Syrtis Major, now the gulf of Sidra or Sert. (See SYRTIS.) The shore to the W. of Cape Sciarra is low and sandy; but to the E. it becomes higher, and has many rocky points that afford shelter to small craft, and there is good anchorage in the bay of Bushaifa in 6 fathoms water. The sail is exceedingly porous, and most of the streams only flow during the rainy season. The interior of the country is very imperfectly known. The N. E. part contains extensive tracts of barren sand, and partakes of the nature of the desert; but the S. E. is traversed by the Black mountains, an offset of the Atlas, which descend in terraces enclosing several fertile tracts. Toward the W. the surface becomes diversified, and is traversed by two ranges of mountains, which run nearly parallel with the sea, the N. range about 20 m. from the shore, and the S. 30 m. further inland. The former has a general height of about 4,000 feet, and is visible from the coast. These mountains are of volcanic origin, and many of the summits terminate in conical peaks. The space between the ranges contains many tracts of elevated

table land, with a fertile soil produced by the decomposition of lava and basalt. Salt and sulphur are the only minerals known to be worked. Some of this land is carefully cultivated, and irrigated with water collected for the purpose in large tanks. Abundant crops of grain are raised, and on the sides of the hills vines, olives, figs, almonds, and other fruits grow luxuriantly. There are extensive natural pastures upon which cattle are reared in great numbers. The most fertile part of Tripoli, however, is the country which surrounds the capital. This tract, called the Mesheea, extends about 15 m. along the shore, and is about 5 m. broad, and produces heavy crops of wheat, barley, millet, and Indian corn. Palm trees and olives are grown, together with all kinds of fruit that can be produced in a temperate climate. The country which lies S. of the table land contains very little productive land. In places it consists of a plain of loose sand, and in others of gravel from which the sand has been swept by the wind, while there are places covered with detached stones, and a few spots have stunted bushes. The water, which is only found by digging from 100 to 200 feet, is bitter and brackish. In the few spots where barley and durra can be raised there are villages, the inhabitants of which live in constant dread of the wandering tribes of the adjacent desert. Heavy rain falls in the N. part of the country from November to March, but during the rest of the year months often pass without a single shower, and the heat becomes very great, especially when the sirocco blows. In winter the weather is exceedingly variable, and frosts occur at night, while the temperature during the day often exceeds 70°. The horses of Tripoli are of a very superior breed, and cattle are numerous on the table land. Camels are extensively used as beasts of burden, and sheep and poultry are exported. Of wild animals the most common are wolves, foxes, hyænas, jackals, gazelles, antelopes, rabbits, hares, hedgehogs, jerboas, and a small animal not unlike a Guinea pig, called gundy. Ostriches frequent the borders of the deserts; and most of the birds common to the neighboring countries are found in Tripoli. Swarms of locusts frequently come from the Sahara, and are eaten with great relish by the poor; they are salted in large quantities, and appear to constitute an important article of inland trade. There are many bees in the hilly regions.-Tripoli contains numerous remains of antiquity; and there are ruins of temples, theatres, and aqueducts of Roman construction. Many of these ruins have been buried deeply in sand; but they can still be traced in the city of Tripoli, and in Tripoli Vecchia, where there is an amphitheatre 148 feet in diameter, still entire, with 5 rows of seats, and part of one of the great Roman ways, with the ruins of ancient buildings upon both sides. Coins, gems, and intaglios have been found in considerable numbers.-The population comprises Arabs, Jews, Moors, Turks,