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tral America, and was celebrated in the mythology of the ancient Mexicans; the gorgeous feathers of this and the preceding species are much prized by the natives for ornaments, and for use in their festivals, wars, and religious ceremonies; a crest of silky green feathers adds to the graceful appearance of the bird; it is the T, pavoninus (Temm.). There are many other species in Mexico and South America, generally green above and red or yellow below; the females are brownish where the males are green. The Asiatic species resemble the American ones in colors and habits.-For descriptions and figures of this brilliant family, see the "Monograph of the Trogonida," by John Gould (fol., London, 1838).

TROLLOPE, FRANCES (MILTON), an English novelist, born in Heckfield, Hampshire, about 1780. She was the daughter of the Rev. William Milton, was well educated, and in 1809 was married to Anthony Trollope, barrister at law and a member of a distinguished family of Lincolnshire, who died at Bruges in 1835. A large portion of her married life was spent at Harrow, but in 1829 she visited the United States, where she remained 3 years. On her return she gave an account of her impressions in a work entitled "Domestic Manners of the Americans" (2 vols. 8vo. London, 1832), in which the indelicate and ridiculous phases of American character and habits were depicted in a manner which showed the writer's intimate acquaintance with the coarseness she described. The work was very successful in England, and created much bitter feeling at the time in the United States. She afterward produced in rapid succession so large a number of novels and accounts of travels, as to render her the most voluminous English authoress of the times. Her first work on America was followed by a novel entitled "The Refugee in America" (1832), and in 1836 by "The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw." About 1844 she went to Florence, where she has since resided. Among her books of travels are: "Belgium and Western Germany in 1833" (2 vols., 1834); "Paris and the Parisians in 1835" (3 vols., 1836); "Vienna and the Austrians" (2 vols., 1838); "A Visit to Italy" (2 vols., 1842); and "Travels and Travellers" (2 vols., 1846). In the province of romance some of her best works are: "The Vicar of Wrexhill" (3 vols., 1837); "The Romance of Vienna" (1838); "The Widow Barnaby" (3 vols., 1839); "Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong, a Factory Boy" (3 vols., 1840); "The Widow Married," a sequel to "The Widow Barnaby" (3 vols., 1840); "One Fault” (3 vols., 1840); and "Charles Chesterfield, or the Adventures of a Youth of Genius" (3 vols., 1841). Her later writings are much inferior to her earlier ones, but her works throughout are distinguished by keen observation, coarse satire, and amusing details. Her literary activity continued unabated antil 1856.-THOMAS ADOLPHUS, an English author, son of the preceding (born in 1810), has VOL. XV.-39

published "The Girlhood of Catharine de' Medici," a biographical work under the title of "A Decade of Italian Women," "Paul the Pope and Paul the Friar" (1861), and other works, including several volumes of travels. His brother ANTHONY is a successful novelist. Occupying in Ireland the situation of a surveyor of the general post office, he began his literary career by two novels on Irish subjects, "The Macdermots of Ballycloran" (1847), and "The Kellys and the O'Kellys" (1848). These were followed by "La Vendée” (1850), a historical romance, "The Warden" (1858), "The Three Clerks," ""Barchester Towers," Doctor Thorne" (1858), "The Bertrams" (1859), "Castle Richmond" (1860), "Framley Parsonage" (1861), and "Orley Farm," a serial novel begun in 1861. He writes largely both for English and American periodicals. He has also published "The West Indies and the Spanish Main." He has repeatedly visited the United States, his last journey in that country having taken place in 1861-'2.

TROMBONE, a brass wind instrument, supposed to be identical with the sackbut, and which constitutes one form of the trumpet. By means of sliding tubes great depth and power of tone are produced, and the instrument when judiciously employed, as in the last act of Mozart's Don Giovanni, is capable of splendid effects. It is however too frequently a noisy and unwelcome element in the orchestra, and is used to better purpose in military bands. Trombones are of 3 kinds, alto, tenor, and base; the first having a compass from O, the 2d space in the base, to G, an octave above the treble clef; the 2d from B, the 2d line in the base, to A, the 2d space in the treble; and the 3d from C, an octave below the 2d space in the base, to G, the 2d line in the treble.

TROMP, MARTEN HARPERTZOON VAN, a Dutch admiral, born at Briel in 1597, killed July 29, 1653. He was the son of a naval officer, and when 8 years old was taken to sea by his father, who was killed in an engagement off the coast of Guinea with an English vessel. Young Van Tromp was taken prisoner, and from this time the events of his life are very uncertain until 1622, when he was a lieutenant on board a ship of the line. Two years afterward he commanded a frigate under Prince Maurice, and later served under Peit Hein, who fell dead by his side in an engagement with the Spaniards in August, 1629. About this time Van Tromp resigned his position, but in 1637 he was created by the stadtholder lieutenant-admiral, and placed in command of 11 vessels, with which he did so much damage to the Spanish shipping that he was presented with a gold chain by the states, and decorated with the insignia of the order of St. Michael by the French king. Created admiral of Holland in 1639, he attacked the Spanish fleet near Gravelines, and destroyed 5 ships of the line and 4 frigates; and in October of the same year he gained such a victory over the Spanish fleet

under Oquendo, between Dunkirk and Nieuwport, that his name became famous throughout Europe. War breaking out between Holland and England in 1652, Van Tromp fought several great battles in that and the succeeding year (see BLAKE, ROBERT); and in July, 1653, he engaged the English fleet under Monk, near the coast of Holland, and during the conflict was shot through the head by a musket ball. "Courage, my boys," he exclaimed as he fell; "my course is ended with glory." Van Tromp was the most celebrated of the Dutch naval officers, and is said to have been successful in 33 engagements. He was buried with great splendor in the church at Delft.-CORNELIS VAN, a Dutch admiral, second son of the preceding, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 9, 1629, died in Amsterdam, May 29, 1691. Educated for his hereditary profession, he was appointed in his 19th year to the command of a ship destined to act against the African pirates, and two years later was created viceadmiral. From this time he was constantly engaged in naval enterprises until 1656, when he retired to private life, but resumed active employment in 1662. When war broke out between England and Holland in 1665, he was attached to the squadron commanded by Admiral Opdam, and was present at the battle of Solebay. Here, although the Dutch fleet was defeated, Van Tromp gained great reputation by the skilful manner in which he conducted the retreat. When a new squadron was fitted out, he was appointed to the chief command, although belonging to the party of the prince of Orange; but on the return of De Ruyter, he was superseded by that commander, under whom he refused to serve. In 1666 he was present at the naval battle in the Downs between De Ruyter and Monk, which lasted 4 days and ended in a victory for the former. In August of the same year he participated in another battle, and was successful in defeating the portion of the English fleet opposed to him, but, following his victory too far, was unable to render any assistance to De Ruyter, who was worsted. The latter commander complained of his conduct, and the states, on the advice of De Witt, deprived him of his command, and forbade his holding any communication with the fleet. In 1673, while war was again raging between Holland and the united powers of France and England, his commission was restored him by the prince of Orange, and a reconciliation took place between him and De Ruyter. In this war he distinguished himself highly. In 1675 he visited England, where he was received with great honor, and created a baronet by Charles II. In 1676 he was sent at the head of a fleet to assist Denmark, then carrying on a war with Sweden, and for his services was invested by the king of the former country with the order of the elephant, and raised to the dignity of count. On his return to Holland he succeeded De Ruyter as admiral lieutenant-general of the United Provinces. In

1691 he was appointed commander of the fleet destined to act against the French, but died before it was fully equipped and ready for sea. TRONDHJEM. See DRONTHEIM.

TROOPIAL (Fr. troupiale), a name given to several species of the icterina and agelaine, sub-families of American conirostral birds, in some respects resembling the starlings of the old world, and in others coming near the finches; they have the 9 primaries of the finches, but the bill is larger, straight, the base without bristles and the tip without a notch. The name is derived from their habit of associating in large troops. In the ictering the bill is generally longer than the head, straight and sharp-pointed; wings long and pointed, and tail usually wedge-shaped; toes moderate and formed for perching. The prevailing colors are yellow or orange and black; they are generally called orioles in North America, and a well known species has been described under BALTIMORE BIRD; hang-nest is another appropriate name, derived from their habit of suspending the nest from the extremity of slender branches.-The common troopial (icterus vulgaris, Daud.) is about 10 inches long, with a straight bill; back and abdomen yellow; head, neck all round, breast, and tail black; a white band on the wings; feathers of throat elongated and pointed; it is a native of northern South America and the West Indies, sometimes coming to the southern United States. They move in flocks, sometimes mingled with other species, and show a great partiality to the neighborhood of man, in whose cultivated fields they find a rich supply of insect food; they are excellent fliers, and equally at home on the ground or in trees; they are loquacious at all seasons of the year; their flesh is excellent. There are several other species in Mexico, Texas, and Central America. The orchard troopial (Í. spurius, Bonap.) very much resembles the Baltimore oriole in the pattern of its colors, the orange red of the latter being replaced by dark chestnut, the tail entirely black and more graduated, and the bill slenderer and more curved. It frequents orchards, where it does good service in destroying insects in the blossoms; it is found throughout the United States from the Atlantic to the high central plains; the nest is hemispherical, 3 or 4 inches deep, made of long grasses very neatly interwoven, and suspended to drooping twigs, frequently of the weeping willow. It is often kept in a cage for its lively movements and pleasing song.-The only other genus of the icterina which can be mentioned here is cassicus (Cuv.), so called from cassis (a helmet), the bill rising on the forehead in a crescent shape; nostrils basal, naked, pierced in the substance of the bill; 3d and 4th quills longest, and tail long and graduated; tarsi and toes strongly scaled. There are about 20 species, peculiar to tropical America, living in the forests and also near human habitations, in vast troops; they eat fruits, berries, insects, and larvæ.

TROOPIAL

The nest is most ingeniously woven by both sexes, made of fibres and dried grasses, of a cylindrical or gourd-like form, and sometimes 3 feet in length; the lower part is hemispherical, the opening near the top, and the fabric suspended from the ends of slender twigs of high trees, out of the reach of monkeys and snakes; many nests are made on one tree, and sometimes those of different species together. They are docile in captivity, and learn to whistle and to articulate words; they are generally black, contrasted with bright yellow, especially toward the tail. The C. cristatus (Daud.), of Surinam, is about as large as a magpie; the C. hæmorrhous (Daud.) has a deep red rump and back. In the sub-family agelaina the bill is stout, short, conical, nearly straight, and sharppointed; tarsi as long as the middle toe; toes long and slender, and claws long and curved. Some of the birds of this sub-family have been described under BLACKBIRD, and BOBOLINK, specimens respectively of the genera agelaius (Vieill.) and dolichonyx (Swains.). Leistes (Vigors) resembles agelaius, but has a shorter tail; the species live generally in flocks in marshy places and on the borders of the great rivers of South America, on the ground or in low trees; the nest is suspended among the reeds near the ground, and is made of stalks of grass; the eggs are 3 or 4. In the genus molothrus (Swains.) the bill is short and stout, elevated at the base, and advancing on the forehead; wings long and pointed, 1st and 2d quills the Of longest; tail moderate and nearly even. the few species, only one is found in the United States, the cow blackbird, or cow-pen bird (M. pecoris, Swains.); it is about 8 inches long and 12 in alar extent; in the male the prevailing color is shining black, with a purplish and steelblue gloss; the head, neck, and anterior part of breast, light chocolate brown; the female is light olivaceous brown; bill and feet black. It is found throughout the United States from the Atlantic to California, though probably not on the Pacific coast; it frequents fields and farmyards, following cattle, sometimes picking ticks from their backs, and at others feeding on the seeds, worms, and insects contained in their dung; large flocks migrate to the north to breed in spring, returning in autumn. The females have the habit of dropping their eggs, singly, into the nests of other smaller birds, as sparrows, warblers, and flycatchers; in New England the summer yellow bird's nest is most the eggs thus stealthily frequently selected; dropped are of about the same size as the true ones, and are more quickly hatched by the foster parents; of course, with this habit the cow birds do not pair, nor display the lasting attachment of ordinary birds. The European cuckoo has the same habit of abandoning her progeny to the care of strangers; but this is the more remarkable in the present bird, belonging to a family proverbial for the ingenuity with which their nests are constructed. If the cow bird's egg be deposited in a newly finished

but empty nest, the makers generally abandon
it; if in a nest already containing eggs, it is
usually allowed to remain, though the makers
are probably aware of the intrusion; the yel-
low bird has a way of disposing of the strange
egg, which will be noticed under that title.
The egg is pale grayish blue, with umber-brown
dots and streaks, and the young is hatched in
about a fortnight, the other eggs remaining
unhatched; the intruder is fed by the foster
parents, to the neglect of their own eggs, which,
when the contained embryo has perished, are
cast from the nest, and it is cared for long after
it has left the nest. This species has no song,
but a low muttering chuckle; the flesh is es-
teemed as food, and many are shot in the
southern states; they roost among the reeds in
swampy places, and come to feed in immense
flocks, often in company with the red-winged
blackbird and other troopials.

TROOST, GERARD, an American chemist
and geologist, born in Bois-le-Duc, Holland,
March 15, 1776, died in Nashville, Tenn., Aug.
14, 1850. He was educated at the university
of Leyden, and, evincing a great proficiency in
several branches of natural science, was in
1809 sent by Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland,
on a tour of scientific observation in Java. The
capture of the vessel in which he sailed by a
privateer having interrupted this undertaking,
he repaired in 1810 to the United States, where
he passed the remainder of his life. Establishing
himself in Philadelphia, he became a member
of the academy of natural history, of which he
was elected the first president, holding office
until 1817. In 1814 he established the first
alum works in the United States; and in 1825,
having previously held for a short time the
professorship of chemistry in the college of
pharmacy in Philadelphia, he joined Robert
Owen's community at New Harmony, from
which he retired at the end of two years.
Removing to Nashville in 1828, he was ap-
pointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and
geology in the university of that city, and in
1831 geologist to the state of Tennessee, both
of which positions he held until the close of
his life. His reports on the geology of Ten-
nessee, and numerous memoirs on geology and
mineralogy published in the "Transactions" of
His collections
scientific bodies in Europe and America, are
his chief literary productions.
illustrating these subjects are said to have been
the finest ever possessed by a single individual
in the United States.

TROPE (Gr. Tреπw, to turn), in rhetoric, an expression used in a different sense, or, literally speaking, turned from its primary signifiThe term is gencation, for the purpose of presenting an idea in a lively or forcible manner. erally considered to comprise the figures called metaphor, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche, and perhaps a few others. Many words or phrases originally employed as tropes have by constant use acquired a derivative signification which has superseded the original one.

TROPHONIUS, a Greek of the fabulous period, a son of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, or according to one legend, of Apollo. He built, with his brother Agamedes, the temple of Delphi, and the treasury of King Hyrieus in Boeotia. After his death he was worshipped as a hero, and had a celebrated oracle near Lebadea in Boeotia.

TROPHY (Gr. Tроπаιov, from треπw, to turn, to defeat), literally, a memorial of victory erected on a field of battle. It consisted generally of the arms of slain enemies placed upon the trunk of a tree, and in later times upon a stone or metal pillar, with an explanatory inscription, and was consecrated to Jupiter or some other deity, whence it was regarded as inviolable. To the end also that hostile feelings might not be perpetuated, trophies were allowed to perish by natural causes, and any attempt to repair them when decayed was deemed sacrilegious. The practice of erecting them was common among the Greeks, and subsequent to 121 B. C. was adopted by the Romans, some of whose generals expended large sums in memorial works of this kind. These, however, were more frequently raised in Rome than on the field of battle, and in later times took the form of magnificent triumphal arches or columns.

TROPIC BIRD (phaëton, Linn.), a genus of web-footed oceanic birds, constituting the family phaëtonida. They are characterized by a long, strong, pointed bill, broad at the base, slightly curved, without nail and the edges finely serrated; nostrils at base of bill, lateral, and pervious; face covered with feathers; wings long and pointed, the first primary the longest; tarsi short and strong, feet small, and toes fully webbed; hind toe small; tail with 2 long, straw-like feathers, whence the French name paille en queue or straw-tail; sailors call them boatswain bird and marline-spike. In habits and appearance they come near the gulls and terns; they are chiefly confined to the tropics, so that the mariner knows, when they hover around his vessel, that he is in or near the tropical zone. Their powers of flight are great, and they are usually seen at considerable distances from land; they live almost entirely on the wing, and, when they do not return to the distant shore to roost, rest upon the surface of the ocean; they are excellent swimmers. The food consists of fish and other marine animals, which they dart upon from a great height; they are fond of following the shoals of flying fish, seizing them as they emerge from the sea to avoid the porpoises, tunnies, and other carnivorous enemies. They are not larger in the body than a pigeon, though longer; they congregate in considerable numbers at their breeding places, on rocky shores and desert islands, placing the nest on the ground or in holes in trees; the eggs are 2; their flesh is fishy and tough. The common tropic bird (P. candidus, Gray) is about 30 inches long and 38 in alar extent; it is a satiny white, the wings banded with black, and the head, back, and wings

tinged with cream color or light pink; first 5 primaries black on the outer webs, and the shafts of the long tail feathers black to near the end, where they are white; a black mark over eyes to occiput; bill orange red and iris brown; tarsus and toes yellow at base, webs and claws black. It sometimes comes near the Florida coast, but is usually seen in the tropical Atlantic far from land. The long tail feathers of the P. phoenicurus (Gmel.), inhabiting the tropical Pacific, are of a bright red color, and are used as ornaments by the South sea islanders.

TROPICS (Gr. тролη, a turn), in astronomy, two circles parallel to the equator, at such distance from it as is equal to the greatest recession of the sun from it toward the poles, or to the sun's greatest declination. That in the northern hemisphere is called the tropic of Cancer, and that in the southern the tropic of Capricorn, from their touching the ecliptic in the first points of those signs. (See CANCER, and CAPRICORN.) It is between the tropics that the sun's path is circumscribed, its annual movement being from one to the other and back again in the ecliptic.-In geography, the tropics, also known as that of Cancer and that of Capricorn, are the two parallels of latitude over which the sun is vertical at the solstices. (See SOLSTICE.)

TROPLONG, RAYMOND THÉODORE, a French jurist and magistrate, born at St. Gaudens, department of Haute-Garonne, Oct. 8, 1795. He entered the legal profession in 1815, and, after distinguishing himself as king's attorney at various places, was in 1833 appointed president in the royal court at Nancy. He now commenced publishing the work that entitles him to the highest rank among the French jurists, Le droit civil expliqué (28 vols. 8vo., 1833'58). In 1840 he was elected a member of the academy of moral and political sciences, and in 1846 was made a peer by Louis Philippe. On the revolution of February he joined the Bonapartists, and, on Dec. 22, 1848, was appointed first president of the court of Paris. In the same year he published a tract, De la propriété, which was extensively circulated. An original member of the new senate, Jan. 25, 1852, he was appointed one of its vice-presidents, and in 1854 its president, becoming meanwhile president of the court of cassation and grand cross of the legion of honor; and in 1858 he was named a member of the privy council of the emperor. Beside the works above mentioned, he has written De l'influence du Christianisme sur le droit civil des Romains (1843; 2d ed., 1855), and Du pouvoir de l'état sur l'en seignement (8vo., 1844). He is also a contrib utor to the Gazette des tribunaux, the Revue de législation, and the Moniteur.

TROPPAU, a fortified town and the capital of Austrian Silesia, and of the circle and principality of Troppau, on the Oppa, a tributary of the Oder, 36 m. N. E. from Ölmütz; pop. in 1857, 13,861: The city is well built, and has a

castle of the princes of Lichtenstein, a gymnasium, a school for the sons of soldiers, a library, a cabinet of natural history, and a museum of national antiquities. Woollen, linen, soap, paper, and leather are manufactured. The diplomatic congress, afterward removed to Laybach, was held here in the autumn of 1820.

TROUBADOURS. See PROVENÇAL POETRY. TROUGHTON, EDWARD, an English astronomical instrument maker, born in Oct. 1753, died in London, June 12, 1835. He entered the firm of his uncle and brother, who carried on business as mathematical instrument makers, and became highly distinguished for his success in the construction of astronomical instruments; and it was said of him that "he improved and extended every instrument that he touched, and that every astronomical instrument was in turn the subject of his attention." He wrote articles in the "Philosophical Transactions," and in the "Edinburgh Encyclopedia." TROUP, a W. co. of Georgia, bordering on Alabama, and intersected by the Chattahoochee river; area, about 370 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 16,879, of whom 10,002 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 14,481 bales of cotton, 687,205 bushels of Indian corn, 120,302 of oats, and 142,884 of sweet potatoes. There were 3 tanneries, a woollen factory, 32 churches, and 1,440 pupils attending public schools. It is intersected by the Atlanta and West Point railroad. Capital, La Grange.

TROUP, GEORGE M., an American statesman, born on the Tombigbee river, then in the territory of Georgia, in 1780, died in Laurens co., Ga., May 3, 1856. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1797, was admitted soon after to the bar, and upon reaching the age of 21 was elected a member of the state legislature. Between 1807 and 1815 he was a representative in congress from Georgia, and in 1816 was elected a U. S. senator. From 1823 to 1827 he was governor of the state, and in 1829 was a second time elected to the U. S. senate, from which he retired before the expiration of his term on account of ill health. He was a man of great integrity, an impassioned speaker, and one of the most earnest and able of the advocates of state rights and state sovereignty.

TROUT, a name popularly restricted to the species of the salmon family inhabiting exclusively or principally fresh water, and embracing members of the three sub-genera of the old genus salmo made by Valenciennes, viz., salmo, fario, and salar; the family characters have been given under SALMON. The salmon trouts belong to the genus fario (Val.), having one row of teeth on the vomer, the true salmons having the palate smooth; the species are so called from the redness of the flesh, but all the trouts have this color at some epoch of their lives, depending probably on their food. The salmon trout of Europe (F. argenteus, Val.; salmo trutta, Linn.), called also white

or sea trout, is found in the great lakes and rivers of that continent, many of which communicate with the sea; it varies considerably in color, like all of the family, according to the character of the water and the quality of the food; it is greenish gray or bluish black above, lighter on the sides, and silvery white below, with a few black spots above the lateral line; it attains a length of 2 to 24 feet, and, being abundant in the markets of London and Paris, is next in value to the salmon, which it resembles in habits. Another very large and excellent species is the F. Lemanus (Val.), attaining a weight of over 30 lbs.; they are kept in private running waters, but require a large supply of small fishes for food; they ascend the streams from the lake of Geneva as the salmon does from the sea; they are easily and successfully transported to stock other lakes. The so called sea trout of the gulf of St. Lawrence (salmo immaculatus, H. R. Storer) has the flesh of a fine pink color and superior flavor; the color is sea-green above, lower parts and the fins white; it rarely exceeds a weight of 7 lbs. ; it probably belongs to the genus fario. This species, often called salmon trout, affords in spring and summer excellent sport with a brilliant scarlet and gold fly, either from a stationary point, or from a boat under easy sail, with about 30 yards of line out and at least 70 more on the reel. There are several other species called salmon trout in lakes shut off from the sea and near the mouths of the rivers of Maine. The red-bellied trout (F. erythrogaster, Val.), of the lakes of New York and Pennsylvania, attains a length of 2 to 2 feet; it is deep greenish on the back, lighter on the sides and below, the sides with red spots, and the abdomen orange red. The spots of trout resist the action of heat and even of alcohol for a long time.-The common brook or speckled trout of North America (salmo fontinalis, Mitch.) is from 8 to 20 inches long, pale brownish above with darker reticulated markings; sides lighter, with numerous circular yellow spots, many with a bright red spot in the centre; white or yellowish white below; the first ray of pectorals, ventrals, and anal edged with white and black, with the rest of these fins reddish. It is found abundantly in the streams of the British provinces, the New England, middle, and western states, and is everywhere highly esteemed as food; it is rarely taken weighing more than 13 lbs.; the markings vary considerably according to locality and season; in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia it descends to the sea when it can; it is the same species from Labrador to Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is a great favorite with anglers, and its capture leads the lover of nature amid the most romantic scenery and at the finest season of the year; it is taken by the hook and line baited with a minnow, shrimp, worm, or artificial fly; in narrow streams, just before the spawning season, when it is little inclined to bite, it may be caught by titillation, by passing the hand carefully under

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