a work published in defence of Mary, queen of Scots, entitled an "Inquiry, Historical and Critical, into the Evidence against Mary, Queen of Scots," &c. (1759), and which gained him from Burns the title of "revered defender of the beauteous Stuart." He also published the "Poetical Remains of James I., King of Scotland" (8vo., Edinburgh, 1783), and some miscellaneous papers. II. ALEXANDER FRASER (Lord Woodhouselee), a Scottish jurist and author, son of the preceding, born in Edinburgh in Oct. 1747, died there, Jan. 5, 1813. He was called to the bar in 1770, and in 1786 was appointed professor of universal history and Roman antiquities in the university of Edinburgh, in which capacity he prepared a course of lectures subsequently embodied in his well known "Elements of General History" (Edinburgh, 1801), afterward published in "Murray's Family Library." In 1790 he was appointed judge advocate of Scotland, and in 1802 a judge of the court of session, with the title of Lord Woodhouselee. His remaining works comprise an "Essay on the Principles of Translation," a "Life of Lord Kames," a treatise on "The Law of Courts Martial," two supplements to the "Dictionary of Decisions," and a variety of miscellaneous minor publications. He was the intimate friend of Dugald Stewart, Scott, Mackintosh, Mackenzie, and other eminent authors, and one of the most estimable and accomplished gentlemen of his time. III. PATRICK FRASER, a Scottish author, son of the preceding, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 30, 1791, died in Malvern, England, Dec. 24, 1849. He was admitted in 1813 into the faculty of advocates, and for many years steadily practised his profession, which he finally relinquished for the more congenial pursuit of literature. His first literary efforts of importance were published in "Blackwood's Magazine," to which he became a contributor at the time of its first appearance in 1817; and somewhat later he produced a "Life of Crichton" and a "Memoir of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton." In 1822 he became one of the founders of the Bannatyne club, a circumstance which drew him into still closer association with literary men and antiquaries; and about 1825, at the suggestion of his friend Sir Walter Scott, he commenced his "History of Scotland," the work on which his reputation mainly rests, and which was completed in 1843, after 18 years of labor, in 9 vols. It embraces the period between the accession of Alexander III. in 1249 and the union of the crowns of England and Scotland in 1603, professes to be built upon "unquestionable muniments," and is still the standard work on the subject. The article "Scotland"

in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" is also by Mr. Tytler. His remaining works comprise a "Life of Wickliff," published anonymously in 1826; "Lives of Scottish Worthies," forming 3 vols. of "Murray's Family Library;" a "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh," containing many new facts carefully digested from state papers; a "Historical View of the Progress of DisCovery in America;" a "Life of King Henry VIII.;" and a number of minor productions. The latter part of his life was passed in England. His biography, written by the Rev. John Burgon (1859), represents him as a pious, cheerful, and affectionate man, beloved by all who knew him. In addition to his other acquirements, he was an excellent musician, and wrote verses considerably above mediocrity.

TZETZES, JOANNES, a Greek scholar and poet, who flourished at Constantinople about the middle of the 12th century. He was distinguished with the title of grammarian, then commonly given to the learned. His works consist of poems, scientific treatises, and commentaries on ancient authors. His poems are the Itaka, containing the whole Trojan story from the birth of Paris to the return of the Greeks from Troy; Bißλos iσropin, more commonly called Chiliades, a collection of 668 mythical and historical stories; and Carmen Iambicum, on the education of children. Of his commentaries, only those on the Iliad, on Hesiod, and on Lycophron have been printed.

y from Wei

TZSCHIRNER, HEINRICH GOTTLIEB, a German theologian, born at Mitweida, Nov. 14, 1778, died Feb. 17, 1828. He studied theology at Leipsic, became academic Docent at Wittenberg, entered holy orders in 1801, and was appointed professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1805, and at Leipsic in 1809. He accompanied as chaplain the troops of S mar to Tournay in 1813, and became the successor of Rosenmüller as superintendent at Leipsic in 1815, and prebendary of Meissen in 1818. He was one of the most effective opponents of the Catholic reaction in Germany. Among his more important works are a continuation of the church history of Schrökh (2 vols., Leipsic, 1810); Protestantismus und Katholicismus aus dem Standpunkte der Politik betrachtet (1822; translated into English, French, and Dutch); Das Reactions-System (1824); Briefe eines Deutschen an die Herren Châteaubriand, De Lamennais, &c. (edited by Krug, 1828); Vorlesungen über die christliche Glaubenslehre (by Hase, 1829); and Der Fall des Heidenthums (unfinished, by Niedner, 1829). He was highly esteemed as an academic lecturer and pulpit orator, and published several volumes of sermons.

U,

the 21st letter and 5th vowel of the English alphabet. It is not found in the Semitic languages, which have no distinct letters for vowels proper, and was probably originally wanting in the Greek, in which its modern equivalent is ov; in the Hebrew its place is supplied by the letter vav, and in the Armenian by hioun, both of which are pronounced sometimes as vowels and sometimes as consonants. In the Latin also it frequently had the force of a consonant, as in the words uaco, uelox, silua, now written vaco, velox, silva. It was in fact constantly confounded with V, and for some time a distinction was made between U vowel and U consonant, the latter name being applied to the character V, which did not come into use until after U. In the first books printed with Roman characters V was used as the capital for both sounds, and u as the small letter. In the Gothic alphabets the distinction was made much earlier than in the Latin. In English, u has 4 sounds, as exemplified in the words but, bull, unite, and rule. In the last it has the sound of oo, which is the normal one of the Italian, Spanish, German, and Slavic u; the 3d is pronounced as if the u were preceded by y. In French the letter has a sound of its own, which cannot be represented in our tongue, and resembling the German ü.-U is interchangeable with a, as in the Arabic definite article, which is rendered ul and al, or in Germ. Hut, Eng. hat; with i, as Lat. maxumus and maximus; with o, as Lat. dulcis, It. dolce; with the diphthongs œ and oi, as Lat. cura, old form coira or cæra, Lat. murus, Gr. poipa; with au, as Lat. mus, Ger. Maus; with e, as Lat. Siculus, Gr. Eikeλos, Lat. tabula, Ger. Tafel, Ger. Ulme, Eng. elm; with 1, as Eng. stout, Ger. stolz, Fr. autel, Eng. altar. U never occurs in ancient Latin inscriptions, V being used instead. (See LANGUAGE, vol. x. p. 298.) UBICINI, JEAN HENRI ABDOLONYME, French author, born in Issoudun, department of Indre, Oct. 20, 1818. He was educated at the lyceum of Versailles, and for several years taught rhetoric at the college of Joigny. In 1846 he visited Italy, and afterward travelled in Greece, Turkey, and the Danubian principalities. Being at Bucharest when the revolution broke out there in 1848, he took an active part in it, and became secretary of the provisional government. When the Turkish and Russian troops occupied Wallachia, he returned to France, after visiting Constantinople, and published Lettres sur la Turquie (2 vols., 1849-51; translated into English, London, 1856); La question d'Orient devant l'Europe (1854); La Turquie actuelle (1855); Les provinces Roumaines, forming part of the Univers

a

pittoresque (1856); La question des principau tés Danubiennes devant l'Europe (1858); and an introduction to the "Ballads and Popular Songs of Roumania" (1855). He has also translated the Saturnalia of Macrobius (1845) and edited the works of Voiture (2 vols. 12mo., 1856), and for two years was editor of the Revue de l'Orient; beside which he has written for the Paris Presse and Siècle, and the Courrier de Paris.

UCCELLO, PAOLO, an Italian painter, born in Florence about the middle of the 14th cen tury, died, according to Vasari, in 1432. He was a contemporary of the sculptors Ghiberti and Donatello, and the first painter who devel oped the principles of perspective. He painted principally in fresco, and was fond of depicting birds and animals, an example of which occurs in his illustrations of the histories of Adam and Eve and of Noah and the deluge, in the church of Sta. Maria Novella in Florence, Few of his works now remain.

UDALL, NICHOLAS, an English author, born in Hampshire in 1506, died in 1564. He was educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, was master successively of Eton and Westminster schools, and in the early part of the reign of Edward VI. was appointed to a canonry at Windsor. He published "Flovres for Latyne Spekynge" (London, 1533), a series of selec tions from Terence; some translations from the Latin works of Erasmus; and a Latin tra gedy, De Papatu (1540); but his chief claim to remembrance is that he was probably the first writer of regular English comedies, di vided into acts and scenes. Of these Wood says that he wrote several, but only one is extant, entitled "Ralph Royster Doyster," reprint ed by the Shakespeare society (London, 1847).

UDINE, or UDIGE, a town of Austrian Italy, government of Venice, capital of the delega tion of Udine or Friuli, situated in an extensive plain on the canal of La Roja, 80 m. by railroad N. E. from Venice, and 40 m. from Trieste; pop. about 30,000. It is walled and fortified, and has a fine cathedral ornamented with marble pillars, bass-reliefs, and paintings, a lyceum, a gymnasium, several hospitals and charitable institutions, and a monumental pillar, by Camalli, in one of the public squares, erected to commemorate the peace of Campo Formio, that village being but 14 m. from Udine. A height near the centre of the town is occupied by a castle which has been converted into a prison. The Campo Santo is one of the finest cemete ries in Europe. The principal manufactures are silk, linen, and woollen goods, earthenware, hardware, paper, leather, and liqueurs. UDO. See AUDIUS.

UGGIONE, MARCO DA. See OGGIONE.

UHLAND, JOHANN LUDWIG, a German lyric poet, born in Tübingen, April 26, 1787. He was educated at the university of his native place, where he applied himself to legal studies, and after being an advocate received in 1810 the degree of doctor of laws. He first appeared in print in Seckendorf's Musenalmanach (1806 and 1807), in Der Poetische Almanach (1812), and in Der Deutsche Dichterwald (1813). After a literary journey to Paris, he began the practice of law in Stuttgart, in which city he also held for a long time a position in the office of the minister of justice. The national struggle against the French during the years 181815 strongly excited his feelings; and when the king of Würtemberg determined in 1815 to give his people a new constitution, Uhland, who was a strong adherent of the liberal party, took an active part in the contest between the supporters of the old and new systems. He wrote numerous lyrics, the influence of which was not confined to Würtemberg, though relating to Würtemberg interests. In 1815 appeared the first collection of his Gedichte, and from that time to 1819 his poetic labors were arduous, but were interrupted by the share he took in political movements, and also by his application to severer literary studies. In 1819 and 1820 he was elected from Tübingen, and later from Stuttgart, to the representative assembly of Würtemberg, where he exerted much influence. In 1822 he published an essay Ueber Walther von der Vogelweide. In 1830, having given up his legal practice, he was made extraordinary professor of the German language and literature in the university of Tübingen, but this position he resigned in 1833, as he could not be released from his duties in order to attend the sittings of the diet, to which he was a deputy, and in which he was one of the most prominent members of the constitutional opposition. In 1836 appeared at Stuttgart his work entitled Ueber den Mythus der nordischen Sagenlehre von Thor, which was followed in 1844-'5 by a 'collection of popular songs under the title of Alter hochund niederdeutscher Volkslieder, both works being the fruits of profound researches into the literary history of the middle ages. He declined to appear as a candidate in the election of 1839, and lived for several years in retirement. In 1848 he was sent by the electoral division of Tübingen to the national assembly at Frankfort, where he acted with the liberal party. Since this he has remained in retirement. Beside the works already mentioned, he has written two dramas, Herzog Ernst von Schwaben (Heidelberg, 1817), and Ludwig der Baier (Berlin, 1819). Several of his songs have been translated into English by Longfellow, and a translation of some of his poems, with a memoir by A. Platt, has been published in England (London, 1848).

UHLICH, LEBERECHT, a German rationalistic theologian, born in Köthen, Feb. 27, 1799. He studied theology at Halle, received an extraordinary professorship at Köthen in

1820, and became pastor of a church at Diebzig and afterward at Aix la Chapelle. Having incurred the enmity of the duke of Anhalt by a biography which he had written of his highness, he lost his employments and removed to Prussia, where he occupied himself in the labors of the ministry. In 1841 he established, with several associates of rationalistic tendencies, certain theological conferences out of which sprang the society of "Friends of Protestantism," with Uhlich as its president. The society was broken up by the Prussian government in 1845, and the president ordered to confine himself to his parish. He was soon after invited to Magdeburg as a preacher. His opinions on baptism here involved him in difficulties, and having been suspended by the consistory, he joined the free church of that city. He is a moderately voluminous writer. UIGURS. See TURKS.

UKRAINE (Pol. Ukraina, border land), formerly the name of a S. E. province of independent Poland, extending on both sides of the Dnieper, and bordering on the territories occupied by the Tartars. Its limits frequently varied, its possession being contested by the Turks, Tartars, and Russians. In later times it was divided into Polish and Russian Ukraine. Since the first dismemberment of Poland it has entirely belonged to Russia, and the name is now generally used as identical with Little Russia, comprising the governments of Kiev, Tchernigov, Pultowa, and Kharkov. The country forms an extensive and for the most part exceedingly fertile plain, watered by the Dnieper and its lower affluents, and inhabited chiefly by Cossacks. (See COSSACKS.)

ULEMA (the Arabic plural of alim, wise), the collective name of the body of learned men in Turkey. In its strict sense the ulema comprehends the professors of law and divinity, the law as well as the religion of the Turks being grounded upon the Koran. The head of the ulema is the mufti; next to him come the cadileskiers, of whom there are two, one for Europe and one for Asia; the third class are the mollahs, who are the superior judges in the provinces; and after them are the cadis, who are the lowest officers of justice. The cadileskiers have a voice and vote in the divan, and all cadis are appointed by and subject to them. In a more enlarged sense, ulema comprehends beside these the religious teachers and officers.

ULFILAS, ULPHILAS, or WULFILAS, a Gothic bishop, born among the Goths in 311, died in Constantinople in 381. He belonged to a family of Christian Greeks of Cappadocia, whom the Goths had carried into captivity about 267. He was educated in the Gothic language, and in 341 became Arian bishop of those Goths who dwelt between the Danube and Mt. Hamus. In 360 he was present at the Arian synod of Constantinople, and at the time of his death had gone thither to attend a disputation. He repeatedly led his people across the Danube into lower Masia, and exercised a great and salu

tary influence among them; but he is now chiefly remembered by his translation of the Scriptures into the Moso-Gothic, which is the earliest specimen extant of the Teutonic language. This version included the Old and New Testaments, with the exception of the books of Kings. Before the translation could be made he was obliged to frame a new alphabet of 24 letters, 4 of which were invented by himself in order to express sounds unknown to Greek and Latin pronounciation. The version was in constant use by the various tribes of Goths so long as they preserved their nationality; but only a portion of it now exists. (See GOTHIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.)

ULLMANN, KARL, a German theologian, born in Epfenbach in the Bavarian Palatinate, March 15, 1796. He studied philosophy and theology at the universities of Tübingen and Heidelberg, and in 1819 became Privatdocent of theology at the latter; in 1821 was promoted to an extraordinary professorship; and in 1829 he accepted a call as ordinary professor to Halle, but in 1836 returned to Heidelberg. In 1833 he was appointed by the grand duke of Baden "evangelical prelate" (bishop of the state church) and member of the supreme ecclesiastical council. This place he retained until 1860, when he resigned. His first important work was a monograph on Gregory of Nazianzus (Darmstadt, 1825). In 1828 he commenced with his colleague Umbreit the publication of the Studien und Kritiken, which counted among its contributors theologians like Schleiermacher, Lücke, Dorner, and Rothe, and established for itself the reputation of being one of the best theological quarterlies of Protestantism. The first article, contributed by Ullmann, "On the Sinlessness of Christ," is one of his chief productions. In 1830 he published against Hengstenberg, who had demanded the removal of two theological professors of Halle charged with rationalism, a memoir in defence of the liberty of teaching. A work on "Johann Wessel, a Predecessor of Luther" (Hamburg, 1834), was afterward enlarged by him and published under the title of Reformatoren vor der Reformation (2 vols., Hamburg, 1841-22). The most important of his other works is Ueber das Wesen des Christenthums (4th ed., Hamburg, 1855). Several of the above named works have been translated into English.

ULLOA, ANTONIO DE, a Spanish mathematician and naval officer, born in Seville, Jan. 12, 1716, died in the Isla da Leon, near Cadiz, July 3, 1795. He was educated for the navy, became in 1733 a member of the royal marine guards, and in 1735 received the commission of lieutenant, and was sent to South America with the French academicians who were commissioned to measure a degree of the meridian at the equator. He labored strenuously to advance the geodetical operations, which were begun in June, 1736, near Quito, but was constantly called away from his scientific duties to assist in putting the coast in a state of defence against

Lord Anson's expedition. In Oct. 1744, he embarked for Europe in a French vessel, which was chased by an English privateer, and sought refuge in the harbor of Louisburg in Cape Bre ton; but as that city had lately fallen into the hands of the British, he was taken prisoner and carried to London, where his scientific friends obtained his liberty, and made him a member of the royal society. On his return to Spain in 1746 he was appointed to the command of a frigate, and created a commander of the order of Santiago. He immediately set about writing a history of the expedition, while the scientific por tion of the report was written by his compan ion, Jorge Juan (4 vols., Madrid, 1748). After this he was employed by the Spanish court in making tours of observation in various countries of Europe, in 1755 went a second time to America, and after the peace of 1763, by which Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain, was made governor of that region. He arrived there in March, 1766, but found the inhabitants unwilling to submit to Spanish domination. The troops he brought with him were few, and he was compelled to govern the country through the French troops commanded by Aubry. Though he seems to have sincerely desired to conciliate the people, their discontent broke out into an open riot, in consequence of which he was obliged to leave the colony, in the government of which he was succeeded by O'Reilly. Returning to Europe, he published in 1772 a volume of essays on the natural his tory and antiquities of America, and in 1778 "The Marine, or the Naval Force of Europe and Africa," and "Observations of a Solar Eclipse made at Sea." He was now a lieutenant-general in the naval service, and was ap pointed to the command of a squadron intended to capture off the Azores an English merchant fleet heavily laden, and afterward to sail to Havana and join an expedition fitting out against Florida. Absorbed in his astronomical investigations, Ulloa forgot to open his sealed orders, and after cruising about for two months without success returned. He was tried in 1780 by a court martial demanded by himself, and, though acquitted, was never again allowed to engage in active service. He was one of the most munificent promoters of science and the arts in Spain, had a large share in establishing the observatory of Cadiz, encouraged woollen manufactures, and finished the havens of Ferrol and Carthagena. He was also the means of furnishing Spain with its first cabinet of natural history, and its first laboratory of experimental metallurgy.

ULM, a town of Würtemberg, situated on the left bank of the Danube, on both sides of its tributary the Blau, and opposite the mouth of the Iller, 45 m. S. S. E. from Stuttgart, with which it is connected by railway; pop. in 1858, 21,853, exclusive of the garrison. The Danube here forms the boundary between Würtemberg and Bavaria. The rivers are crossed by several bridges, one of which connects the