nessee.

Dunkers or Tunkers are found in the same states. The "Disciples," or followers of Alexander Campbell, also practise immersion, but are not usually reckoned among the Baptists; they are found mostly in Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and TenThe Presbyterian bodies come next in numbers. The largest and wealthiest is the Old School Presbyterian church, which has its largest membership in the middle, southern, and south-western states. The New School Presbyterians are found chiefly in the middle and western states, and the Cumberland Presbyterians in the south-western states. The Protestant Reformed Dutch church flourishes principally in New York and New Jersey; the German Reformed church in Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, and Ohio; and the Lutherans, consisting mostly of German, Swedish, and Danish immigrants, in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin. The Protestant Episcopal church, though having a smaller number of communicants than most of those previously mentioned, is a prominent and influential denomination. In New York, Philadelphia, and perhaps some other of our larger cities, its congregations are more wealthy than those of any other denomination. Before the revolution it was the established church of New York and Virginia; and it is still one of the leading denominations in those states, as well as in Maryland, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. The Congregationalists are divided into two bodies, the Orthodox or Trinitarian and the Unitarian Congregationalists. The former are the leading denomination in the New England states, and have a considerable num ber of churches in New York and in each of the western and Pacific states, but very few in the other middle or the southern or south-western states. The Unitarian Congregationalists are most numerous in Massachusetts, but have some congregations, mostly in the cities and larger towns, in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, and California. The denomination taking the distinctive name of Christians, having their largest numbers in Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and New York, but found in nearly all the other states, may be described as Unitarian Baptists, with a church government somewhat resembling that of the Methodists. The Universalists are mostly in the New England states, New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. They are divided into two bodies, the Restorationists and the Universalists proper, whose comparative numbers are not known. The Friends or Quakers are divided into two bodies, the Orthodox or Trinitarian, and the Hicksite or Unitarian Friends. Of late years a large number of persons have become believers

in the phenomena known as spiritual manifestations or communications, and in many instances have formed themselves into congregations for religious worship in accordance with the views promulgated by so called spiritual mediums. These organizations, however, include but a small part of those who have become more or less attracted by spiritualism, and hence it is impossible to give any estimate of their actual numbers. Of the minor sects not affiliated with the leading denominations, we may name the Moravians or "United Brethren in Christ," principally found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana; the New Jerusalem church, or Swedenborgians, in Massachusetts, and in most of the large cities of the country; the Shakers, who have communities in 5 or 6 states; and the Mormons, mostly in Utah territory, where they form an isolated community. Jewish congregations exist in most of the larger towns of the Union, consisting in large part of immigrants from Germany and Poland. The most important are those of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans, and Charleston. The salaries of the clergy are generally sufficient for their support, and even in the smallest villages or rural districts materially exceed those of a large proportion of the country curates of England, the priests of the smaller communes of France, or the lowest class of the clergy of Germany, Switzerland, and Denmark. The average salary of Congregational and Presbyterian ministers is said to be $700; of the Reformed Dutch and Episcopal clergy, about $600; of Baptist ministers, about $500; of Methodist ministers, $400; and of the Roman Catholic clergy, $500. Table XXXII. gives the number of churches, value of church property, and other statistics of the churches of each denomination in each state, as returned by the census of 1850. Table XXXIII. gives the number of churches, ministers, and members of the principal denominations at dates near Jan. 1861. -The several states of the Union, so far as their internal affairs are concerned, are sovereign and independent, while for the common interests of all they delegate a portion of their powers to a central government, whose edicts and laws, so long as they are not in conflict with the constitution, are paramount to state authority. All powers not expressly granted by the constitution to the federal government, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people. The government consists of three branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial. The executive power is vested in a president, who together with a vice-president is elected for 4 years by a college of electors, appointed in each state as the respective legislatures may direct, each state returning as many electors as it is entitled to have senators and representatives in congress. In South Carolina the electors are chosen by the legislature; in all the other states by popular vote. In case of the removal,

death, resignation, or inability of the president, the vice-president succeeds to the presidency; and in case of the failure of both president and vice-president, congress has authority to declare what officer shall act as president until the disability be removed or a president shall be elected. By act of congress approved March 1, 1792, the president of the senate pro tempore, or in case there be no president of the senate, the speaker of the house of representatives, is to act as president in such a case. The latter contingency has as yet never occurred, and the former only in two instances, viz., on the death in office of Presidents Harrison (1841) and Taylor (1850). When there is no election of president by the people for want of a majority of electoral votes for any one candidate, the house of representatives chooses the president from the three having the highest number of votes, the body of representatives from each state casting a single vote. Two elections by the house have occurred, viz.: in 1800 (under the original provision of the constitution, which required that the highest candidate should be president and the next highest vice-president), when, there being a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the former was chosen president by the house; and in 1824, when John Quincy Adams was chosen. The president, as well as all other civil officers, may be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia of the several states when they are called into the actual service of the general government; and has power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, and to appoint ambassadors, and other public officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for. He receives a salary of $25,000 a year, and the vice-president $8,000. All acts of congress must be presented to him before they can become law, and he may within 10 days from its presentation return any bill of which he disapproves to the house in which it originated, stating his objections. If on reconsideration the bill is again passed by two thirds of each house, it becomes law. The president must be a natural-born citizen, 35 years of age, and 14 years a resident within the United States. He is assisted by a cabinet of 7 ministers, called the secretaries of state, of the treasury, of the interior, of the navy, and of war, the attorney-general, and the postmaster-general, who are nominated by him and confirmed by the senate. They receive $8,000 a year each. The national legislature consists of a congress composed of a senate and house of representatives. The senate consists of 2 senators from each state chosen by the respective legislatures for 6 years, in such a way that one third of the whole body goes out of office every 2 years. The vice-president of the United States is president of the senate ex officio, and in his absence the senate elects a

president pro tempore; he has only a casting vote. A senator must be 30 years of age, 9 years a citizen of the United States, and at the time of his election a resident within the state for which he is chosen. The senate has sole power to try all impeachments. The house of representatives is composed of members chosen for 2 years by the people of each state; they must be 25 years of age, 7 years citizens of the United States, and at the time of their election residents within the states for which they are chosen. The number of representatives in congress is fixed by law at 233, and they are apportioned among the several states according to their representative population, which is ascertained by adding to the number of free persons, including persons bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, of all others (i. e., slaves). Every state is entitled to at least one representative. New states admitted after the apportionment (which is made after each decennial census) elect representatives in addition to the limited number of 233, but such excess continues only till the next apportionment. There are also delegates, one from each organized territory, who are entitled to speak in the house, but not to vote. Table VI. shows the number of representatives to which the several states were entitled under the apportionments of 1850 and 1860. The house of representatives chooses its own speaker and other officers; has the sole power of impeachment; and originates all bills relating to revenue. Members of both senate and house receive $6,000 for each congress ($3,000 a year), and mileage at the rate of $8 for every 20 miles of travel in the usual road in going to and returning from the seat of government. The pay of the speaker of the house and of the president of the senate pro tempore is $12,000 a congress. The regular sessions of congress commence on the first Monday of December in each year, and extra sessions may be called by the president whenever he deems it necessary. The term of office of representatives, and consequently the duration of each congress, expires by law on the 4th day of March of every second year. Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, imposts, and excises, which must be uniform throughout the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States; to coin money; to define and punish piracy and offences against the law of nations; to declare war; to raise and support an army and navy; to provide for calling forth the mi litia when required; and to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases over the District of Columbia. Congress can make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

The judiciary comprises a supreme court with one chief justice (salary $6,500) and 8 associate justices (salary $6,000 each), appointed for life

by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and holding one session annually in Washington. The supreme court has jurisdiction in law and equity in all cases arising under the constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties; cases affecting ambassadors, other foreign ministers, and consuls; cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; controversies to which the United States may be a party; controversies between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state is a party, it has original jurisdiction; in all the other cases before mentioned, the constitution gives it appellate jurisdiction, subject to such restrictions as congress may prescribe. By the act of Sept. 24, 1789, it has exclusive jurisdiction of all civil controversies to which a state is a party, except between a state and its citizens, and also except between a state and citizens of other states or aliens, in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It has exclusive jurisdiction of all such suits or proceedings against ambassadors or other public ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have consistently with the law of nations; and original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors or other public ministers, or to which a consul or vice-consul may be a party. By the 11th amendment to the constitution the judicial power of the United States must not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against any one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. The supreme court exercises appellate jurisdiction by writ of error or appeal from the final judgments of the circuit courts, of the district courts exercising the powers of circuit courts, and of the superior courts of the territories exercising the powers of circuit courts in certain cases. It has also appellate jurisdiction by writ of error from the final judgments and decrees of the highest courts of law or equity in a state in certain cases where there is question of the validity of a treaty, or of a statute of or authority exercised under the United States; or of the constitutionality of a statute of or an authority exercised under any state; or of the right construction of a clause of the constitution, treaty, or statute of or authority exercised under the United States. It has likewise jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases by certificate from the circuit court that the opinions of the judges are divided on points stated. The circuit courts are composed each of a justice of the supreme court and a judge of the district court in the district in which the court is held. The United States are divided into 9 VOL. XV.-47

judicial circuits, in each of which a court is held twice every year for each state within the circuit. As reorganized by act of congress in 1862, the circuits are constituted as follows: 1, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; 2, New York and Vermont; 3, New Jersey and Pennsylvania; 4, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina; 5, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi; 6, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee; 7, Ohio and Indiana; 8, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin; 9, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas. There is also a circuit court in the District of Columbia, established by a particular act of congress, and composed of a chief justice and 2 associates; and the state of California is constituted as an extra circuit, with a judge who is not a justice of the supreme court. The circuit courts have original jurisdiction (provided the matter in dispute exceeds $500) in cases arising under the patent laws; suits on contracts brought by the United States; suits at common law where any officer of the United States acts under authority of an act of congress; bills in equity filed by the United States against the debtor of their debtor; civil controversies between a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought and a citizen of another state; civil suits to which an alien is a party; controversies between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, &c. They have appellate jurisdiction from the district courts under certain regulations, the appeals taking place generally in civil causes of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction. In equity they have, by the act of Sept. 1789, original cognizance concurrent with state courts of suits of a civil nature where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, $500, and the United States are plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the state where it is brought and a citizen of another state. In criminal matters the same act gives the circuit courts exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States, except where that act otherwise provides or the laws of the United States shall otherwise direct; and concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts of all crimes and offences cognizable therein. The United States are also divided into 50 districts, in each of which there is a court called a district court, composed of one judge who is to reside in the district for which he is appointed. These courts have civil jurisdiction in admiralty and maritime causes, including prize suits, cases of salvage, and seizures under the laws of imposts, navigation, or trade of the United States; cases of seizure on land under the laws of the United States; suits for penalties and forfeitures under the laws of the United States; cases in which an alien sues for tort in violation of the laws of nations or of a treaty of the United States; suits instituted by the United States;

actions by and against consuls; and certain cases in equity. They have criminal jurisdiction, concurrent with the circuit courts, of all crimes and offences against the United States the punishment of which is not capital. Courts are established by the United States in each of the territories, their constitution and functions being prescribed by the act of congress organizing each territory. In general they assimilate closely to the various state courts. There is also a court of claims composed of a presiding judge and 2 associate judges (salary $4,000 each), which holds its sessions in the capitol at Washington. All the other courts are established by the authority of the several states, and their organization differs according to the state laws. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, must be by jury.—The constitution forbids the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it; the passing of any bill of attainder or ex post facto law; the imposition of any capitation or other direct tax except in proportion to the census, or of any tax or duty on articles exported from any state; and the passing of any commercial or revenue regulation giving a preference to the ports of one state over those of another state, or obliging vessels bound to or from one state to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money can be drawn from the treasury except in consequence of appropriations made by law, and a statement of the public receipts and expenditures must be published from time to time. No title of nobility can be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them can without the consent of congress accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind from any king, prince, or foreign state. The right of the people to bear arms may not be infringed; soldiers may not be quartered in any house in time of peace without the consent of the owner, nor even in time of war except in a manner to be prescribed by law. The persons, houses, papers, and effects of the people are, exempt from search and seizure except under a warrant issued upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. No person may be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor may any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu

sation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Excessive bail may not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Private property may not be taken for public use without just compensation. No state can enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money, emit bills of credit, or make any thing but gold and silver a legal tender for debts; pass any bill of attainder, er post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; grant any title of nobility; or lay any imposts or duties on imports and exports, without the consent of congress, except what may be necessary for executing its inspection laws. The net produce of all imposts and duties laid by any state on imports or exports shall be for the benefit of the treasury of the United States. Without the consent of congress no state may lay any duty on tonnage; keep troops or ships of war in times of peace; enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power; or engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Trea son against the United States consists only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. The punishment of treason is left to be defined by congress, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceed ings of every other state, and citizens of each state are entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. Fugitives from justice escaping from one state into another shall be delivered up on demand of the executive authority of the state from which they have fled. Persons held to service or labor under the laws of any state, escaping into another state, must be given up on claim of the party to whom their service or labor is due. New states may be admitted into the Union by congress, but no new state can be erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of congress. The several states have exclusive power to prescribe the qualifications of voters and state officers, and the form of their state govern ment. The constitution only requires that the form of government be republican, and that no law or ordinance be passed which would conflict with any law of the United States. Congress has power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territories or other property belonging to the United States; governors and other functionaries for the organized territories are appointed