by the president. The question as to the right to hold slaves within the territories, which had long been a subject of contention, was settled by the act of congress approved June 20, 1862, prohibiting for ever involuntary servitude except for crime in all the territories of the United States. -The finances of the United States at the close of the war of the revolution were in a most deplorable state; the continental currency authorized by congress, and emitted in vast sums and without any adequate provision for its payment, had depreciated till it was completely worthless; $500 in continental bills would hardly purchase a breakfast. Spurious emissions of large sums had rendered the whole issue of doubtful character, and much of it was never redeemed. The national debt was very heavy, while the developed resources of the country were small. In 1791 the national debt was $75,463,476, and for the next 15 years it averaged about $80,000,000. In 1806 commenced a systematic effort for its reduction, and in 1812 it was $45,209,738. The war of 1812-15 raised it to $127,334,934. The prosperous and peaceful period which followed was eminently favorable to the gradual reduction of the debt, and in 1835 it had been practically extinguished, only $351,289 remaining, and in 1836 $291,089. The revenue at this time from the sale of public lands, and the large amount of receipts for customs, had accumulated to such an extent that more than $28,000,000 was distributed among the states in the ratio of their population, as a deposit liable to be called for by the government in any emergency, but

without interest. It has never been recalled. The disasters resulting from the financial crisis of 1837 compelled the government to incur a small debt, which in 1839 was reported at $11,983,738. This was reduced in the two following years; but while the change in the tariff in 1842* eventually increased the amount of receipts from customs, the heavy expenses incurred in the Florida war more than kept pace with the increasing revenue, and the debt accumulated to $27,203,451 in 1843. It had fallen to $16,750,926 in 1846, when the Mexican war and the assumption of the debt of Texas, the Gadsden purchase, and the supposed necessity for maintaining lines of government mail steamers, cooperated to increase the national debt. In 1849 it was $64,704,694; in 1853, $67,340,629. From this point it fell off, the surplus revenue at the disposal of the government enabling it to buy up its own bonds, which it often did at a large premium in advance of their maturity. In 1857 the debt stood at $29,060,387; but by July 1, 1860, it had risen to $64,769,703. The condition of the country in the last 4 months of Mr. Buchanan's administration compelled a still further increase

*The tariffs of 1824, 1828, and 1832 were protective, and that of 1833, known as the compromise tariff, was constructed with a sliding scale which did not reach its minimum of duties till 1841; and the new protective tariff of 1842 had at first the effect of reducing the amount of revenue.

of the debt; and at the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln it stood at $88,995,810. The outbreak of civil war, and the necessity of creating and equipping a new army and navy, required a vast expenditure, which could only be met by the issue of treasury notes and bonds; but the confidence of the capitalists and the people in the stability and financial resources of the government insured the negotiation of these on favorable terms. On Dec. 1, 1861, the new government had issued $150,000,000 of bonds, $100,000,000 of which were to run 3 years, and to bear 7.3 per cent. interest, and $50,000,000 were 20-year bonds at 6 per cent. It had also issued $24,550,325 of demand treasury notes without interest, and a temporary loan of $3,993,900 for 60 days; making in all $178,544,225, and increasing the national debt to $267,540,035. In 1862 congress authorized the emission of other bonds and demand notes; and on May 29, 1862, the debt actually incurred and remaining unpaid was as follows: Loans, 1842, 6 per cont....... Loans, 1847, 6 per cent.. Loans, 1848, 6 per cent. Loans, 1858, 5 per cent.. Loans, 1860, 5 per cent.. Loans, 1861, 6 per cent.. Treasury notes issued Texan indemnity, 5 per cent...

Under what act.

Prior to 1857, int. stopped.. Under act Dec. 18, 1857... Under act Dec. 14, 1860.... June 22, 1860, and February and March, 1861, 6 per ct. March 2, July 17, and August

Amount.

$2,888,864 11 9,415,250 00 8.908,841 80 20,000,000 00

7,022,000 00 18,415,000 00

Total.

8,461,000 00- $70,104,955 91

105,111 64 175,900 00

221,650 00

5, 1861, 6 per cent........ 8-year bonds, 7.3 per cent.....120,523,450 00 20-year bonds, 6 per cent..... 50,000,000 00 170,585,455 00

Oregon war debt, 6 per cent... United States notes, no int...

Certificates of indebtedness, 6

per cent...

5 and 20-year bonds, 6 per ct... 4 per cent. temporary loan 5 per cent. temporary loan

...

47,199,000 00 2,699,000 005,913,042 21 44,865,524 35

878,450 00 145,880,000 00

49,818,400 00

50,778,566 56

Total amount of public debt.. $491,448,984 11 Average rate of interest on the entire debt, 4.354 per cent.

In tables XXXV. and XXXVI. will be found the annual revenue and expenditures from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1861, and the condition of the public debt and the payments made for its redemption and interest during the same period. The amount received from loans and treasury notes from March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1861, was $462,935,664.64. The total of customs, lands, and miscellaneous is larger than the total receipts by about $39,000,000, a sum which represents losses, unavailable funds, &c. During this period of 72 years there have been 17 general and 18 special tariffs enacted. The dates of the general tariffs are: July 4, 1789; Aug. 10, 1790; March 3, 1791; May 2, 1792; June 7, 1794; Jan. 29, 1795; March 3, 1797; April 27, 1816; May 22, 1824; May 19, 1828; July 14, 1832; March 2, 1833 (the compromise tariff); Sept. 11, 1841; Aug. 30, 1842; July 30, 1846; March 3, 1857; March 2, 1861. The price of the public lands was fixed in 1785 at $1 per acre; May 18, 1796, it was raised to $2 per acre, but at a later date was reduced to $1.25, except in the alternate sections where grants

The expenditures for the same period were: For the civil list (other than the public debt and the interior department)..

Redemption of the loan of 1842..

Interest on public debt

$23,187,208 19

$23,066,971 23

4,102,962 96

860,159,956 61

45,164,994 18

2.853.864 11

89,933,966 42

Aggregate of expenditures for the year... $475,881,245 51

Showing a deficiency to be provided for of $379,581,245 51 The construction of a larger number of ironplated vessels for the navy than was at that time contemplated, and the increase of the army beyond the numbers specified in the act of July, 1861, have probably raised the amount required for the war and navy departments beyond the sums specified in this estimate. The expenditure under the civil list, in the statement of expenses in 1861, included the compensation of members of congress and the executive and judiciary departments, the offi cers of the mint and branches, assistant treasurers and their clerks, inspectors, surveyorsgeneral and their clerks, &c., and the expense of the government of the territories. These items amounted to $6,156,199.25. Under the head of "miscellaneous" are included expenditures for the coast survey; for transportation of the mails to foreign countries and by sea; for deficiencies of revenue in the post office department; collecting the revenue from customs; the erecting and maintenance of lighthouses, &c.; the erection and repairs of marine hospitals, custom houses, &c.; the taking of the 8th cen sus; the printing and binding for the government; and expenses connected with the government of the District of Columbia. The expenditures of the post office department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1861, were $18,606,759.11, of which $8,406,652.51 was for the transportation of inland mails and the payment of route and local agents and mail messengers, $440,524.02 for the transportation of foreign mails, and $326,097.35 for the ocean mails to California and Oregon; compensation to postmasters and their clerks, $3,461,363.45; postage stamps and stamped envelopes, $92,772.70; payments for balances due on British mails, $120,507.82; for balances on French mails, $24,440.59; payments to letter carriers, $149,073.62, &c. The gross revenue of the year was $8,349,296.40, of which $646,498.14 was for letter postage, $6,864,791.43 for stamps sold, $571,209.28 for newspaper and pamphlet postage, $19,305.66 for registered letters, $149,073.62 on account of letter carriers, $94,563.45 on account of emoluments, and $3,854.82 miscellaneous. As compensation for the transpor tation of free mail matter, $700,000 was appropriated from other funds, and the deficiency in the receipts beyond this was $4,551,966.98. The whole number of post offices, June 30,

1861, was 28,586; the number of route agents was 392, and of local agents 35; the number of mail routes was 6,340, and their length 140,399 miles, of which 22,018 miles was by railroad, 5,339 by steamboat, 30,733 by coach, and 82,309 by inferior means of transportation. The number of miles of annual transportation was 54,455,454. The cost of railroad transportation averaged 11 cts. per mile; steamboat, 153; coach, 11; and inferior modes, 7 cts. The U. S. mint is considered a bureau of the treasury department. In the following table its coinage is given from 1858, the date to which it is brought down in the article COIN:

regiments of artillery, and 10 regiments of infantry. By act of congress, approved July 29, 1861, the president was authorized to add 22,714 men to the regular army, and the nominal strength of the force is now (July 1, 1862) as follows: 4 major-generals, 10 brigadiergenerals, corps of engineers, corps of topographical engineers, ordnance department, 6 regiments of cavalry, 5 regiments of artillery, and 19 regiments of infantry. The organization of the regiments is represented in the following table:

$669,116,406 62

66 maximum Total, minimum

1,208

1,722 548

1,587

1,263

maximum..

770 1,768 582 1,689 1.110 1,867 902 2,440

The following summary gives the amount of coinage of each metal from the establishment of the mint to June 30, 1861:

Gold..

Silver. Copper..

Total.

128,159,481 97 2,647,478 55 $799,923,862 14 Of this amount about $520,000,000 was from bullion derived from the mines of the United States. During the year ending June 30, 1861, the mint at Philadelphia, its branch at San Francisco, and the assay office at New York, were more fully employed than in any former year. The amount of bullion received at the mint and its branches and the assay office was: gold, $116,970,002.66; silver, $4,624,961.57; total deposits, $121,594,964.23. Deducting the redeposits, the amount left for coinage was $72,146,571.01. The coinage for the year was: gold coins, $60,693,237; fine gold bars, $20,015,163.64; silver coins, $2,605,700; silver bars, $278,006.94; cent coins, $101,660; total coinage, $83,693,767.58; number of pieces of all denominations of coin, 23,724,913. The branch mints at Charlotte, N. C., Dahlonega, Ga., and New Orleans were seized by the confederate authorities in the winter or early spring of 1861, and no returns were made from them later than March, 1861. In table XXVII. will be found detailed statistics of the banks of the different divisions of the United States for the 3 years ending June 30, 1858-261; and table XXVIII. completes the view of the banking interest in the United States, from the date at which it is left in the article BANK to the close of 1861.-The policy of the country has never been to keep a strong military force in time of peace, but to rely upon volunteers in case of any emergency. In March, 1861, the army consisted of one major-general (lieutenantgeneral by brevet), 4 brigadier-generals, and 16,000 other officers and men. The several arms of the service were: 1 corps of engineers, 1 corps of topographical engineers, 1 ordnance corps, 2 regiments of dragoons, 2 regiments of cavalry, 1 regiment of mounted riflemen, 4

Organization.

Colonel..

Lieutenant-colonel.

Majors..

Captains...
First lieutenants..

Second lieutenants..
Enlist'd men, minimum

Cavalry.

8222

The new regiments are organized according to their maximum strength, that is, in 3 battalions, but it is not known how large a part of their men have thus far been enlisted. The corps of engineers consists of 1 colonel, 4 lieutenantcolonels, 8 majors, 12 captains, 15 first lieutenants, 15 second lieutenants, and 600 enlisted men. The topographical engineers comprise 1 colonel, 3 lieutenant-colonels, 8 majors, 10 captains, 13 first lieutenants, 13 second lieutenants, and 100 enlisted men. The ordnance department includes 1 brigadier-general, 2 colonels, 2 lieutenant-colonels, 4 majors, 12 captains, 12 first lieutenants, 12 second lieutenants, 15 military storekeepers, and 440 enlisted men. Including these 3 corps, and officers of the staff, of the adjutant-general's department, judge advocate's department, inspector-general's department, one signal officer, and officers of the quartermaster's, the subsistence, the medical, and the pay departments, who are not attached to regimental organizations, the total nominal maximum strength of the regular army is 41,247, which the president is empowered to increase to 44,893 by virtue of the act of June 17, 1850, authorizing him to raise to 74 the number of privates in any company serving on the western frontier and at remote and distant stations. This has been done in 69 of the 198 companies of the old army. In Jan. 1862, the following arsenals and armories were under the supervision of the war department: Kennebec, Me.; Springfield and Watertown, Mass.; Champlain (at Vergennes), Vt.; Watervliet (at West Troy) and New York, N. Y.; Alleghany (at Pittsburg) and Frankford (at Bridesburg), Penn.; Pikesville, Md.; Washington, D. C.; Fortress Monroe, Va.; St. Louis, Mo.; Leavenworth, Kansas; Detroit (at Dearbornville), Mich.; and Benicia, Cal. The arsenals at Fayetteville, N. C., Charleston, S. C., Mount Ver

the merchant marine, and altered to fit them to the necessities of war. Though most of them would be found incapable of standing a regular naval contest, they have proved well adapted for blockading service, for transports, and for coast and river fleets. In addition to the vessels enumerated above are the gunboat, ram, and mortar fleets built for action on the Mississippi and other western waters, under authority of the war department, but since transferred to the control of the secretary of the navy. The gunboats, constructed by order of Gen. Fremont, are 12 in number, mounting in the aggregate 126 guns, beside a rifled 12-pounder boat howitzer on each vessel. The guns are all 32, 42, and 64-pounders, except one, a 128-pounder. Seven of the gunboats are iron-plated. Gen. Fremont also caused 38 mortar boats to be built, each about 60 feet long and 25 feet wide, surrounded by iron-plated bulwarks, and carrying one 13-inch mortar. A number of schooners included in the above list of purchased vessels have also been fitted up as mortar boats, and were engaged in the capture of the Mississippi forts below New Orleans. The ram fleet, which first came into action in the naval engagement near Memphis, was fitted out by the late Col. Ellet. It consists of 8 or 10 river steam towboats, strengthened and armed with iron prows for the purpose of running down the vessels of the enemy. A number of iron and iron-clad vessels are now (Aug. 1862) building, including 6 on the plan of the floating battery Monitor. In Feb. 1862, congress authorized the construction of 20 iron-clad gunboats, appropriating $10,000,000 for that purpose. A naval school for the education of officers was established at Annapolis, Md., in 1845, and temporarily removed in April, 1861, to Newport, R. I. By act of congress approved July 16, 1862, the active list of line officers in the navy, with the maximum number of officers allowed to each grade, is constituted as follows; 9 rear admirals; 18 commodores; 36 captains; 72 commanders; 144 lieutenant-commanders; 144 lieutenants; 144 masters; 144 ensigns; and midshipmen (students of the naval academy) to the number of 2 for every member and delegate of the house of representatives, 2 for the District of Columbia, and 10 appointed at large by the president, beside whom the president may appoint 3 midshipmen yearly, to be selected from boys enlisted in the navy. The navy yards, at the commencement of President Lincoln's administration, were at Portsmouth, N. H.; Charlestown, Mass.; Brooklyn and Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.; Philadelphia, Penn.; Washington, D. C.; Norfolk, Va.; Pensacola, Fla.; and Mare island, Cal. By the act of congress reorganizing the navy department, approved July 5, 1862, the following bureaus are created: yards and docks, equipments and recruiting, navigation, ordnance, construction and repairs. steam engineering, provisions and clothing, and medicine and surgery. The marine corps is organized as a brigade, and sub

ject to the laws and regulations of the navy except when detached for service with the army by order of the president of the United States. As reorganized by Congress in 1861, it consists of 1 colonel commandant, 1 colonel, 2 lieutenant-colonels, 4 majors, 1 adjutant and inspector, 1 paymaster, 1 quartermaster, 2 assistant quartermasters, 20 captains, 30 first lieutenants, 30 second lieutenants, and 3,074 enlisted men.HISTORY. The country now comprised within the United States was, when first visited by Europeans, exclusively inhabited by the red or copper-colored race commonly called American Indians. Of the origin of these people nothing is positively known, though their own vague traditions and their general resemblance to the tribes of north-eastern Asia give a certain degree of plausibility to the theory that their ancestors came to America by way of Behring's straits or the Aleutian islands. There is some reason to believe that these savages were not the first occupants of the land, in almost every part of which, and especially in the valley of the Mississippi, are found monuments consisting of mounds and other earthworks of great extent, which are supposed to have been erected by an unknown and long extinct race. In physical appearance, manners, customs, religion, and social and political institutions, the Indians were so strikingly alike as to form but one people; yet they were divided into a multitude of tribes almost perpetually at war with each other, and speaking a great variety of dialects, among which have been traced 8 radically distinct languages, viz., the Algonquin, Iroquois, Cherokee, Catawba, Uchee, Natchez, Mobilian, and Dacotah or Sioux. The Algonquins inhabited the territory now included in New England, a part of New York and Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina as far south as Cape Fear, a large part of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the greater portion of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Their most important tribes were the Knisteneaux, Ottawas, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, Miamies, Piankeshaws, Potawatomies, Kickapoos, Illinois, Shawnees, Powhatans, Corees, Nanticokes, Lenni-Lenapes or Delawares, Mohegans, Narragansets, Pequots, and Abenakis. The Iroquois occupied nearly the whole of that part of Canada which lies south of the Ottawa, between Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron, the greater portion of New York, and that part of Pennsylvania and Ohio which lies along the southern shore of Lake Erie. They were completely surrounded by the territories of their enemies the Algonquins. Their chief tribes, the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks, formed a confederacy which was known to the English as the Five Nations, and after 1722, when they admitted the Tuscaroras, as the Six Nations. The English, however, often termed them collectively the Mohawks or Mingoes, the latter name being given them by the Algonquins.