ated from Mr. Jefferson, by distance of residence, and by the pressure of his private business, between sessions of Congress. But the fond grandfather had generally contrived to keep Francis Eppes with himself, or in schools near his residence. Mr. Eppes senior, had prepared to relieve him of this care in 1816, by sending his son to a school in North Carolina. Mr. Jefferson, with customary delicacy, but with evident solicitude, attempted to prevent this arrangement from being carried into effect. Here is a characteristic passage from one of his letters:

"I am almost afraid to propose to you to yield to me the expense and direction of his education. Yet I think I could have it conducted to his advantage. Certainly no expense which could be useful to him, and no attention on my part would be spared; and he could visit you at such times as you should wish. If you say yea to this proposition, he might come on to me at Poplar Forest, for which place I shall set out about the 6th of April, and shall be there to about the 21st; and could I hear from you soon after my arrival there, I could be taking preparatory steps for his reception and the course to be pursued. All this is submitted to your good pleasure. Patsy, supposing Mrs. Eppes to have an attachment to flowers, sends her a collection of seeds."

Mr. Eppes, of course, consented that his son remain. Mr. Jefferson, after minutely describing the school he had selected, added:

"I am sensible, my dear sir, of the delicacy of your sentiments on the subject of expense. I am indeed an unskillful manager of my farms, and sensible of this from its effects, I have now committed them to better hands, of whose care and skill I have satisfactory knowledge, and to whom I have ceded the entire direction.' This is all that is necessary to make them adequate to all my wants, and to place me at entire ease. And for whom should I spare in preference to Francis, on sentiments either of duty or affection? I consider all my grandchildren as if they were my children, and want nothing but for them. It is impossible that I could reconcile it to my feelings, that he alone of them should be a stranger to my cares and contributions. You must then, permit me to come in for my share, and to do something which may give me somewhat of the parental character with him; not to the diminution of what he feels and owes to you, or of your authority; but yet to be something affectionate in his eyes. We will both, then, do what falls in our way. I have accordingly advanced to Mr. Mitchell, for the ensuing session, for so they divide the year. And it is all but nothing; being no more than I paid to Mr. Maury for my own education, fifty-five years ago."

In the last paragraph the reader obtains a hint of Mr. Jeffer son's pecuniary expectations at this period. The rose color of hope, as usual, predominated. It was strange that with the accu

1 The individual here referred to was his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph. VOL. III-28

mulating facts constantly under his eyes-with an army of guests constantly devouring his substance-amidst money fluctuations which rendered every business arrangement and expectation wholly unreliable-he should have seemed to imagine that unskillful farming had been the leak in the vessel, or that any skill in farming would stop it. In this private letter to a favorite son-in-law, he does not allude to the real cause of his straitening circumstances. He never alluded to it but once or twice, it is believed, and then only to his daughter and oldest grandson.

The bark was not yet in the rapids-but one less hopeful and more familiar with the progress of pecuniary misfortune, would have already heard the roar of the nearing whirlpool.

We select the following from his letters of this period to the grandson mentioned in the preceding extracts:

TO FRANCIS EPPES, MILLBROOK.

MONTICELLO, May 21, 1816.

I send you, my dear Francis, a Greek grammar, the best I know for the use of senools. It is the one now the most generally used in the United States. I expect you will begin it soon after your arrival at the New London Academy. You might, while at home, amuse yourself with learning the letters, and spelling and reading the Greek words, so that you may not be stopped by that when Mr. Mitchell puts you into the grammar. I think you will like him, and old Mr. and Mrs. Deshavens, from the character I have of them. I am sure Mr. Mitchell will do everything for you he can, and I have no fear that you will not do full justice to his instruction. But, while you endeavor, by a good store of learning, to prepare yourself to become a useful and distinguished member of your country, you must remember that this can never be, without uniting merit with your learning. Honesty, disinterestedness, and good nature are indispensable to procure the esteem and confidence of those with whom we live, and on whose esteem our happiness depends. Never suffer a thought to be harbored in your mind which you would not avow openly. When tempted to do anything in secret, ask yourself if you would do it in public; if you would not, be sure it is wrong. In little disputes with your compa nions, give way rather than insist on trifles, for their love and the approbation of others will be worth more to you than the trifle in dispute. Above all things, and at all times, practise yourself in good humor; this of all human qualities is the most amiable and endearing to society. Whenever you feel a warmth of temper rising, check it at once, and suppress it, recollecting it would make you unhappy within yourself, and disliked by others. Nothing gives one person so great an advantage over another, under all circumstances. Think of these things, practise them, and you will be rewarded by the love and confidence of the world. I have some expectation of being at Poplar Forest the third week of June, when I hope I shall see you going on cleverly, and already beloved by your tutors, curators, and companions, as you are by yours affectionately,

TH. JEFFERSON.

CHAPTER XI.

1817-1822.

Lieutenant Hall's Account of his Visit to Monticello-Jefferson to Mrs. Adams-To Adams in regard to Disclosing religious Views, etc.-A Practical Commentary on Arraigning Private Religious Views of Candidates for Office-Monroe elected President J. Q. Adams Secretary of State-Jefferson's Comments on Adams' Appointment -Central College-Miscellaneous Correspondence of 1817-Views in regard to the Great Canal in New York-On an Amendment of the Constitution sanctioning Internal Improvements-On Persecution of Shakers in New York-Indoor Occupations of the Year, described by Himself—He keeps Copies of only a portion of his Letters-Omissions in the Congress Edition of his Writings-Illness in 1818-Kosciusko's DeathHe leaves Jefferson Executor of his Will-Death of Mrs. Adams Jefferson's Letter of Condolence to Mr. Adams-Wirt's Life of Henry-Historic Reclamations-Jefferson advises a Course of Female Education-His List of approved Novels-Tribute to Franklin-Temperance Reform Theories forty years ago-Correspondence of 1819His Account of his Physical Habits and Condition-His Reading for half an hour before going to Bed-His first Book of Selections from the New Testament-His Remarks on it to Charles Thompson-His Polyglot Book of Selections from New Tes tament Contents of both Selections-His Remarks on the Materials for writing his Biography, etc.-His Strictures on Judicial Encroachments-Attacks of Illness in 1819 The Missouri Question-Jefferson's Remarks on it in 1820 and 1821-Virginia University-Its History Published in 1856-Professor Minor's Sketch of its Early History-Meeting of Commissioners to select a Site, etc.-First Board of Visitors Chosen-Jefferson appointed Rector-Plan of the Buildings-Establishment under Control of Jefferson-Expense exceeds Public Expectation-Struggles and TriumphsJefferson's Coadjutors-Joseph Carrington Cabell-An exciting Episode-Dr. Cooper's Appointment as a Professor, attacked by the Clergy-The Sequel-Later ChargesExplanations of Professors Tucker and Dunglison-The Charge that Religious Instruction was excluded from the University-Invitation of the Visitors to all Sects to establish Chairs of Divinity-Reasons for the Omission of the Visitors to provide for Religious Instruction with the Funds of the Institution-By-laws in regard to Religious Instruction Jefferson's Miscellaneous Correspondence in 1820-Financial Affairs in Virginia-On the Florida Treaty and Texas-"Monroe Doctrine" full blown-Jeffer son's Views of the Administration-His health in 1820-His Correspondence in 1821Pickering's Overture and its Acceptance-On Judiciary Encroachments-On the Abuse of his Confidence in publishing his private Letters-Correspondence of 1822-On a United States Society for the Civilization of the Indians Jefferson accused in the Newspapers of Overdrawing his Accounts while Minister to France-His Reply-His Letter to John Adams-His Statement of his Persecution by Letter Writers-His Remarks on the Obliteration of Party Lines-Parentage of the Navy-Letters to his Grandson.

An intelligent traveller, Lieutenant Hall, of the British army, made a visit to Monticello at this period, and he has left the following account of it.'

Travels in Canada and the United States in 1816 and 1817, by Lieut. Francis Hall

"Having an introduction to Mr. Jefferson [said Mr. Hall] I ascended his little mountain, ou a fine morning, which gave the situation its due effect. The whole of the sides and base are covered with forest, through which roads have been cut circularly so that the winding may be shortened at pleasure: the summit is an oper lawn, near to the south side of which the house is built, with its garden just descending the brow: the saloon, or central hall, is ornamented with several pieces of antique sculpture, Indian arms, mammoth bones, and other curiosities collected from various parts of the Union. I found Mr. Jefferson tall in person, but stooping and lean with old age, thus exhibiting the fortunate mode of bodily decay which strips the frame of its most cumbersome parts, leaving it still strength of muscle and activity of limb. His deportment was exactly such as the Marquis de Chastellux describes it above thirty years ago. At first serious, nay, even cold,' but in a very short time relaxing into a most agreeable amenity, with an unabated flow of conver sation on the most interesting topics discussed in the most gentlemanly and philosophic manner. I walked with him round his grounds, to visit his pet trees and improvements of various kinds; during the walk he pointed out to my observation a conical mountain, rising singly at the edge of the southern horizon of the landscape: its distance, he said, was forty miles, and its dimensions those of the greater Egyptian pyramid; so that it accurately represents the appearance of the pyramid at the same distance; there is a small cleft visible on its summit, through which the true meridian of Monticello exactly passes; its most singular property, however, is, that on different occasions it looms, or alters its appearance, becoming sometimes cylin drical, sometimes square, and sometimes assuming the form of an inverted cone. Mr. Jefferson had not been able to connect this phenomenon with any particular season or state of the atmosphere, except that it most commonly occurred in the forenoon. He observed that it was not only wholly unaccounted for by the laws of vision, but that it had not as yet engaged the attention of philosophers so far as to acquire a name; that of looming, being in fact, a term applied by sailors to appearances of a similar kind at sea. The Blue Mountains are also observed to loom, though not in so remarkable a degree.

"It must be remarkable to recall and preserve the political sentiments of a man who has held so distinguished a station in pubiic life as Mr. Jefferson. He seemed to consider much of the freedom and happiness of America to arise from local circumstances. Our population,' he observed, has an elasticity by which it would fly off from oppressive taxation.' He instanced the beneficial effects of a free gov ernment, in the case of New Orleans, where many proprietors who were in a state of indigence under the dominion of Spain, have risen to sudden wealth, solely by the rise in the value of land, which followed a change of government. Their inge nuity in mechanical inventions, agricultural improvements, and that mass of general information to be found among Americans of all ranks and conditions, he ascribed to that ease of circumstances which afforded them leisure to cultivate their minds, after the cultivation of their lands was completed. In fact I have frequently been surprised to find mathematical and other useful works, in houses which seemed to have little pretensions to the luxury of learning. 'Another cause,' Mr. Jefferson observed, might be discovered in the many court and county meetings which brought men frequently together on public business, and thus gave them habits, both of thinking, and expressing their thoughts on subjects, which in other coun. tries are confined to the privileged few.' Mr. Jefferson has not the reputation of

14th Light Dragoons, H. P. London, printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme & Brown, Paternoster Row, 1819.

being very friendly to England; we should, however, be aware that a partiality in this respect, is not absolutely the duty of an American citizen; neither is it to be expected that the policy of our government should be regarded in foreign countries with the complacency with which it is looked upon by ourselves; but whatever may be his sentiments in this respect, politeness naturally repressed any offensive expression of them; he talked of our affairs with candor, and apparent good will, though leaning perhaps to the gloomier side of the picture. He did not perceive by what means we could be extricated from our present financial embarrassments, without some kind of revolution in our government. On my replying that our habits were remarkably steady, and that great sacrifices would be made to prevent a violent catastrophe, he acceded to the observation, but demanded if those who made the sacrifices would not require some political reformation in return. His repugnance was strongly marked to the despotic principles of Bonaparte, and he seemed to consider France, under Louis XVI. as scarcely capable of a republican form of gov ernment; but added that the present generation of Frenchmen had grown up with sounder notions which would probably lead to their emancipation. Relative to the light in which he views the conduct of the allied sovereigns, I cannot do better than insert a letter of his to Dr. Logan, dated 18th October, 1815, and published in the American newspapers:

"DEAR SIR: I thank you for the extract in yours of August 16th, respecting the Emperor Alexander. It arrived here a day or two after I had left this place, from which I have been absent about seven or eight weeks. I had, from other information, formed the most favorable opinion of the virtues of the Emperor Alexander, and considered his partiality to this country as a prominent proof of them. The magnanimity of his conduct on the first capture of Paris, still magnified everything we had believed of him, but how he will come out of his present trial remains to be seen: that the sufferings which France had inflicted on other countries, justified some reprisals cannot be questioned, but I have not yet learned what crimes Poland, Saxony, Belgium, Venice, Lombardy, and Genoa, had merited for them not merely a temporary punishment, but that of permanent subjugation, and a destitution of independence and self-government. The fable of Æsop and the Lion dividing the spoils, is, I fear, becoming true history, and the moral code of Napoleon and the English government, a substitute for that of Grotius of Puffendorf, and even of the pure doctrines of the great Author of our own religion. We were safe ourselves from Bonaparte, because he had not the British fleets at his command. We were safe from the British fleets because they had Bonaparte at their back; but the British fleets and the conquerors of Bonaparte being now combined, and the Hartford ration drawn off to them, we have uncommon reason to look to our own affairs. This, however, I leave to others, offering prayers to Heaven, the only contribution of old age, for the safety of our country. Be so good as to present me affectionately to Mrs. Logan, and to accept yourself the assurance of my esteem and respect.

666 TH. JFFERSON.

"The same anxiety for his country's independence seems to have led him to a change of opinion on the relative importance of manufactories in America. He thus expresses himself in answer to an address from the American Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures: 'I have read with great satisfaction the eloquent pamphlet you were so kind as to send me, and sympathize with every line of it. I was once a doubter whether the labor of the cultivator, aided by the creative