of its benefactors; and, in the case of those whose lives are uneventful, this can only be known from their own private papers and those of their friends. Jevons was not, indeed, a man of the highest genius, and his works are not likely to make an epoch in any department of knowledge; but they are fresh in thought and often original, and nearly always provocative of thought in his readers. Moreover, he wrote a clear and easy style, which makes his letters interesting from a literary point of view.

Most of the letters in the collection before us were written to his relatives and personal friends, though many of the later ones are addressed to correspondents in the learned world. The most interesting part of the book to us is that which treats of the author's education and his early labors in the mental and social sciences. William Stanley Jevons was born in Liverpool in 1835, and met his death by drowning, at Bulverhythe, near Hastings, in 1882; so that his life covered a period of not quite forty-seven years. His father was a merchant, but failed while Stanley was a boy, after which the family were in only moderate circumstances. Stanley's mother died while he was very young, and he was taught at home by a governess until he was more than ten years old, when he was sent to school in Liverpool. At the age of fifteen he went to London to attend University college school, and afterwards studied at the college itself till he reached the age of nineteen. At that time he was offered the position of assayer in the mint at Sydney, in Australia; and, though at first averse to taking it, he ultimately accepted and retained the post for four years. The duties of the office seem never to have been much to his taste, and he had not held it long when he began to entertain designs and aspirations which rendered a return to England necessary. What these

designs were he makes known in a letter to his sisters. He writes that in his inmost soul he has but "one wish, or one intention, viz., to be a powerful good in the world. To be good, to live with good intentions towards others, is open to all. . . . To be powerfully good, that is, to be good, not towards one, or a dozen, or a hundred, but towards a nation or the world, is what now absorbs me. But this assumes the possession of the power. . . . I also think, that, if in any thing I have the chance of acquiring the power, it is that I have some originality, and can strike out new things" (pp. 95, 96).

...

It appears, also, from another of his letters, that he had also chosen the field in which he was to work; for he writes that he intends" "exchanging the physical for the moral and logical sciences, in which my forte will really be found to lie."

With such aspirations as these, Jevons could not be content to remain in Australia; and accordingly in 1859 he left his post at Sydney, and returned to England by way of Panama and the United States. On reaching home, he returned to study at University college, where he remained till he had taken the degree of M.A., devoting himself mainly to mental and social philosophy. After finishing his studies, he was for some time in doubt as to how he was to get his living, but was soon offered a position as tutor in Owens college, Manchester, which he accepted, being then twenty-eight years of age. A few years later he was appointed professor of philosophy and political economy in the same institution, and not long afterwards he married.

He had now attained a position which enabled him to carry on his chosen work, and he had already published some essays which had given him a reputation as an economist and statistician. The most important of these was the one on the coal-question, in which he warned his countrymen that their supply of coal was not inexhaustible. These essays did not at first attract the notice he expected, and, as he had not then attained his professorship, he seems to have suffered much from depression of spirits. Yet he did not swerve in the least from his chosen path; for he writes in his journal as follows: "Whence is this feeling that even failure in a high aim is better than success in a lower one? It must be from a higher source, for all lower nature loves and worships success and cheerful life. Yet the highest success that I feel I can worship is that of adhering to one's aims, and risking all" (p. 218). The next day after this was written, he received a letter from Mr. Gladstone, warmly commending his pamphlet on the coal-question; and from this time onward his reputation continued to grow.

Of the author's works, however, we have no space to speak at length. We cannot accord him a place among the great thinkers of the world, and it seems to us that he tried to be more original than he had the power to be, though his works are very suggestive. His mathematical theory of political economy has not been accepted by any leading thinker, and has remained thus far without influence on the development of the science. He urges that economical phenomena can be treated mathematically, because they can be expressed in terms of more and less; but, in order to treat them mathematically, we must be able to say how much more or less, and this, in the case of human desires and efforts, is impossible. Again: Jevons seems to have thought, that, in his doctrine of 'the substitution of similars,' he had presented an entirely new theory of reasoning; whereas the

doctrine in question is the basis of every system of logic in existence, and necessarily so.

Jevons was perhaps a little too apt to present his thoughts to the public before he had given them time to mature, and hence some of his theories are crude and but half worked out. Indeed, he seems in some cases to have been aware of this himself; for he writes to one of his correspondents about the Principles of science,' in the following terms: "To the want of a psychological analysis of the basis of reasoning I plead guilty. . . . No doubt, to a considerable extent I have avoided the true difficulties of the subject; but this does not preclude me from attempting to remedy the defect at some future time, if I live long enough, and can feel that I see my way to a more settled state of opinion" (p. 322). But, unfortunately for him and for us, he did not live long enough to finish this and other tasks that he had projected; and it is sad to think how much the world may have lost by the death, at the age of forty-six, of a man of such freshness of thought, and courage of opinion, as Jevons undoubtedly showed.

THE RAILWAYS AND THE REPUBLIC.

CAN competition be so arranged as to prevent the more serious abuses of railroad power? Can it be made to apply to railroads as it does to most other lines of business? Fifty years' experience has seemed to show that it cannot. Mr. Hudson believes that it can; and he makes out a case which will appear plausible to those who are not in a position to understand the practical difficulties involved in his project.

Each year's history shows that under our existing system-or want of system-railroad managers wield an irresponsible power, dangerous alike to shippers and to the government. By arbitrary differences in charge they can ruin the business of individuals; by political corruption they can often thwart all attempts at government control. The history of the Standard oil company, which Mr. Hudson tells extremely well, furnishes an instance of both these things. The railroads made a series of contracts with the company to do its business at much lower rates than they would give to any one else; while the railroads and the company together were able to set at nought the plainest principles of common law, to defy legislative investigation, and laugh at state authority itself.

What is to be done under these circumstances? This is the question to which Mr. Hudson addresses himself. He does not fall into the extreme of

The railways and the republic. By JAMES F. HUDSON. New York, Harper, 1886. 8°.

advocating state ownership. He has too strong a sense of the dangers of government management to believe that political corruption could be avoided, or enlightened economy secured, by a measure like this. Admitting, then, that railways are to remain under private ownership, how are their abuses to be brought under control? Almost every writer has his own notion on the subject, and his own individual shade of opinion; but we may group them under three main heads :

1. There is one class of writers who insist that things are well enough as they are; who say that the reduction in rates under our present system has been so great, and the development of the country so rapid, as to outweigh any incidental evils which may exist. They say that the most we can possibly think of doing is to prohibit a few of the worst abuses, and perhaps secure a very moderate amount of publicity; and that other things will take care of themselves. This is the position of writers like Stuart Patterson or Gerritt Lansing.

2. Many of the more enlightened railroad men, like Albert Fink, G. R. Blanchard, or Charles Francis Adams, jun., do not deny the existence of most serious evils; but they attribute them to unrestricted competition, which favors competing points at the expense of local points, or places solvent roads at the mercy of bankrupt ones. They favor legalizing pools, and limiting the irresponsible construction of new roads, and think that the public interest would be best served by a responsible combination of railroads, with a commission to see that the interests of the shippers were not neglected.

3. On the other hand, Mr. Hudson insists that we have, not too much competition, but too little; that the abuses incident to its partial and irregular working can be best avoided by enabling it to act everywhere instead of nowhere. This he proposes to do by allowing others besides the railway company to use the track, on payment of a just and reasonable toll. He argues strongly to prove that this plan is not merely equitable, but practicable, and that each of the other positions is wrong, both in fact and in morals.

He has no difficulty in breaking down the arguments of the first group. The men who insist that railroad management is a private business, with which there should be no interference, and that all is well enough as it is, are every day becoming fewer. The really difficult conflict is against those who admit the evils, but who say that the remedy is to be found in well-controlled combination rather than uncontrolled competition. Mr. Hudson insists that combinations perpetrate outrages which individual roads could not perpe

trate, and that the worst abuses of railroad wars have their origin in the desire to force rival roads to a combination. Against the first of these points we may cite the testimony of Mr. Sterne, - certainly no prejudiced witness, that the actual abuses have been lessened rather than increased when the trunk-line pool was in operation. We may cite the uniform experience of Europe, that only where pooling contracts were made permanent has it been possible to bring discrimination under control; so that men as widely distinct in their views as Gladstone and Bismarck have both sanctioned the system by their active countenance. With regard to the motive for railroad wars, we may show that it is regularly the weaker party who is the aggressor, rather than the stronger party. And finally, as a counter-argument against Mr. Hudson, it may be shown that his scheme has been found impracticable. It was tried and abandoned at the outset, as he himself admits. Every subsequent change in railroad administration has rendered the difficulties of its application greater instead of less. Both by theory and by experience, it may be shown that the attempt to treat the railway as a public highway has done some harm and no good in the past, and must grow even less possible with the increasing complication of railroad business.

OPPOLZER'S TREATISE ON ORBITS. OPPOLZER'S treatise on the determination of the orbits of planets and comets is so well and o favorably known to students of astronomy, that, in calling attention to the French translation of the first volume (which will be found welcome by those who do not read German with ease), we might have confined ourselves to the briefest notice, if the translator had reproduced the German edition without modification. M. Pasquier has, however, introduced, together with several minor changes, the mode of counting longitude and time recommended by the Washington international meridian congress of 1884: that is, longitudes east from Greenwich are regarded as plus, and west as minus; and the astronomical day is made to begin with mean midnight. This innovation is in accord with the ideas of Dr. Oppolzer, who is known as one of the strongest and most distinguished of the advocates of the new plan. M. Pasquier says that the change has been made in response, also, to the wishes of the majority of astronomers and of governments. It is difficult to see upon what ground such a conclusion is drawn in regard to the wishes Traité de la détermination des orbites des comètes et des planètes. Par THEODORE D'OPPOLZER. Tr. by Ernest Pasquier. Vol. i. Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886. 4°.

of astronomers; the opinions published during the past year are far from indicating a majority in favor of the change; and diplomatic action, even if ratified by the countries represented, can scarcely be expected to influence astronomers in such an important matter. The course adopted by M. Pasquier we are inclined to regard as somewhat premature, and it may interfere with the general acceptance and usefulness of the translation as a text-book; but he has taken care to indicate in his preface the corrections which must be made in the text and tables, if one prefers to reckon the astronomical day from mean noon (the present custom) instead of using universal time. To quote a recent comment, a glance at these corrections will show astronomers some of the troubles that are in store for them, should they make the change which the Washington conference has recommended."

66

The typography of the volume is good (we are always sorry, though, to meet with the flat-topped figure three ( 3 ), an abomination when it is found on divided circles and micrometer heads, and scarcely more legible in print), and especial pains have been taken to insure accuracy in the tables and formulae. The tables, we are told, were revised three times while the work was going through the press.

THE fourth volume of the Publications of the Washburn observatory,' which we have just received, seems to bring to a close the work undertaken at Madison by Professor Holden. The greater part of the volume is taken up with the work of the Repsold meridian circle for 1884 and 1885, the observation of the 303 stars which are to serve as reference-points for the southern zones of the Astronomische gesellschaft. A casual glance shows a satisfactory performance of the instrument; but we regret with Professor Holden, that. under the circumstances, it has been possible to give merely the "results of observation, instead of accompanying them with the thorough discussion they seem to deserve." We note particularly the creditable part taken in both observations and reductions by Miss Alice Lamb, who appears in the personnel as one of the 'assistant astronomers.' A valuable piece of astronomical bibliography will be found in the seven pages devoted to a referencelist of the original sources from which errata have been taken in systematically correcting the starcatalogues contained in the observatory library. Some thirty pages are occupied with the results of meteorological observations; and a brief discussion is given of a longitude campaign undertaken, in co-operation with a government surveying party, to determine the western boundary of Dakota.

Aerolite, 456.

Africa, a railroad in central, 67; South,
rainfall in, map, 151.

African inland sea, North, M. de Lesseps
and, 112; lakes, geology of, 416.
Agricultural bureau, distribution of
seeds by the, 7; conventions at St.
Louis, 116; experiments, 295; experi-
ment-station at Cornell, appropriation
for, 117; third report of, reviewed, 205;
Connecticut, annual report of, 284;
New Jersey, 528; New York, 371; fourth
annual report of, reviewed, 315; North
Carolina, 448; experiment-stations,
237, 349, 434; industries of Japan, 463.
Agriculture, relation of birds to, 201.
Air, elasticity of, at low pressure, 161.
Alaska, explorations in, reviewed, 95;
history of, 292; late news from, 48:
new expedition to, 566; ruminants of
the Copper-River region, 57.
Albatross, 99, 300, 325, 413, 435, 536.
Aleutian Islands, winter climate of the,
46.

Allan, W., on the Pope campaign, 431.
ALLEN, H. Muscles of the hind-limb of
Ch-iromeles torquatus, 506.
ALLEN, H. T. Ruminants of the Copper-
River region, Alaska, 57.
ALLEN, J. A. The present wholesale de-
struction of bird-life in the United
States, 191.

ALLEN, J. M. The festoon cloud, 144.
Alphabet, legibility of letters of the, ill.
128.

Alps, glaciers in, 569; visible summits
of, 164.

Altai Mountains, a trip to the, map, 18.
Amazon, Uape Indians of the, 301.
Amblystoma and Gordius, 550.
American academy of arts and sciences,
503; association for the advancement
of science, 324, 546; climatological as-
sociation, 453; economic association,
209, 213; engineers' meeting, 92; fishery
interests, 113; historical association,
429; journal of archeology, 71; mu-
seum of natural history to be free
to public on Sundays. 434; ornitholo-
gists' union committee on bird-pro-
tection, 205; public health association,
324; society for prevention of bird-de-
struction, 185; for psychical research,
89, 123, 145.

Amherst students, eyesight of, 414.
Amphibia, 395, 462.

Amphibians and reptiles, catalogue of,
140.

Anachronisms of pictures. 264, 307.
Anatomical museums, needs and short-
comings of, 839; preparations at Wash-
ington, 163.

Anatomists, a task for, 428.

Anatomy, recent text-books on methods
in microscopic, 64, 100; and compar-

ative anatomy, distinction between,
328.

Andree's Allgemeiner handatlas, 505.
Animal and plant habits, 100; industry,
bureau of, 456; kingdom, distribution
of colors in the, 557.

Animals, origin of fat in, 444.
Annisquam, Seaside laboratory at, 368;
summer school at, 236.

Anrep on ptomaines, 411.
Anthropological and biological societies,
course of lectures under the auspices
of, 326.

Antilegomena, facsimile of the, 153.
Antiquities, the trade in spurious Mexi-
can, ill. 170.

Aplodontia, new species of, 219.
Appalachian mountain club, 236; map
of the White Mountains, 516.
Apparitions and haunted houses, 341.
Appleton's Annual cyclopaedia, astron-
omy in, 534.

Appointments, scientific, 185.

Appropriations recommended for the
scientific bureaus, 568.

Arabic inscription, ancient, in the Saha-
ra, 161.

Archeology, American journal of, 71;
Roman, 492.

Archives slaves de biologie, 212.
Arctic exploration, did Dr. Haves reach
Cape Lieber in his, of 1861? 165.
Argentine Republic, trade-route between
Bolivia and the, 299.

ARMSBY, H. P. Imitation butter, 471.
Armstrong, William, donation from, to
scientific relief fund, 139.

Army and navy, a scientific corps for
the, 142.

Arrows, penetrating-power of, 328, 528,

550.

Bacteriological studies, 186.
Bacteriology, literature of, 414.
Bahama Islands, collections in, by the
Albatross, 536.

Baird, S. F., award of gold medal to, 547.
Baku, oil-wells of, 149

Bald-headed men in America, 110.
BALL, R. S. Popular astronomy, 484.
Ball's Story of the heavens, reviewed,
365.

Baltimore tax commission, report of
the, 45.

Bancroft's History of Alaska, 308; re-
viewed, 292.

Barlow's New theories of matter and
force, reviewed, 294.

Barometer exposure, 484, 550, 571, 572.
Barometric pressure, areas of high,
over Europe and Asia, 369.
BARTLETT, E. J.

Death-rates among

college graduates, 124.

BARTLETT, J. R. Deep-sea soundings in
the Atlantic, ill. 387; in the South
Pacific, ill. 252.

Batrachians, habits of, 220; and reptiles
of North America, 327.
Bats embedded in coal, 406.
Battery, new form of, 53.

BAUR, G. Habits of batrachians, 220.
Bavaria, death of physician of king of,
538.

Bayonets, worthless. 93.

Beddoe's Races of Britain, reviewed, 84.
Bee-hives and bee-habits, 127.

Bell, A. G., on ancestry of the deaf, 385;
on deaf-mutes in the United States,
214.

Bell's Climatology, reviewed, 316.
BENEDICT, J. E. Surface-collecting on
the Albatross, 300.

Bernard, C., unveiling of statue of, 213.
Bert, P., departure of, for Tonquin, 212.
Bessels, Dr. E., burning of library of, 7.
Bibliography of Indian languages, 358.
Bilhoola, language of the, in British
Columbia, 218.

Bimetallism, 534.

Biology, losses to English, during 1885, 81.
Bird-destruction, American society for
prevention of, 185.

Bird-laws, 202.

Bird-life, destruction of, in the vicinity of
New York, 197; wholesale destruction
of, in the United States, 191.
Bird-migration, 162; premiums for pa-
pers on. 414.
Bird-protection, American

ornitholo-

gists' union committee on, 205; in Eng-
land, 162.

Birds, an appeal to the women of the
country in behalf of, 204; and insects,
relation of, 111; code and check-list of
North American, 374; cross-fertiliza-
tion of plants by, ill. 441; destruction
of, 191, 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205,
241; for fashion's sake, 111; for milli-
nery purposes, 196; the eggs of, for
food, 199; relation of, to agriculture,
201.

Birmingham, exhibition of local manu-
factures at, 138.

Bishop's ring during solar eclipses, 239.
Black Sea, proposed trade outlet on the,

424.

Blind, sense of touch, and the teaching
of the, 271.

Blindness in Russia, 291.

BLISH, W. G. The moon's atmosphere,
124.

582

Bloch, A., on Gambetta's brain, 348.
Blondes and brunettes in Germany, 129.
Blood, new method to prevent coagula-
tion of, 283.

Blue Hill meteorological observatory,
observations made at, 306.

BOAS, F. The language of the Bilhoola
in British Columbia, 218.
Boeddicker, Dr., observations of, 73.
Bolivia, trade-route between, and the
Argentine Republic, 299.

Bolton's Preservation of timber, re-
viewed, 176.

Bones, deformities of, among the ancient
Peruvians, 150.

Book-making, thoughtless, 362.
Book-manufactory in ancient Rome, 467.
Books, number of, published in the
United States, 186; scientific, 305, 505;
cost of, 101.

Bordeaux, Philomathical society of, 416.
Borneo, condition of, 96.

Boroughs, Pennsylvania, 455.

Boston, female medical students in, 456.
Botanic garden, Montreal, 350.
Botanical gazette for January, 100; in-
struction in this country, 251.
Botany, Coulter's Rocky Mountain, 74;
course of lessons in, 370.

Bottle found near Colon, 325; picked up
on Palmyra Island, 457.

Bouchard, C., on the toxicity of urine,
410, 547.

BOUTELLE, C. O. On a geodetic survey
of the United States, 460.

BOWERS, S. Relics from an Indian
grave, ill. 34,

Bradshaw, Henry, death of, 234.

Brain, localization of functions in the,
112; of Gambetta, 348.

Brazil, geological survey in, 523; mouse-
plague of, 126.

Bressa prize, 525.

Britain, races of, 84; weather in, 545.
British association, 478; museum, ethno-
logical collections of, 436; people, oc-
cupations of the, 552.

British India, statistics concerning, 457.
Brooklyn, typhoid in, 45.

BROOKS, H. Topographical models or
relief-maps, 418.

Brown, A, on the early history of Vir
ginia, 430.

Browne's Water-meters, reviewed, 176.
Bruen, E. F., on the southern Adiron-
dacks, 454.

Buffaloes, company to breed, 559; search
for, 549.

Buffalo-hunt, a final, 520.

Bugs, check-list of North American, 238.
Building-stone, decay of, 93.
Bullard, W. N., on tea-poisoning, 349.
Bureau of animal industry, 456; of pub-
lic works, engineers' recommendation
of a civil, 1.

Bureaus of government, appropriations
recommended for the scientific, 568;
consolidation of, 100, 238; joint com-
mittee of congress on, 7.
Burial-casket, metallic, 186.

Burial-place, an ancient, near Paris, 74.
Buried workmen, valuable method of
seeking for, 410.

Burmah, present and future, 62.
Burmese, metal-work of, 333.

BUTLER, A. W. The destruction of birds,
241.

BUTLER, N. M. Educational tendencies
in Japan and in America, 287; settle-
ment of labor differences, 339; the col-
lapse of the theosophists, 81; the com-
petition of convict labor, 68, 117, 143,
220; the convict-labor problem, 28.
Butter, imitation, 471; substitutes, re-
port on, at Berlin, 587; test for purity
of, 524.

Butterfly larva, a carnivorous, 394.

C., H. An old-time salt-storm, 440.
C., V. Vienna letter, 282.
Cabot, John, landfall of, 430.
Caldwell, W. H., on marsupials, 546.

-

Cambridge, Eng., engineering tripos at,
282.

Canada, tidal observations in, 1.
Canal, a proposed, between the Sea of
Azov and the Caspian Sea, 237; be-
tween the White and Baltic seas, 457.
CARMAN, E. S. The claimed wheat and
rye hybrid, 190.

Carnegie's Triumphant democracy, 850.
Carnelley's Melting and boiling point
tables, 326, 549.

Cartwright lectures on physiology, 320,
Catalogue of amphibians and reptiles,
140; prepared by Professor Douglas, 6.
Catalogues, great cost of library, 156,
Cazin's Phenomena and laws of heat,
reviewed, 176.

Cell-nucleus, amoeboid movement of
the, 35.

Census, German quinquennial, 176, 415;
of the Great Lake fisheries, 163.
Central America, volcanic eruption in,
116.

Centurus, 536.

Cerebral excitability after death, 16.
Chalk, formation of structureless, by
seaweeds, 575.

Challenger report on the Lamellibran-
chiata, reviewed, 250; volumes, 390.
Chamberlain, M., on public documents,
430.

Chamberlin on artesian wells, 264.
CHANNING, E. A new route to south-
western China, map, 137.

Channing, E., on the social condition of
New England, 430.

Charities and correction, international
record of, 306.

Cheiromeles torquatus, 506.
Chemical tables, 176.
Chemicals and fish. 458.

Chemistry, inorganic, 261; introduction
to study of, 468; of cookery, 66; study
of, 468; summer course in, at Harvard,
283; thermal, 314.

Cherry tortrix, 58.

Chesapeake zo3logical laboratory, 456.
Chevreul, old age of, 213.

Chierici, Father Gaetano, death of, 123.
Children, characters of, as evidenced by
their powers of observation, 288; hap-
piness of, 449.

Chimbo, earthquake in, 117.

China, a new route to south-western,
тар, 137.

Chinook winds, 33, ill. 55, 242.

Cholera, 303; in Europe, 435; in Spain, 68,
230; mortality in Europe during 1885,
62.
Church's Statics and dynamics, re-
viewed, 316.

Cinchona-trees, 371.
Cincinnati weather journal, 306; zoologi-
cal garden, financial difficulty of the,

90.

Clark, Alvan, an honor to, 350; sixtieth
anniversary of the wedding of, 303.
Clark and Sadler's Star-guide, reviewed,
470.

Clarke, E. C., on cement tests, 93.
CLARKE, J. F. The moon's atmosphere,
31, 124.

CLAYTON, H. H. Barometer exposure,
484, 572; the festoon cloud, 100; ther-
mometer exposure and the contour of
the earth's surface, 439.
Cliff-picture in Colorado, ill. 80, 141.
Climate and cosmology, 491; Montana,
167; of New Jersey shore, 50; strange
theory of our, 515.
Climatology, congress for discussing,

569

Cloud, the festoon, 57, 100, 144.
Clouds of a tornado, festoon, 124.
Coal, statistics concerning, 349, 435.
Coal-consumption, 458.
Coal-mine explosions, 389.
Coal-mines, explosions in, 346; Japanese,
319: means of preventing explosions
in, 29.

Cobra, venom of the Indian, 88.
Cockroach, 369, 386.

Cod, success in hatching the eggs of the,

ill. 26.

Cod-hatching at Wood's Holl, 99.
Cold wave, the recent, ill. 70; weather
at the south, 90; in England, 323.
Coldest place on earth, 457.
Collections of naturalists, 413.
College, science vs. the classics as a
requisite for admission to, 383.
Colleges, religion in, 133.

Colonies, European, and their trade, 275;
of England, 475.

Color, association of sound and, 146.
Color-blindness among employees of
French railroads, 548.

Colorado, cliff-picture in, ill. 80, 141;
new system of irrigation in, 307
Colors in the animal kingdom, distribu-
tion of, 557, 572.

Color-sense of the Fijians, 72.
Columbus, 429; precursors of, 234.
Comet, a new, discovered by W. R.
Brooks, 6, 481; Barnard, 161; Biela,
369; Brooks, 49; c. 1886, spectrum of,
528.

Comets, two, 368; two bright, 207; two
disappointing, 498.

Commission on government surveys,
427; on the scientific bureaus, work of
the government, 318; report, the sci-
entific, 516.

Compayré's History of pedagogy, re-
viewed, 469.

Composite portraits of American In-
dians, ill. 408.

COMSTOCK, J. H. A convenient way of
indicating localities upon labels, 352.
Connecticut, shell-fish in, 59.

Construction, materials of, 95.

Consumption, a plea for the investiga-
tion of the possible cause of, 302; cau-
sation of pulmonary, 86.

Contagious diseases, method of pro-
ducing immunity from, 238.
Contract, freedom of, 221, 225.
Contracts, regulation of, 221.
Contributors to Science, 140.

Convict labor, competition of, 68, 117,
143, 168, 220; problem, the, 28.

Cook, A. J. Bee-hives and bee-habits,
127; nectar-secreting plant-lice, 102;
the cherry tortrix, 58.
Cooking and dieting, 66.

Coolidge, T. J.. jun., on municipal gov-

ernment in Massachusetts, 430.
Cooling of bodies, nocturnal, 329.

Cope, E. D., on the phylogeny of the
Batrachia and placental mammalia,
369.

Copper, effects of, on dogs and rabbits,
348.

Copyright, extension of, 134; interna-
tional, 52, 111, 135, 140, 219, 827.
Cornell, appropriation for experiment-
station at, 117: as a university, 339;
experiment-station, third report of,
reviewed, 205; recent changes in, 4;
remarkable growth of, 251; Sage pro-
fessorship of ethics and philosophy at,
74; science at, 352, 391, 416; summer
course in entomology at, 415.
Corpus callosum, 549.
Corydalus cornutus, 525.
Cosmogony, 305.

Cosmos club of Washington, 163; new
house for the, 112.

Cotterill's Suggested reforms in public
schools, reviewed, 44.

COUES, E. Is the dodo an extinct bird?
168; the collapse of the theosophists,
102.

Coulter's Rocky Mountain botany, 74.
Country banker, 425.

Cox, C. F. Oil on troubled waters, 77,

101.

Crater Lake, Oregon, a proposed na-
tional reservation, 179.

CRAWFORD, H. D. A swindler abroad
again, 286.

Cremation considered by the trustees of
Mount Auburn cemetery, 91; progress
of, 46.