"7. Frenchmen have the right of publishing and printing their opinions, provided they conform themselves to the laws. The Censorship can never be re-established.

"8. All property, without exception, is to be inviolable; of that which is called national, the law makes no difference.

"9. The state can exact the sacrifice of property for the good of the public, legally proved; but an indemnity shall be first given to those who may suffer from the change.

"10. All searching into the opinions and votes given before the Restoration is interdicted, and the same forgetfulness is commanded to be adopted by the tribunals and by the citizens.

"11. The conscription is abolished; the method of recruiting the army for land and sea is to be determined by the law.

Forms of the King's Government.

"12. The person of the King is inviolable and sacred; his ministers are responsible; to the King alone belongs executive power.

"13. The King is to be the chief supreme of the state; to command the forces by sea and by land; to declare war, to make treaties of peace, and alliances of commerce; to name all those who are employed in the public administrations, and to make all regulations necessary for the execution of the laws, without having power either to suspend the laws themselves, or dispense with their execution. Nevertheless, no foreign troops can ever be admitted into the service of the state without an express law.

The legislative power is to be exercised collectively by the

King, the Chamber of Peers, and the Chamber of Deputies.

"15. The proposition of the laws is to belong to the King, to the Chamber of Peers, and to the Chamber of Deputies. Nevertheless, all the laws of taxes are to be first voted by the Chamber of Deputies.

16. Every law to be freely discussed, and voted by the majority of each of the two Chambers.

"17. If a proposed law be rejected by one of the three powers, it cannot be brought forward again in the same session.

"18. The King can alone sanction and promulgate the laws.

"19. The Civil List is to be fixed for the duration of the reign by the Legislative Assembly after the accession of the King.

Of the Chamber of Peers. "20. The Chamber of Peers is to form an essential portion of the Legislative Power.

"21. It is to be convoked by the King the King at the same time as the Chamber of Deputies of the Departments. The session of one is to begin and finish at the same time as the other.

"22. Any assembly of the Chamber of Peers which should be held at a time which is not that of the session of the Chamber of Deputies, is illicit, and null of full right, except the case in which it is assembled as a Court of Justice, and then it can only exercise judicial functions.

"23. The nomination of the Peers of France is the prerogative of the King. Their number is unlimited. He can vary their dignities, and name them Peers for life, or make them hereditary, at his pleasure.

"24. Peers can enter the Cham

ber at twenty-five years of age, but have only a deliberative voice at the age of thirty years.

"25. The Chamber of Peers is to be presided over by the Chancellor of France, and in his absence by a Peer named by the King.

"26. The Princes of the Blood are to be Peers by right of birth. They are to take their seats next to the President.

"27. The sittings of the Chamber of Peers are to be public, as those of the Chamber of Deputies.

"28. The Chamber of Peers takes cognizance of high treason, and of attempts against the surety of the state, which is to be defined by the law.

"29. No peer can be arrested but by the authority of the Chamber, or judged but by it in a criminal matter.

Of the Chamber of Deputies of the Departments.

"30. The Chamber of Deputies will be composed of Deputies elected by the Electoral Colleges, of which the organization is to be determined by the laws.

"31. The Deputies are to be elected for the space of five years. "32. No Deputy can be admitted into the Chamber till he has attained the age of thirty years, and if he does not possess the other conditions prescribed by law.

"33. If, however, there should not be in the department fifty persons of the age specified, paying the amount of taxes fixed by law, their number shall be completed from the persons who pay the greatest amount of taxes under the amount fixed by law.

"34. No person can be an elector if he is under twenty-five years of age; and if he does not possess

all the other conditions determined upon by the law. "35. The presidents of the electoral colleges are to be named by the clectors.

"36. The half at least of the Deputies are to be chosen from those who have their political residence in the departments.

"37. The President of the Chamber of Deputies is to be elected by itself at the opening of each session.

"38. The sittings of the Chambers are to be public, but the request of five members will be sufficient to form a select committee.

39. The Chamber to be divided into secret committees, to discuss laws which may be presented from the King.

"40. No tax can be established, nor imposed, if it has not been consented to by the two Chambers, and sanctioned by the King.

"6 41. The land and house tax can only be voted for one year. The indirect taxes may be voted for many years.

42.

The King is to convoke every year the two Chambers, and he has the right to prorogue them, and to dissolve that of the Deputies of the Departments; but, in this case, he must convoke a new one within the period of three months.

"43. No bodily restraint can be exercised against a member of the Chamber during the session, nor for six weeks which precede or follow the session.

“44. No member of the Chamber can be, during the session, prosecuted or arrested in a criminal matter, except taken in the act, till after the Chamber has permitted his arrest.

"45. Every petition to either of the Chambers must be made in writing. The law interdicts its

bar.

Of the Ministers.

❝ 46. The ministers can be members of the Chamber of Peers or the Chamber of Deputies. They have, moreover, their entrance into either Chamber, and are entitled to be heard when they demand it. "47. The Chamber of Deputies have the right of impeaching the ministers, or of transferring them before the Chamber of Peers, who alone can judge them.

Judicial Regulations.

"48. All justice emanates from the King; he administers in his name by the Judges, whom he names, and whom he institutes.

"49. The Judges named by the King are immovable.

"50. The ordinary courts and tribunals existing are to be maintained, and there is to be no change but by virtue of a law.

"51. The actual institution of the Judges of Commerce is preserved.

"52. The office of justice of peace is equally preserved. The justices of peace, though named by the King, are not immoveable. "53. No one can be deprived of his natural judges.

"54. There cannot, in consequence, be extraordinary commissions and tribunals created by any title or denomination whatever.

"55. The debates will be public in criminal matters, at least when that publicity will not be dangerous to the public order and manners, and in that case the tribunal is to declare so by a distinct judgment.

❝ 56. The institution of juries is to be preserved; the changes which a longer experience may

66

57. The punishment of the confiscation of goods is abolished, and cannot be re-established.

"58. The King has the right to pardon and to commute the punishment.

59. The Civil Code, and the actual laws existing, that are not contrary to the present Charter, will remain in full force until they shall be legally derogated.

Particular Rights guaranteed by the State.

"60. The military in actual service, officers and soldiers, retired widows, officers and soldiers pensioned, are to preserve their grades, honours, and pensions.

"61. The public debt is guaranteed-every sort of engagement made by the state with its creditors is to be inviolable.

"62. The ancient nobility are to retake their titles; the new are to preserve theirs; the King is to create nobles at his pleasure; but he only grants to them rank and honours, without exemption from the charges and duties imposed on them as members of society.

"63. The Legion of Honour is to be maintained. The King is to determine the regulations and decorations.

"64. The French Colonics are to be governed by particular laws.

"65. The King and his successors are to swear, on their accession, in presence of the assembled Chambers, to observe faithfully the Constitutional Charter.

"66. The present Charter, and the rights it consecrates, shall be intrusted to the patriotism and courage of the National Guard and all the French citizens.

"67. France resumes her co

lours; for the future there will be no other cockade than the tricoloured.

Special Provisions.

"All the creations of peers during the reign of Charles X are declared null and void.

"Art. 27 of the Charter will undergo a fresh examination during the session of 1831.

"The Chamber of Deputies declare, thirdly, that it is necessary to provide successively for separate laws, and that with the shortest possible delay.

"1. For the extension of the trial by jury to misdemeanors, and particularly those of the press. "2. For the responsibility of ministers and the secondary agents of government.

"3.

For the re-election of Deputies appointed to public functions.

"4. For the annual voting of the army estimates.

"5. For the organization of the National Guards, and for the choice of their own officers.

6. For a military code, insuring in a legal manner the situation of officers of all ranks.

"7. For the departmental and municipal administrations.

"8. For public instruction and the freedom of tuition.

"9. For the abolition of the double vote, and for the fixing the qualification for clectors and deputies.

"10. Declaring that all laws and ordinances which are contrary to the measures adopted for the reform of the Charter, are from

thenceforward annulled and abrogated.

"Upon condition of accepting these provisions and propositions, the Chamber of Deputies declares that the universal and pressing interest of the French people calls to the throne his royal highness Louis Philippe d'Orleans, duke of Orleans, lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and his descendants for ever, from male to male, in the order of primogeniture, and to the perpetual exclusion of the female branches and their descendants.

"In consequence, his royal highness Louis Philippe d'Orleans, lieutenant-general of the kingdom, shall be invited to accept and make oath to the above clauses and engagements-the observance of the Constitutional Charter, and the modifications indicated-and after having made oath before the assembled Chambers, to assume the title of the King of the French.

"Debated at the Palace of the Chamber of Deputies, 7th of August, 1830.

"President and Secretaries. "LAFITTE, Vice-President. "JACQUEMINOT.

"PAVEE DE VENDEUVRE. "CUNIN-GRIDAINE.

"Peers and Deputies;-Paris, troubled in its repose by a deplorable violation of the charter and of the laws, defended them with heroic courage! In the midst of this sanguinary struggle, all the guarantees of social order no longer subsisted. Persons, property, rights -every thing that is most valuable and dear to men and to citizens, was exposed to the most serious danger.

"In this absence of all public power, the wishes of my public citizens turned towards me; they have judged me worthy to concur with them in the salvation of the country; they have invited me to exercise the functions of lieutenantgeneral of the kingdom.

"Their cause appeared to me to be just, the dangers immense-the necessity imperative my duty sacred-I hastened to the midst of this valiant people, followed by my family, and wearing those colours which, for the second time, have marked among us the triumph of liberty.

"I have come, firmly resolved to devote myself to all that circumstances should require of me in the situation in which they have placed me, to establish the empire of the laws, to save liberty, which was threatened, and render impossible the return of such great evils, by securing for ever the power of that charter whose name, invoked during the combat, was also appealed to after the victory. (Applauses.)

"In the accomplishment of this noble task it is for the Chambers to guide me. All rights must be sofemnly guaranteed, all the institu

tions necessary to their full and free exercise, must receive the developments of which they have need. Attached by inclination and conviction to the principles of a free government, I accept beforehand all the consequences of it. I think it my duty immediately to call your attention to the organization of the national guards, to the application of the jury to the crimes of the press, the formation of the departmental and municipal administrations, and, above all, to that fourteenth article of the charter, which has been so hatefully interpreted. (Fresh applauses.)

"It is with these sentiments, Gentlemen, that I come to open this session.

"The past is painful to me. I deplore misfortunes which I could have wished to prevent, but in the midst of this magnanimous transport of the capital, and of all the other French cities, at the sight of order reviving with marvellous promptness, after a resistance pure from all excesses, a just national pride moves my heart, and I look forward with confidence to the future destiny of the country.

"Yes, Gentlemen, France, which is so dear to us, will be happy and free; it will show to Europe, that solely engaged with its internal prosperity, it loves peace as well as liberty, and desires only the happiness and the repose of its neighbours.

"Respect for all rights, care for all interests, good faith in the government, are the best means to disarm parties, and to bring back to people's minds that confidence,