LIST OF OFFICERS WHO ARE CHANGED WITH In addition to the responsible advisers of the Crown, there are a number of public functionaries who invariably hold their offices so long only as the political party of which they are members continue to preside over the administration of public affairs. These offices, therefore, are directly or indirectly in the gift of the minister of the day; and the appropriate filling of each vacancy is all that really constitutes the formation of a new ministry. There are other offices, however, of considerable emolument and importance, which are sometimes, though not necessarily, resigned at the dissolution of a ministry; the latter are not the less held durante bene placito, for the new ministry occasionally require the removal of their political opponents, or the officers themselves sometimes resign, as a manifestation of their uncompromising adherence to their own party, and their freedom from any desire to continue in office on account of pecuniary considerations; it however is held, that if the new minister does not solicit the Sovereign to dismiss these functionaries, their continuance in office is no compromise of political principles. The following is a list of the offices which invariably become vacant by the resignation of a ministry : First lord of the Treasury .... Junior lords of the Treasury, exclusive of the chancellor of the Exchequer Joint secretaries to the Treasury 1 422 ....... 2 Junior lords of the Admiralty. Private secretary to the first lord Secretaries to the board of control.. Private secretary to the president of the board President of the board of trade + Vice-president of the board of trade Private secretary to the president of the board of trade ... Master of the Mint Secretary at war Private secretary to the war secretary Paymaster-general of the forces and treasurer of the navy... Lord lieutenant of Ireland Chief secretary for Ireland 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Under-secretary and private secretary Attorneys-general (England and Ireland)................ 2 ..... 3 *The other commissioners are only so ex officio, and are therefore included under other offices. + The other members of the board of trade are only so ex officio, and are therefore included under other offices. 1 1 ..... 1 1 Lord advocate of Scotland Judge advocate-general Postmaster-general in England Treasurer of the household Lords in waiting Ladies of the bedchamber Lord steward of the household Master of the household Master of the horse Chief equerry Equerries in ordinary Master of the buckhounds Keeper of the great seal of Scotland 1 1 1 1 8 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 Among the officers of the state who are occasionally but not invariably changed by the new minister, are Ambassadors, and other ministers at foreign courts. Commander-in-chief of the forces. Governors of colonies. There are two other commissioners who are stationary, and two who, being ex officio members of the commission, of Course vary with each ministry, but they are under other heads in the above list. JUDGE. "Whoso upon himself will take the skill Had need of mighty hands, for to fulfil THE title and dignity of a Judge belong to all who -individually, or jointly with others-are authorized to hear and determine any litigated question, whether the subject be real or personal, civil, military, or ecclesiastical; whether involving private injuries or public offences; whether the parties be lay or clerical, noble or plebeian. In this enlarged sense, therefore, magistrates assembled at quarter-sessions, and even commissioners of small debts courts--inasmuch as they discharge judicial duties must be regarded in the light of Judges; and so, likewise, must many other public functionaries throughout the country. An ensign or cornet sitting on a regimental court-martial is as much a Judge as the experienced officer who presides over that tribunal; so also is the tradesman who sits in a court of requests: but, in ordinary use and acceptation, the term Judge is applied only to those able, learned, and upright men, who, after spending more than half their lives in becoming acquainted with the laws and institutions of the country, as well as with the abstract principles of equity and justice, are, in the fulness of experience, wisdom, and public virtue, raised to the high privilege, but most onerous duty, of presiding over every determination of the superior courts, where the lives and properties of all classes in society may be brought under their decisions. The title of Judge is not usually given to any one, however high his judicial duties, if these be consistent with his continuing to practise at the bar; even the Recorder of London is not regarded as one of the Judges. But the eminent individuals who preside in the Ecclesiastical and Admiralty Courts at Doctors' Commons, and the members of the Court of Session in Scotland, are always spoken of as Judges. In Ireland, the judicial system is not materially different from that which prevails in this part of the United Kingdom; but the quantity of business to be transacted in the latter being much greater than in the former, the common law courts in Ireland are composed of only four Judges each, and in that country there are no vice-chancellors, nor any bankruptcy court, analogous to that which exists in England. There is a judicial committee of the Privy Council of Great Britain, which forms a court of appeal in certain cases, and the house of Lords discharge judicial functions of the highest nature; yet the members of neither assembly receive in ordinary discourse the appellation of Judges. It is of course known to every reader that anciently the Monarch administered justice in his own person; for obvious reasons that would, in modern times, be alike improper and impracticable; but the |