40. An Intransitive Verb expresses an action confined to the actor; as, Jane sleeps; we run. Obs. Intransitive verbs have therefore no object, and no passive voice. EXERCISES. (1.) Point out the verbs, and tell whether they are transitive or intransitive: The dog chased the hare. He has forsaken his friends. Fire burns. The bird flew over the wall. You should buy some wool. The shepherd shears the sheep. I shall feed the lambs. The sun's rays will melt the snow. Will you write me a letter? Good children obey their parents. The child fell into the river. Must he go with me? Love your enemies. Have you finished your task? Fishes swim in the water. My friend lives in Italy. Has John dug the garden? John cannot dig; but he can plough. The farmer ploughed the field, and sowed wheat in it. The children ran about the room. John bought a large house. Have you received my note? Have you read it? Cut down these trees. The gardener will cut them down. Our friends came last night. They will leave to-morrow. Send them to me. I must see you soon. (2.) Tell whether the transitive verbs in the following sentences are in the active or the passive voice :— My task is finished. The farmer is sowing the seed. Did she take your apple? Does your sister learn her lessons? We have been feeding the poultry. The man was bitten by the dog. Ann is milking the cow. Has he forsaken his friends? He has been forsaken by his friends. The driver was shaking the whip over her head. What dress will you wear at the ball? He was discovered in the wood. They brought him home. A large house has been bought by my brother. The miller should be grinding corn. Have you bound the sheaves? They were bound by the reapers. Do they know your name? The enemy has been driven across the border. THE ADVERB. 41. An Adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, He speaks distinctly. This is a very large house. He writes exceedingly well. Obs. Such phrases as at last, at length, at first, at present, now and then, &c., are adverbial locutions, and should be parsed as adverbs. 42. Adverbs are classified according to the notion conveyed by them. There are adverbs of Time; as, now, then, lately, once, soon, seldom, &c. Place; as, here, there, where, whence, apart, together, above, &c. &c. Manner; as, wisely, well, softly, prudently, &c. Degree; as, much, little, only, so, rather, very, enough, Cause and effect; as, why, wherefore, therefore. Certainty and uncertainty; as, truly, certainly, perhaps, not, &c. Obs. An adverb of manner may be formed by adding ly to an adjective of quality; as, wise, wisely; rapid, rapidly. EXERCISE. Point out and classify the adverbs in the following sentences :— The cuckoo arrives here early in spring. This boy is very clever, but he is too ambitious. We are now nearly done. There went up a mist from the earth. Why did you speak so harshly? These boys are very seldom seen together. This is certainly very strange. The hills shone faintly in the setting sun. Where have you learned to dance so well? She reads better than her sister. John goes to school quite cheerfully. A thousand hearts beat happily. The herd winds slowly o'er the lea. The army was totally defeated. The enemy fought bravely, but they were soon forced to yield. He was only once corrected at school. Speak slowly. My brother ran faster than you. He is perhaps much older. No, I really think he is scarcely so old. Can you say the rule correctly? Write as neatly as you can. Never speak rudely to any one. Hence arose the quarrel. We should always prefer duty to pleasure. This house is pleasantly situated, and is finely shaded with trees. You are rather late; you must be here earlier on Wednesday. THE PREPOSITION. 43. A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to something else; as, Rivers run to the ocean. 44. The following is a list of the principal preposi tions: Obs. The phrases, according to, out of, instead of, along with, as far as, as to, as for, as regards, apart from, far from; and the. participial forins concerning, excepting, notwithstanding, regarding, saving, touching, may be regarded as prepositions. EXERCISE. Point out the prepositions in the following sentences: I stood on the bridge at midnight. Above me were the silent stars; below me rolled the mighty river. The children ran round the house, across the lawn, and then along the bank of the stream. We found the ball among the grass near the hedge. The man leaped over the wall, ran after the dog through the meadow, and struck the poor animal with a whip. The picture hangs against the wall behind the door. I have not been in town since last Saturday. Divide this apple between John and Mary. Run into the barn, and bring me the rake that is hanging on a nail behind the door. We waited till night. The largest trout was caught by my brother. As for Peter, he can do nothing correctly. She accompanied us as far as the plantation beside the mill. I must believe him guilty, notwithstanding your statement. According to his account, the man was riding behind the carriage. You must remain within doors until evening. Our house looks towards the south. He will ask concerning the matter. The boy tumbled down the bank into the stream. He gave me this book along with several others. The needle points to the Pole. THE CONJUNCTION. 45. A Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences; as, Day and night. In summer or in winter. He says that you are idle. He is proud; but you are humble. 46. Conjunctions are of two kinds-Co-ordinating and Subordinating. 47. Co-ordinating Conjunctions connect members of a sentence that are independent of each other. These are of four classes : (1.) Copulative Conjunctions. These simply couple two state. ments together. They are, (2.) Alternative Conjunctions. These imply that a choice is offered or denied between two statements. They are, Either or Neither.. nor Or Else (3.) Adversative Conjunctions. These place two clauses in opposition to each other. But, Yet, Still, Nevertheless Now.. then (4.) Illative and Causative Conjunctions. These imply consequence or cause. They are, They are, 48. Subordinating Conjunctions introduce a clause that is dependent on another. There are six classes : : (1.) Conjunctions of Manner or Degree; as, as, as if, as though, so as, as that, than, so far as, &c. (2.) Conjunctions of Consequence; as, that, so that. (3.) Conjunctions of Reason or Cause; as, because, since, as, inasmuch as, whereas, &c. (4.) Conjunctions of Purpose; as, in order that, that, so. as.. as, lest. as, (5.) Conjunctions of Condition; as, if, unless, except, provided that. (6.) Conjunctions of Concession; as, though, although, however, even if, even though, notwithstanding. Obs. Words introducing clauses of time or place are partly adverbs and partly conjunctions, and may be called Adverbial Conjunctions or Conjunctive Adverbs. They are, Before, after, since, as, till, until, ere, when, while, whence, whenever, why, how, where, wherever, whether, whereby, wherein, whereof, &c. THE INTERJECTION. 49. The Interjections in most common use areAdieu! Ah! Aha! Ahoy! Alas! Alack! Avant! Away! Begone! Bravo! Fie! Ha! Halloo! Hark! Hist! Ho! Hurrah! Huzza! Hush! Lo! O! Oh! Pooh! Pshaw! Tush! Tut! Dear me! Oh dear! Hear, hear! Heigh-ho! Welcome! EXERCISE. Point out and classify the conjunctions in the following sentences: My brother and I carried the basket to town. He became rich by industry and economy. Either Thomas or John must go. Thomas will go, but John will remain. John will go, if Thomas will stay. I know that he is a good scholar. Will you have an apple or an orange? Before you begin, I will explain that to you. I have not seen your brother since he returned. Though I am poor yet I am contented. He neither reads nor writes so well as he ought. Precept is not so forcible as example. Mary is taller than Jane. He was a bad man, therefore he was not respected. The crop is heavy, because the land is good. Man proposes, but God disposes. Attend to your business, else you will be ruined. The stars shine as well as the sun. John sings, Jane sings also. She is not only handsome but good. You may go, only do not stay late. He is good, hence I love him. He could not see me, for I was not there. You may come with me, if your father will permit you. The boy conducted himself properly; he was, moreover, very attentive. Rain fell heavily when we reached the lake, so we did not remain. You might not have succeeded; still you might have tried. We cannot always command success, but we can deserve it. PARTS OF SPEECH-INFLECTION. 50. Some of the parts of speech undergo inflection, |