Augustine, St., on original sin, i. 220, 221. His belief in contemporary miracles, 402. His work on the decline of the Roman empire, 435. His condemnation of virgin suicides,
Augustus, the Emperor, his solemn de- gradation of the statue of Neptune, i. 178. His mode of discouraging celibacy, 245. Miraculous stories related of him, 273. His super-
stition, 390. Advice of Mæcenas to him, 425. His consideration for the religious customs of the Jews, 432 Aulus Gellius, his account of the rhe- toricians, i. 332. Compared with Hel- vétius, 332. Account of his journal, 334
Aurelius, Marcus, on a future state, i. 193. On posthumous fame, 196. De- nied that all vices are the same, 202, note. On the sacred spirit dwelling in man, 209. His submissive gratitude, 210. His practical application of the precepts of the Stoics, 213. His wavering views as to suicide, 225. His charity to the human race, 254. Mild and more religious spirit of his stoicism, 259, 260. His constant practice of self-examination, 263. His life and character, 263-269. Compared and contrasted with Plu- tarch's, 267. His discouragement of the games of the arena, 303. His humanity, 308. His disbelief of ex- orcism, 408. His law against reli- gious terrorism, 448. His persecu- tion of the Christians, 467, 469. His benevolence, ii. 82. His view of war,
Bacon, Roger, his life and works, ii. 223
Bain, Mr., on pleasure, i. 12, note. His definition of conscience, 30, note Balbus, Cornelius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 245
Baltus on the exorcists, i. 405, note Baptism, Augustinian doctrine of, i. 98 Barbarians, causes of the conversion of the, i. 436
Basil, St., his hospital, ii. 85. His labours for monachism, 113
Bassus, Ventidius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 245
Bathilda, Queen, her charity, ii. 260 Bear-gardens in England, ii. 186, note. Beauty, analogies between virtue and, i.
79. Their difference, 80. Diversi- ties existing in our judgments of vir- tue and beauty, 81. Causes of these diversities, 81. Virtues to which we can, and to which we cannot, apply the term beautiful, 84, 85. Pleasure derived from beauty compared with that from the grotesque, or eccentric, 87. The prevailing cast of female beauty in the north, contrasted with the southern type, 151, 152. Admi- ration of the Greeks for beauty, ii.
Bees, regarded by the ancients as em- blems or models of chastity, i. 111,
Beggars, causes of vast numbers of, ii. 100. Old English laws for the sup- pression of mendicancy, 102. `En- actments against them in various parts of Europe, 104.
Benedict, St., his system, 194. Benefices, military use of, ii. 286. Benevolence; Hutcheson's theory of the moral sense;' and that all virtue is resolved into benevolence, i. 4. Dis- cussions in England, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as to the existence of, 20. Shaftesbury, Hut- cheson, and others, 20. Enlargement of the Utilitarian school by the recog- nition of benevolence, 21, 22. Various views of the source from which it springs, 22. Association of ideas producing the feeling of, 27. Hart- ley on benevolence quoted, 28, note. Impossibility of benevolence becoming a pleasure if practised only with a view to that end, 37. Application to benevolence of the theory, that the moral unity of different ages is a unity not of standard but of tendency, 103.
Influenced by our imaginations, 138, 139. Not recognised by the Stoics, 198, 201, 202
Bentham, Jeremy, his opinions as to the reasons or motives of human actions, i. 8, note. On the pleasures and pains of piety quoted, 9, note. On charity, 10, note. His views as to vice, 13, 14, note. His view of the sanctions of morality, 20, and note, 22. Throws benevolence as much possible into the background, 22. Makes no use of the doctrine of association, 25, note. His definition of conscience, 30, note. On interest and disinterestedness, 32, 33, note. On the value and purity of a pleasure, 92, note
Besarion, St., his penances, ii. 115 Biography, relative importance of, among Christians and Pagans, 183 Blandina, martyrdom of, i. 470 Blesilla, story of her slow suicide, ii. 50 Blondel, his denunciation of the forge-
ries of the Sibylline books, i. 401 Boadicea, her suicide, ii. 57 Bolingbroke's Reflections on Exile,' basis of, i. 212, note
Bona Dea, story and worship of, i. 96, note. Popularity of her worship among the Romans, 109, 411
Boniface, St., his missionary labours, ii. 261
Bonnet, his philosophy, i. 73
Bossuet, his advocacy of the selfish view of the love we should bear to God, i. 19, note
Brephotrophia, in the early church, ii. 34 Brotherhood, effect of Christianity in promoting, ii. 65
Brown, his opinion as to the reason or motive for the practice of virtue, quoted, i. 8, note. On theological Utilitarianism, 16, note
Brunehaut, Queen, her crimes, approved of by the Pope, ii. 250, 251. Her end, 253
Brutus, his extortionate usury, i. 203, 204 Buckle, Thomas, his remarks on morals,
i. 76, note. On the differences between mental and physical pleasures, 92, note. His views of the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in civilisation, 105, note Bulgarians, mode of converting the, to Christianity, ii. 191
Bull-baiting in England, ii. 186, note Butler, Bishop, maintains the reality of the existence of benevolence in our
nature, i. 20, 21, note. His view of the pleasure to be derived from virtue, 33, note. His analysis of moral judg- ments, 77. His view and definition of conscience, 85 Byzantine Empire, general sketch of the moral condition of the, ii. 13–15. Moral condition of the empire during the Christian period, 156
ÆDMON, story of the origin of his Creation of the World,' ii. 217 Cæsar, Julius, denies the immortality of the soul, i. 191, 192. His con- demnation of suicide, 224. His colonial policy, 246. His multiplication of gladiatorial shows, 289
Caligula, his intoxication with his im-
perial dignity, i. 274. His supersti- tious fears, 390
Calvinists: tendency of the Supralap- sarian to deny the existence of a moral sense, i. 18, note
Camma, conjugal fidelity of, ii. 361 Capital punishment, aversion to, ii. 41. Carlyle, Thomas, on self-sacrifice, i. 58,
note. The influence of conscience on the happiness of men, 64
Carneades, his expulsion from Rome proposed by Cato, i. 424
Carpocrates, licentiousness of the fol- lowers of, i. 443
Carthage, effect of the destruction of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 177. Decian persecution at, 480 Carthaginians, the, amongst the most prominent of Latin writers, i. 248 Cassius, the tyrannicide, his suicide, i. 226
Castellio, his exposure of the forgeries of the Sibylline books, i. 401 Catacombs, the, i. 481, 483 Catholicism, Roman, the system of edu
cation adopted by, contrasted with that of the English public schools, i. 118. Conflict of the priests with political economists on the subject of early marriages, 118, 119. The teach- ing of, on many points the extreme antithesis of that of the pagan philo- sophers, 219. Its view of death, 220, 221. Little done by it for humanity to animals, ii. 183, 188. Influence on despotism, 198. Its total destruction of religious liberty, 206-212. Causes of its indifference to truth in its litera- ture, 255. Protestantism contrasted with it, 390
Celibacy among the ancients, i. 109. The Catholic monastic system, 111. How discouraged by Augustus, 245. Celibacy the primal virtue of the Christians of the fourth and fifth centuries, ii. 130. Effect of this upon moral teaching, 130, 131. History of the celibacy of the clergy, 347- 356
Celsus calls the Christians Sibyllists, i. 400. And jugglers, 408
Celts, Spanish, their worship of death, i. 217, 218. Causes of their passion for suicide, 218, note. Their lamen- tations on the birth of men, 218, note Censors, Roman, minute supervision of tho, i. 177
Character, influence of, on opinion, i.
181. Governed in a great measure by national circumstances, 181. Chariot races, passion for, at Constanti- nople, ii. 39
Charity, a form of self-love, according
to the Utilitarians, i. 9, and note. Impossibility of charity becoming a pleasure if practised only with a view to that end, 37. The product of intellectual culture, 140. Range, depth, and beauty of the charity of the Stoics, 201. Cicero's emphatic assertion of the duty, 253. Exer- tions of the Christians in the cause of charity, ii. 80, 84. Inade- quate place given to this movement in history, 90. Christian charity, in what it consists, 78. Laws of the Romans, 78. Pagan examples of charity, 83. Noble enthusiasm of the Christians in the cause of charity, 83, 84. Charity enjoined as a matter of justice, 86. Theological notions of charity, 91, 96, 97. Evils of Catholic charity, 98-100. Legends respecting the virtue, 260, and note Charlemagne, his law respecting Sun-
day, ii. 259. Fascination exercised
by him over the popular imagination, 287, 288. His polygamy, 363 Charles V., the Emperor, his law against beggars, ii. 104
Charles Martel, his defeat of the Ma- hommedans at Poictiers, ii. 289 Charondas, law of, on second marriages, ii. 345
Chastity, in Utilitarian systems, i. 12, 51. Sketch of the history of, 106-110. The Catholic monastic system, 111. Modern judgments of, ii. 299, 300. Cato's views, 332. Egyptian views, 334. Services of the ascetics in en- forcing the duty of chastity, 337-339 Children, charge of murdering infants among the early Christians, i. 444. Abortion, ii. 22-26. Infanticide, 26. Exposed children-foundlings, 34. Institutions of the Romans for the benefit of children, 82
Chilon, his closing hours, i. 218 Cholera, theological notions respecting the, i. 378.
Christian and pagan virtues compared, i. 200
Christianity; distinctions between the
pagan and Christian conceptions of death, i. 219. The importance of Christianity not recognised by pagan writers, 357. Causes of this, 359. Ex- amination of the theory which ascribes part of the teaching of the later pagan moralists to Christian influence, 361. Theory which attributes the conversion of Rome to evidences of miracles, 368. Opinion of the pagans of the credu- lity of the Christians, 369. Incapa- city of the Christians of the third century for judging historic miracles, 399. And for judging prophecies, 399, 400. Contemporary miracles represented as existing among them, 401. Christian miracles had probably little weight with the pagans, 409. Progress of Christianity to what due, 410, 412. Singular adaptation of it to the wants of the time, 412. Heroism it inspired, 415. Explanation of the conversion of the Roman Empire, 418. Account of the persecutions of the Christians, 420. Reasons why the Christians were more persecuted than the Jews, 428, 431, 433. The first cause of the persecution of the Chris- tians, 432. Charges of immorality brought against them, 440. Due in a great measure to Jews and here- tics, 442, 443. The disturbance of
domestic life caused by female conver- sions, 444. Antipathy of the Romans to every system which employed religious terrorism, 447. Chris- tian intolerance of pagan worship, 449. And of diversity of beliefs, 451-453. History of the persecutions, 456. Nero's, 456. Domitian's, 458. Condition of the Christians under the Antonines, 461. Become profoundly
obnoxious to the people, 464. cus Aurelius, 467, 469. Introduction of Christianity into France, 470, and note. Attitude of the rulers towards it from M. Aurelius to Decius, 479, et seq. Condition of the Church on the eve of the Decian persecution, 477. Gallus, 482. Valerian, 483. Gallienus, 484. Erection of churches in the Em- pire, 486. Persecutions of Diocletian and Galerius, 487. End of the persecu- tions, 492. Massacre of Christians in Phrygia, 493. Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. 3. Dark views of human nature not common in the early Church, 5. The penitential system, 7. Empire Christianity at- tained in eliciting disinterested en- thusiasm, 9. Great purity of the early Christians, 10-12. The promise of the Church for many centuries falsi- fied, 13. The first consequence of Christianity a new sense of the sanc- tity of human life, 19. Influence in the protection of infant life, 22-34. In the suppression of gladiatorial shows, 37. Its effect upon persecu- tions, 43, et seq. The penal code not lightened by it, 45. Condemnation of suicide, 46. The second con- sequence of Christianity to teach uni- versal brotherhood, 65. Slavery, 65-70. Ransom of captives, 76. Charity, 78. Exertions of the Chris- tians in the cause of charity, 80, 84. Their exertions when the Empire was subverted, 86, 88. Theological no- tions concerning insanity, 91-95. Almsgiving, 96-98. Beneficial effect of Christianity in supplying pure images to the imagination, 103. Summary of the philanthropic achieve- ments of Christianity, 107. Ways in which the ascetic mode of life affected both the ideal type and real- ised condition of morals, 130, et seq. History of the relations of Christianity to the civic virtues, 149. Improve- ments effected by Christianity on the
morals of the people, 163. Attitude of Christianity to the barbarians, 189. How it achieved the conversion of them, 190-192. Tendency of the barbarians to adulterate it, 192. Legends of the conflict between the old gods and the new faith, 193. Fierce hatred of rival sects, and total destruction of religious liberty, 206– 212. Polytheistic and idolatrous form of Christianity in mediæval times, 243. The doctrine of purga- tory, 246. Benefits conferred by the monasteries, 257-259. The obser- vance of Sunday, 259. Influence of Christianity upon war, 269, 274. Upon the consecration of secular rank, 276, et seq. Upon the condi- tion of women, 335, et seq. Strong assertion of the equality of obliga- tion in marriage, 365, 366. Rela- tion of Christianity to the female virtues, 379, et seq.
Chrysippus on the immortality of the soul, i. 192
Chrysostom, St., his labours for mona- chism, ii. 113. His treatment of his mother, 140
Cicero on the evidence of a Divine ele- ment within us, i. 57, note. His de- finition of conscience, 85. His con- ception of the Deity, 172. His opinion of the popular beliefs, 173. Instance of his love of truth, 185, note. desire for posthumous reputation, 194, note. His declaration as to virtue concealing itself from the world, 195. His belief in the immortality of the soul, 215. His view of death, 216, 217. His complacency on the ap- proach of death, 218. His concep- tion of suicide, 224. His mainte- nance of the doctrine of universal brotherhood, 253. How he regarded the games of the arena, 302, His friendship with his freedman Tiro, 323. His remarks on charity, ii. 84. His rules respecting almsgiving, 98 Circumcelliones, atrocities of the, ii. 44. Their custom of provoking martyr- dom, 52
Civic virtues, predominance accorded to, in ancient ethics, i. 211 Civilisation, refining influence of, on taste, i. 81. Pleasures of a civilised and semi-civilised society compared, 89. Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellec- tual and moral agencies in, 105, note.
Effect of education in diminishing cruelty, and producing charity, 140. Moral enthusiasm appropriate to dif- ferent stages of civilisation, 142. In- crease of veracity with civilisation, 143. Each stage of civilisation specially appropriate to some virtue, 154 Clarke, on moral judgments, i. 78 Classical literature, preservation of, ii. 212. Manner in which it was regarded by the church, 213-216
Claudius, his delight in gladiatorial shows, i. 296. His decree as to slaves, 325
Claver, Father, his remark on some per-
sons who had delivered a criminal into the hands of justice, i. 42, note. Cleanthes, his suicide, i. 224 Clemency, Seneca's distinction between it and pity, i. 199
Clemens of Alexandria, on the two sources of all the wisdom of antiquity, i. 366. How he regarded the Si- bylline books, 400. On wigs, ii. 158 Clemens, Flavius, put to death, i. 460 Cleombrotus, his suicide, i. 224, note Clergy, corruption of the, from the fourth
century, ii. 159, 251. Submission of the Eastern, but independence of the Western, clergy to the civil power, 280-4. History of their celibacy, 347 Climate, effects of, in stimulating or allaying the passions, i. 151 Clotaire, his treatment of Queen Brune- haut, ii. 253
Clotilda, her conversion of her husband, i. 436; ii. 191
Clovis, his conversion i. 436; ii. 191. Gregory of Tours' account of his acts, 254, 255
Cock-fighting among the ancients and
moderns, ii. 174, and note, 186, note Cock-throwing, ii. 174, note, 186, note Coemgenus, St., legend of, ii. 118, note Coleridge, S. T., his remarks on the practice of virtue as a pleasure, i. 29, note. His admiration for Hartley, 29, note. On the binding ground of the belief of God and a hereafter, i. 57
Colman, St., his animal companions, ii. 180. His girdle, 338, note Colonies, Roman, the cosmopolitan spi- rit forwarded by the aggrandisement of the, i. 246
Colosseum, the, i. 291. Games at the dedication of the, 297 Columbanus, St., his missionary labours, ii. 261
Comedy, Roman, short period during which it flourished, i. 293
Comet, a temple erected by the Romans in honour of a, i. 391
Commodus, his treatment of the Chris- tians, i. 471
Compassion, theory that it is the cause of our acts of barbarity, i. 73, 74 Concubines, Roman, ii. 370 Concupiscence, doctrine of the Fathers respecting, ii. 298
Condillac, cause of the attractiveness of utilitarianism to, i. 73. Growth of his sensual school out of Locke's phi- losophy, i. 122, note
Confessors, power of the, in the early Church, i. 414, and note
Congo, Helvétius on a custom of the people of, i. 105, note
Conquerors, causes of the admiration of, i. 96, 97
Conscience, association of ideas generat- ing, i. 28. Recognised by the disciples of Hartley, 29. Definitions of Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, and Bain, 29, note, 30, note. The rewards and punishments of conscience, 62-64. Unique position of, in our nature, 85. As defined by Cicero, the Stoics, St. Paul, and Butler, 85 Consequences, remote, weakness of the utilitarian doctrine of, i. 43-45 'Consolations,' literature of, leading to- pics of, i. 215
Constantine, the Emperor, his founda- tion of the empire of the East, ii. 13. His humane policy towards children, 31, 32. His sanction of the gladia- torial shows, 37. His laws miti- gating the severity of punishments, 45. His treatment of slaves, 68. His law respecting Sunday, 259. Magni- ficence of his court at Constantinople, 280
Conventual system, effect of the sup- pression of the, on women, ii. 391 Cordeilla, or Cordelia, her suicide, ii. 57
Corinth, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 177 Cornelia, a vestal virgin, incident of her execution, ii. 336 Cornelius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 483
Cornutus, his disbelief in a future state, i. 193
Corporations, moral qualities of, i. 160 Councils of the Church, character of the, ii. 209, note
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