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AUG

Augustine, St., on original sin, i. 220,
221. His belief in contemporary
miracles, 402. His work on the
decline of the Roman empire, 435.
His condemnation of virgin suicides,

ii. 50

Augustus, the Emperor, his solemn de-
gradation of the statue of Neptune,
i. 178. His mode of discouraging
celibacy, 245. Miraculous stories
related of him, 273.
His super-

stition, 390. Advice of Mæcenas to
him, 425. His consideration for the
religious customs of the Jews, 432
Aulus Gellius, his account of the rhe-
toricians, i. 332. Compared with Hel-
vétius, 332. Account of his journal,
334

Aurelius, Marcus, on a future state, i.
193. On posthumous fame, 196. De-
nied that all vices are the same, 202,
note. On the sacred spirit dwelling in
man, 209. His submissive gratitude,
210. His practical application of the
precepts of the Stoics, 213. His
wavering views as to suicide, 225.
His charity to the human race, 254.
Mild and more religious spirit of
his stoicism, 259, 260. His constant
practice of self-examination, 263.
His life and character, 263-269.
Compared and contrasted with Plu-
tarch's, 267. His discouragement of
the games of the arena, 303. His
humanity, 308. His disbelief of ex-
orcism, 408. His law against reli-
gious terrorism, 448. His persecu-
tion of the Christians, 467, 469. His
benevolence, ii. 82. His view of war,

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BEN

Bacon, Roger, his life and works, ii.
223

Bain, Mr., on pleasure, i. 12, note. His
definition of conscience, 30, note
Balbus, Cornelius, his elevation to the
consulate, i. 245

Baltus on the exorcists, i. 405, note
Baptism, Augustinian doctrine of, i. 98
Barbarians, causes of the conversion of
the, i. 436

Basil, St., his hospital, ii. 85. His
labours for monachism, 113

Bassus, Ventidius, his elevation to the
consulate, i. 245

Bathilda, Queen, her charity, ii. 260
Bear-gardens in England, ii. 186, note.
Beauty, analogies between virtue and, i.

79. Their difference, 80. Diversi-
ties existing in our judgments of vir-
tue and beauty, 81. Causes of these
diversities, 81. Virtues to which we
can, and to which we cannot, apply
the term beautiful, 84, 85. Pleasure
derived from beauty compared with
that from the grotesque, or eccentric,
87. The prevailing cast of female
beauty in the north, contrasted with
the southern type, 151, 152. Admi-
ration of the Greeks for beauty, ii.

309

Bees, regarded by the ancients as em-
blems or models of chastity, i. 111,

note

Beggars, causes of vast numbers of, ii.
100. Old English laws for the sup-
pression of mendicancy, 102. `En-
actments against them in various parts
of Europe, 104.

Benedict, St., his system, 194.
Benefices, military use of, ii. 286.
Benevolence; Hutcheson's theory of
the moral sense;' and that all virtue
is resolved into benevolence, i. 4. Dis-
cussions in England, in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, as to the
existence of, 20. Shaftesbury, Hut-
cheson, and others, 20. Enlargement of
the Utilitarian school by the recog-
nition of benevolence, 21, 22. Various
views of the source from which it
springs, 22. Association of ideas
producing the feeling of, 27. Hart-
ley on benevolence quoted, 28, note.
Impossibility of benevolence becoming
a pleasure if practised only with a
view to that end, 37. Application to
benevolence of the theory, that the
moral unity of different ages is a unity
not of standard but of tendency, 103.

BEN

Influenced by our imaginations, 138,
139. Not recognised by the Stoics,
198, 201, 202

Bentham, Jeremy, his opinions as to
the reasons or motives of human
actions, i. 8, note. On the pleasures
and pains of piety quoted, 9, note.
On charity, 10, note. His views as to
vice, 13, 14, note. His view of the
sanctions of morality, 20, and note, 22.
Throws benevolence as much
possible into the background, 22.
Makes no use of the doctrine of
association, 25, note. His definition
of conscience, 30, note. On interest
and disinterestedness, 32, 33, note.
On the value and purity of a pleasure,
92, note

as

Besarion, St., his penances, ii. 115
Biography, relative importance of,
among Christians and Pagans, 183
Blandina, martyrdom of, i. 470
Blesilla, story of her slow suicide, ii. 50
Blondel, his denunciation of the forge-

ries of the Sibylline books, i. 401
Boadicea, her suicide, ii. 57
Bolingbroke's Reflections on Exile,'
basis of, i. 212, note

Bona Dea, story and worship of, i. 96,
note. Popularity of her worship among
the Romans, 109, 411

Boniface, St., his missionary labours,
ii. 261

Bonnet, his philosophy, i. 73

Bossuet, his advocacy of the selfish view
of the love we should bear to God,
i. 19, note

Brephotrophia, in the early church, ii. 34
Brotherhood, effect of Christianity in
promoting, ii. 65

Brown, his opinion as to the reason or
motive for the practice of virtue,
quoted, i. 8, note. On theological
Utilitarianism, 16, note

Brunehaut, Queen, her crimes, approved
of by the Pope, ii. 250, 251. Her
end, 253

Brutus, his extortionate usury, i. 203, 204
Buckle, Thomas, his remarks on morals,

i. 76, note. On the differences between
mental and physical pleasures, 92,
note. His views of the comparative
influence of intellectual and moral
agencies in civilisation, 105, note
Bulgarians, mode of converting the, to
Christianity, ii. 191

Bull-baiting in England, ii. 186, note
Butler, Bishop, maintains the reality of
the existence of benevolence in our

CAT

nature, i. 20, 21, note. His view of
the pleasure to be derived from virtue,
33, note. His analysis of moral judg-
ments, 77. His view and definition
of conscience, 85
Byzantine Empire, general sketch of the
moral condition of the, ii. 13–15.
Moral condition of the empire during
the Christian period, 156

CED

ÆDMON, story of the origin of his
Creation of the World,' ii. 217
Cæsar, Julius, denies the immortality
of the soul, i. 191, 192. His con-
demnation of suicide, 224. His colonial
policy, 246. His multiplication of
gladiatorial shows, 289

Caligula, his intoxication with his im-

perial dignity, i. 274. His supersti-
tious fears, 390

Calvinists: tendency of the Supralap-
sarian to deny the existence of a moral
sense, i. 18, note

Camma, conjugal fidelity of, ii. 361
Capital punishment, aversion to, ii. 41.
Carlyle, Thomas, on self-sacrifice, i. 58,

note. The influence of conscience on
the happiness of men, 64

Carneades, his expulsion from Rome
proposed by Cato, i. 424

Carpocrates, licentiousness of the fol-
lowers of, i. 443

The

Carthage, effect of the destruction of, on
the decadence of Rome, i. 177.
Decian persecution at, 480
Carthaginians, the, amongst the most
prominent of Latin writers, i. 248
Cassius, the tyrannicide, his suicide, i.
226

Castellio, his exposure of the forgeries
of the Sibylline books, i. 401
Catacombs, the, i. 481, 483
Catholicism, Roman, the system of edu

cation adopted by, contrasted with
that of the English public schools,
i. 118. Conflict of the priests with
political economists on the subject of
early marriages, 118, 119. The teach-
ing of, on many points the extreme
antithesis of that of the pagan philo-
sophers, 219. Its view of death, 220,
221. Little done by it for humanity
to animals, ii. 183, 188. Influence on
despotism, 198. Its total destruction of
religious liberty, 206-212. Causes of
its indifference to truth in its litera-
ture, 255. Protestantism contrasted
with it, 390

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Celibacy among the ancients, i. 109.
The Catholic monastic system, 111.
How discouraged by Augustus, 245.
Celibacy the primal virtue of the
Christians of the fourth and fifth
centuries, ii. 130. Effect of this upon
moral teaching, 130, 131. History
of the celibacy of the clergy, 347-
356

Celsus calls the Christians Sibyllists, i.
400. And jugglers, 408

Celts, Spanish, their worship of death,
i. 217, 218. Causes of their passion
for suicide, 218, note. Their lamen-
tations on the birth of men, 218, note
Censors, Roman, minute supervision of
tho, i. 177

Character, influence of, on opinion, i.

181. Governed in a great measure by
national circumstances, 181.
Chariot races, passion for, at Constanti-
nople, ii. 39

Charity, a form of self-love, according

to the Utilitarians, i. 9, and note.
Impossibility of charity becoming a
pleasure if practised only with a view
to that end, 37. The product of
intellectual culture, 140. Range,
depth, and beauty of the charity
of the Stoics, 201. Cicero's emphatic
assertion of the duty, 253. Exer-
tions of the Christians in the
cause of charity, ii. 80, 84. Inade-
quate place given to this movement
in history, 90. Christian charity, in
what it consists, 78. Laws of the
Romans, 78. Pagan examples of
charity, 83. Noble enthusiasm of the
Christians in the cause of charity, 83,
84. Charity enjoined as a matter of
justice, 86. Theological notions of
charity, 91, 96, 97. Evils of Catholic
charity, 98-100. Legends respecting
the virtue, 260, and note
Charlemagne, his law respecting Sun-

day, ii. 259. Fascination exercised

CHR

by him over the popular imagination,
287, 288. His polygamy, 363
Charles V., the Emperor, his law against
beggars, ii. 104

Charles Martel, his defeat of the Ma-
hommedans at Poictiers, ii. 289
Charondas, law of, on second marriages,
ii. 345

Chastity, in Utilitarian systems, i. 12,
51. Sketch of the history of, 106-110.
The Catholic monastic system, 111.
Modern judgments of, ii. 299, 300.
Cato's views, 332. Egyptian views,
334. Services of the ascetics in en-
forcing the duty of chastity, 337-339
Children, charge of murdering infants
among the early Christians, i. 444.
Abortion, ii. 22-26. Infanticide, 26.
Exposed children-foundlings, 34.
Institutions of the Romans for the
benefit of children, 82

Chilon, his closing hours, i. 218
Cholera, theological notions respecting
the, i. 378.

Christian and pagan virtues compared,
i. 200

Christianity; distinctions between the

pagan and Christian conceptions of
death, i. 219. The importance of
Christianity not recognised by pagan
writers, 357. Causes of this, 359. Ex-
amination of the theory which ascribes
part of the teaching of the later pagan
moralists to Christian influence, 361.
Theory which attributes the conversion
of Rome to evidences of miracles, 368.
Opinion of the pagans of the credu-
lity of the Christians, 369. Incapa-
city of the Christians of the third
century for judging historic miracles,
399. And for judging prophecies,
399, 400. Contemporary miracles
represented as existing among them,
401. Christian miracles had probably
little weight with the pagans, 409.
Progress of Christianity to what due,
410, 412. Singular adaptation of it to
the wants of the time, 412. Heroism
it inspired, 415. Explanation of the
conversion of the Roman Empire, 418.
Account of the persecutions of the
Christians, 420. Reasons why the
Christians were more persecuted than
the Jews, 428, 431, 433. The first
cause of the persecution of the Chris-
tians, 432. Charges of immorality
brought against them, 440. Due in
a great measure to Jews and here-
tics, 442, 443. The disturbance of

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CHR

domestic life caused by female conver-
sions, 444. Antipathy of the Romans
to every system which employed
religious terrorism, 447. Chris-
tian intolerance of pagan worship,
449. And of diversity of beliefs,
451-453. History of the persecutions,
456. Nero's, 456. Domitian's, 458.
Condition of the Christians under the
Antonines, 461. Become profoundly

Mar-

obnoxious to the people, 464.
cus Aurelius, 467, 469. Introduction
of Christianity into France, 470, and
note. Attitude of the rulers towards
it from M. Aurelius to Decius, 479,
et seq. Condition of the Church on
the eve of the Decian persecution, 477.
Gallus, 482. Valerian, 483. Gallienus,
484. Erection of churches in the Em-
pire, 486. Persecutions of Diocletian
and Galerius, 487. End of the persecu-
tions, 492. Massacre of Christians in
Phrygia, 493. Moral efficacy of the
Christian sense of sin, ii. 3. Dark
views of human nature not common in
the early Church, 5. The penitential
system, 7. Empire Christianity at-
tained in eliciting disinterested en-
thusiasm, 9. Great purity of the early
Christians, 10-12. The promise of
the Church for many centuries falsi-
fied, 13. The first consequence of
Christianity a new sense of the sanc-
tity of human life, 19. Influence in
the protection of infant life, 22-34.
In the suppression of gladiatorial
shows, 37. Its effect upon persecu-
tions, 43, et seq. The penal code not
lightened by it, 45. Condemnation
of suicide, 46. The second con-
sequence of Christianity to teach uni-
versal brotherhood, 65. Slavery,
65-70. Ransom of captives, 76.
Charity, 78. Exertions of the Chris-
tians in the cause of charity, 80, 84.
Their exertions when the Empire was
subverted, 86, 88. Theological no-
tions concerning insanity, 91-95.
Almsgiving, 96-98. Beneficial effect
of Christianity in supplying pure
images to the imagination, 103.
Summary of the philanthropic achieve-
ments of Christianity, 107. Ways
in which the ascetic mode of life
affected both the ideal type and real-
ised condition of morals, 130, et seq.
History of the relations of Christianity
to the civic virtues, 149. Improve-
ments effected by Christianity on the

CIV

morals of the people, 163. Attitude
of Christianity to the barbarians, 189.
How it achieved the conversion of
them, 190-192. Tendency of the
barbarians to adulterate it, 192.
Legends of the conflict between the
old gods and the new faith, 193.
Fierce hatred of rival sects, and total
destruction of religious liberty, 206–
212. Polytheistic and idolatrous
form of Christianity in mediæval
times, 243. The doctrine of purga-
tory, 246. Benefits conferred by the
monasteries, 257-259. The obser-
vance of Sunday, 259. Influence of
Christianity upon war, 269, 274.
Upon the consecration of secular
rank, 276, et seq. Upon the condi-
tion of women, 335, et seq. Strong
assertion of the equality of obliga-
tion in marriage, 365, 366. Rela-
tion of Christianity to the female
virtues, 379, et seq.

Chrysippus on the immortality of the
soul, i. 192

Chrysostom, St., his labours for mona-
chism, ii. 113. His treatment of his
mother, 140

His

Cicero on the evidence of a Divine ele-
ment within us, i. 57, note. His de-
finition of conscience, 85. His con-
ception of the Deity, 172. His opinion
of the popular beliefs, 173. Instance
of his love of truth, 185, note.
desire for posthumous reputation, 194,
note. His declaration as to virtue
concealing itself from the world, 195.
His belief in the immortality of the
soul, 215. His view of death, 216,
217. His complacency on the ap-
proach of death, 218. His concep-
tion of suicide, 224. His mainte-
nance of the doctrine of universal
brotherhood, 253. How he regarded
the games of the arena, 302, His
friendship with his freedman Tiro,
323. His remarks on charity, ii. 84.
His rules respecting almsgiving, 98
Circumcelliones, atrocities of the, ii. 44.
Their custom of provoking martyr-
dom, 52

Civic virtues, predominance accorded to,
in ancient ethics, i. 211
Civilisation, refining influence of, on
taste, i. 81. Pleasures of a civilised
and semi-civilised society compared,
89. Views of Mill and Buckle on the
comparative influence of intellec-
tual and moral agencies in, 105, note.

CLA

Effect of education in diminishing
cruelty, and producing charity, 140.
Moral enthusiasm appropriate to dif-
ferent stages of civilisation, 142. In-
crease of veracity with civilisation,
143. Each stage of civilisation specially
appropriate to some virtue, 154
Clarke, on moral judgments, i. 78
Classical literature, preservation of, ii.
212. Manner in which it was regarded
by the church, 213-216

Claudius, his delight in gladiatorial
shows, i. 296. His decree as to slaves,
325

Claver, Father, his remark on some per-

sons who had delivered a criminal
into the hands of justice, i. 42, note.
Cleanthes, his suicide, i. 224
Clemency, Seneca's distinction between
it and pity, i. 199

Clemens of Alexandria, on the two
sources of all the wisdom of antiquity,
i. 366. How he regarded the Si-
bylline books, 400. On wigs, ii. 158
Clemens, Flavius, put to death, i. 460
Cleombrotus, his suicide, i. 224, note
Clergy, corruption of the, from the fourth

century, ii. 159, 251. Submission of
the Eastern, but independence of the
Western, clergy to the civil power,
280-4. History of their celibacy, 347
Climate, effects of, in stimulating or
allaying the passions, i. 151
Clotaire, his treatment of Queen Brune-
haut, ii. 253

Clotilda, her conversion of her husband,
i. 436; ii. 191

Clovis, his conversion i. 436; ii. 191.
Gregory of Tours' account of his acts,
254, 255

Cock-fighting among the ancients and

moderns, ii. 174, and note, 186, note
Cock-throwing, ii. 174, note, 186, note
Coemgenus, St., legend of, ii. 118, note
Coleridge, S. T., his remarks on the
practice of virtue as a pleasure, i. 29,
note. His admiration for Hartley,
29, note. On the binding ground of
the belief of God and a hereafter, i.
57

Colman, St., his animal companions, ii.
180. His girdle, 338, note
Colonies, Roman, the cosmopolitan spi-
rit forwarded by the aggrandisement
of the, i. 246

Colosseum, the, i. 291. Games at the
dedication of the, 297
Columbanus, St., his missionary labours,
ii. 261

COU

Comedy, Roman, short period during
which it flourished, i. 293

Comet, a temple erected by the Romans
in honour of a, i. 391

Commodus, his treatment of the Chris-
tians, i. 471

Compassion, theory that it is the cause
of our acts of barbarity, i. 73, 74
Concubines, Roman, ii. 370
Concupiscence, doctrine of the Fathers
respecting, ii. 298

Condillac, cause of the attractiveness of
utilitarianism to, i. 73. Growth of
his sensual school out of Locke's phi-
losophy, i. 122, note

Confessors, power of the, in the early
Church, i. 414, and note

Congo, Helvétius on a custom of the
people of, i. 105, note

Conquerors, causes of the admiration
of, i. 96, 97

Conscience, association of ideas generat-
ing, i. 28. Recognised by the disciples
of Hartley, 29. Definitions of
Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, and Bain,
29, note, 30, note. The rewards and
punishments of conscience, 62-64.
Unique position of, in our nature,
85. As defined by Cicero, the Stoics,
St. Paul, and Butler, 85
Consequences, remote, weakness of the
utilitarian doctrine of, i. 43-45
'Consolations,' literature of, leading to-
pics of, i. 215

Constantine, the Emperor, his founda-
tion of the empire of the East, ii. 13.
His humane policy towards children,
31, 32. His sanction of the gladia-
torial shows, 37. His laws miti-
gating the severity of punishments,
45. His treatment of slaves, 68. His
law respecting Sunday, 259. Magni-
ficence of his court at Constantinople,
280

Conventual system, effect of the sup-
pression of the, on women, ii. 391
Cordeilla, or Cordelia, her suicide, ii.
57

Corinth, effect of the conquest of, on
the decadence of Rome, i. 177
Cornelia, a vestal virgin, incident of
her execution, ii. 336
Cornelius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i.
483

Cornutus, his disbelief in a future
state, i. 193

Corporations, moral qualities of, i. 160
Councils of the Church, character of
the, ii. 209, note

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