COU

How re-

Courtesans, Greek, ii. 303. Causes of
their elevation, 308-311.
garded by the Romans, 318
Cousin, Victor, his criticism of the
Scotch moralists, i. 76, note. His
objection against Locke, 76, note
Crantor, originates the literature of
'Consolations,' i. 215

Cremutius Cordus, trial of, i. 476, note
Crime, value attached by the monks to
pecuniary compensations for, ii. 226.
Catalogue of crimes of the seventh
century, 251-253

Criminals, causes of our indulgent
judgment of, i. 141

Critical spirit, the, destroyed by Neo-
platonism, i. 350

Cromaziano, his history of suicide, i.
228, note

Cruelty, origin and varieties of, i. 138,

140. Cruelty to animals, utilitarian
doctrine concerning, 47, 48
Crusius, his adherence to the opinion of
Ockham as to the foundation of the
moral law, i. 17, note

Cudworth, his analysis of moral judg-
ments, i. 77

Cullagium, a tax levied on the clergy,
ii. 349

Cumberland, Bishop, his unselfish view
of virtue, i. 19 note

Cynics, account of the later, i. 328

Cyprian, St., his evasion of persecution
by flight, i. 481. His exile and

martyrdom, 484

Cyzicus deprived of its freedom, i. 274

trine supersedes the Stoical natural-
ism, i. 351. The dæmons of the
Greeks and Romans, i. 404. And of
the Christians, 405

Dale, Van, his denial of the superna-
tural character of the oracles, i. 398
Dead, Roman worship of the, i. 176
Death, calmness with which some men

of dull and animal natures can meet,
i. 91. Frame of mind in which a
man should approach death, accord-
ing to Epictetus, 205. Preparation
for death one of the chief ends of the
philosophy of the ancients, 213. Ba-
con's objection to the Stoics' view of,
213. The Irish legend of the islands
of life and death, 214. The litera-
ture of Consolations,' 215. Death
not regarded by the philosophers as

DOW

penal, 216. Popular terrors of death,
216, 217. Instances of tranquil pazan
deaths, 218. Distinctions between
the pagan and Christian conceptions
of death, 219

Debate, value of the practice of, i.

145

Decius, persecution of the Christians
under, i. 477, 478

Defoe, Daniel, his tract against beggars,
ii. 104, and note

Delphi, oracle of, its description of the
best religion, i. 175

Deogratias, his ransom of prisoners, ii.
77

Despotic monarchs, shape which their
anxiety to improve mankind takes, i.
265

Despotism, Helvétius' remarks on the
moral effects of, i. 135, note. In what
it consists, ii. 276
Diagoras, his denial of the existence of
the gods, i. 170

Dion Chrysostom, his denunciation of
images of the Deity, i. 174, 175,
note. His life and works, 331
Diodorus, the philosopher, his suicide,
i. 227

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the creed
of the Romans, i. 175, 176
Disinterestedness, Bentham's remarks
on, quoted, i. 32, 33, note
Disposition, what constitutes, according
to the theory of association, i. 30
Divination, a favourite subject of Roman
ridicule, i. 174. Belief of the ancients
in, 386
Divorce, unbounded liberty of, among
Con-
the Romans, ii. 324-326.
demned by the Church, 371, 372
Docetæ, their tenets, ii. 109
Dog-star, legend of the, ii. 172
Dolphin, legends of the, i. 172, and

note

Domestic laws, Roman, changes in, i,
315, 316

Domestic virtues, destruction of the, by
the ascetics, ii. 133
Domitilla, banishment of, i. 460
Domitian, his law respecting suicide, i
230. Anecdote of his cruelty, 306.
His law as to slaves, 326. His per
secution of the Stoics and Christians,
458, 459

Domnina, her suicide with her daugh
ters, ii. 49

Donatists, their intolerance, ii. 207
Dowry of women, rise of the, ii. 293,
and note

DRE

Dreams, opinions of the Romans con-
cerning, i. 390, and note
Dumont, M., on vengeance quoted, i. 42,

note

Duty, theory of morals must explain
what is, and the notion of there being
such a thing as, i. 5. Paley on the
difference between it and prudence,
16, note. Distinction between natural
duties and those resting on positive
law, 95. Duty a distinct motive, 189
Dwarfs, combats of, in the arena, i. 298

EARTHQUAKES, how regarded by

the ancients, i. 392. Cause of
persecutions of the Christians, 434
Easter controversy, bitterness of the,
ii. 211

Eclectic school of philosophy, rise of
the, i. 255. Its influence on the Stoics,
258

Eclipses, opinions of the ancients con-
cerning, i. 389, 390

Education, importance ascribed to, by
the theory of the association of ideas,
i. 30. Contrast between that adopted
by the Catholic priesthood and that
of the English public schools, 118.
Its influence on the benevolent feel-
ings, 139, 140. Two distinct the-
ories of education, to strengthen the
will and to guide the desires, 197
Egypt, the cradle of monachism, ii. 112.

The Mohammedan conquest of, 152.
Triumphs of the Catholics in, 208
Egyptians, their reverence for the vul-
ture, i. 111, note. Their kindness to
animals, 307. Contrast of the spirit
of their religion with that of the
Greeks, 344. Difference between the
Stoical and Egyptian pantheism, 344
Elephants, legends of, ii. 171
Emperors, Roman, degradation of the
apotheosis of the, i. 178, 272
Empire, universal, dangers of, i. 280
Endura, the Albigensian practice of,
ii. 53

England, national virtues and vices of,
i. 160, 161. Ancient amusements
of, ii. 185, 186, note.
Ephrem, St., his charity, ii. 86
Epictetus, his disbelief in a future state,

i. 193. His life and works, 193, 194,
and note. On the frame of mind in
which a man should approach death,
205. His view of the natural virtue
of man, 208. On suicide, 225, 232,
note. On universal brotherhood, 254.

EVI

His stoicism tempered by a milder
and more religious spirit, 258, 260.
His remarks on national religious
beliefs, 431

Epicureans, their faith preserved un-
changed at Athens, i. 134, and note.
Their scepticism, 170. Roman Epi-
cureans, 170, 171. Epicureanism
the expression of a type of character
different to Stoicism, 180, 181. But
never became a school of virtue in
Rome, 184. Destructive nature of
its functions, 185, 186. Esteemed
pleasure as the ultimate end of our
actions, 196. Encouraged physical
science, 203. Their doctrine as to
suicide, 226, and note

Epicurus, the four canons of, i. 14.
Vast place occupied by his system in
the moral history of man, 180. Great
perfection of his character, 184, 185,
note. Lucretius' praise of him, 207.
His view of death, 216. Recent dis-
covery of one of his treatises at Her-
culaneum, 216, note

Epidemics, theological notions respect-
ing, i. 378

Epiphanius, St., his miraculous stories,
i. 402. His charges against the
Gnostics, 443. Legend of him and
St. Hilarius, ii. 169
Epponina, story of her conjugal fidelity,
ii. 362

Error, the notion of the guilt of, con-
sidered abstractedly, ii. 202-5
Essenes, virginity their ideal of sanc-
tity, i. 112; ii. 108

Euhemerus, his theory of explanation
of the prevailing legends of the gods,
i. 171

Euphrates the Stoic, his answer to
Pliny the Younger, i. 212. Has per-
mission from Hadrian to commit sui-
cide, 230, note
Euphraxia, St., ii. 117

Euripides, beauty of the gentler virtues
inculcated by the plays of, i. 240
Europe, disappearance of the small
states from the map of, i. 155
Eusebius, on the allegorical and mythical
interpretations of Paganism, i. 171,
note. His account of the Christian
persecutions, i. 492
Eusebius, St., his penances, ii. 115
Eustathius, condemnation of, by the
council of Gangra, ii. 140
Evagrius, his inhumanity to his parents,

ii. 133

Evil, views of Hobles and the Utili-

EXC

tarians of the essence and origin of,
i. 8-10
Excellence, supreme, how far it is condu-

cive to happiness, i. 57
Excommunication, penalties of, ii. 8
Excursion train, instance of the advan-
tages and disadvantages of an, i. 120,
121

Executioners, always regarded as un-
holy, i. 41

Exorcism, among the early Christians,

i. 401, 404. Origin of the notions of
possession and exorcism, 404. Jews
the principal exorcists, 404. Belief of
the early Christians in, 406. Con-
tempt of the pagans for it, 408.
Ulpian's law against exorcists, 408.
Probable explanation of possession
and exorcism, 409. Speedy decline of
exorcism, 409. The practice probably
had no appreciable influence in pro-
voking persecution of the Christians,
446

Experience, general statement of the
doctrine which bases morals upon,
i. 5

Fabius, his self-sacrifice, i. 195

Fabius Pictor, his works written in
Greek, i. 243

Faculty, moral, the term, i. 77
Fairies, belief in, i. 370, 371

Fatalism, Eschylus the poet of, i. 206
Felicitas, St., her martyrdom, i. 472. In
prison, ii. 10

Fénelon, on the unselfish love we should
bear to God, i. 19, note
Fetishism, latent, the root of a great
part of our opinions, i. 372
Fidenæ, accident at the amphitheatre at,
i. 291

Fights, sham, in Italy in the middle
ages, ii. 40

Fire, regarded by the ancients as an
emblem of virginity, i. 111, note
Fish, symbol of the early Christians, i.
400

Flamens of Jupiter, ii. 315
Flora, games of, i. 292

Forethought, brought into a new posi-
tion by industrial habits, i. 147
Foundlings, hospitals for, ii. 25, note, 34.
In ancient times, 30, 31. Adversa-
ries of, 105, and note

France, condition of, under the Merovin-
gian kings, ii. 250

GLA

Francis of Assisi, St., story of his death
from asceticism, ii. 52. His kindness
to animals, 183

Franks, cause of their conversion, i
436

Frédégonde, Queen, her crimes, ii. 250,

251

Freedmen, influence of, at Rome, i. 246.
Condition of the freedmen of the
Romans, 249

Frenchmen, the chief national virtues
and causes of their influence in Europe,
i. 160. Compared with Anglo-Saxon
nations, 160. Their amusements, 116
Friendship, Utilitarian view of, i. 10

YALERIUS, his persecution of the

Christians, i. 487, 490. His illness,
491. Relents towards the Christians,
491
Galileans, their indifference to death, i.
417, note

Gall, St., legend of, ii. 194. His mis-
sionary labours, 261

Gallienus, proclaims toleration to the
Christians, i. 484, 486

Gallus, the Emperor, persecutions of
the Christians under, i. 482
Gambling-table, moral influence of the,
i. 155

Gaul, introduction of Christianity into,
i. 470. Foundation of the monastic
system in, ii. 113. Long continuance
of polygamy among the kings of,
363

Gay, his view of the origin of human
actions, quoted, i. 8, note.
His sug-
gestion of the theory of association,

24

George of Cappadocia, his barbarity, ii.

208

Genseric, effect of his conquest of Africa

upon Italy, ii. 87. His capture of
Rome, 88
Germanicus, the Emperor, fury of the
populace with the gods, in consequence
of the death of, i. 178

Germanus, St., his charity, ii. 260
Germany, conversion of, to Christianity,
ii. 261. Marriage customs of the
early Germans, 294. Their chastity,
360, 361

Gervasius, St., recovery of his remains,
i. 403

Girdles of chastity, ii. 338, note
Gladiatorial shows, influence of Chris-
tianity on the suppression of, i. 37.
Reasons why the Romans saw no-

GNO

thing criminal in them, 104. History
and effect on the Romans of, 287-300.
How regarded by moralists and histo-
rians, 301. The passion for them not
inconsistent with humanity in other
spheres, 305

Gnostics, accusations against the, by the
early fathers, i. 443. Their tenets, ii.
109

God, the Utilitarian view of the good-

ness of, i. 9, and note. Question of
the disinterestedness of the love we
should bear to, 18, 19. Our know-
ledge of Him derived from our own
moral nature, 57. Early traces of an
all-pervading soul of nature in Greece,
169, 170. Philosophic definitions of
the Deity, 170, note. Pantheistic con-
ception of by the Stoics and Pla-
tonists, 171. Recognition of Pro-
vidence by the Roman moralists,
207. Two aspects under which the
Stoics worshipped the Divinity-pro-
vidence and moral goodness, 208
Gods, the, of the ancients, i. 169, et
seq. Euhemerus' theory of the ex-
planation of the prevailing legends
of the gods, 171. Views of Cicero
of the popular beliefs, 173. Opinions
of the Stoics, of Ovid, and of Horace,
174. Nature of the gods of th
Romans, 176. Decline of Romau
reverence for the gods, 177, 178
Good, pleasure equivalent to, according
to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note, 9
Gracchi, colonial policy of the, i. 246
Grazers, sect of, ii. 116

Greeks, ancient, their callous murder of

children, i. 46, 47. Low state of
female morality among them, 107.
Their enforcement of monogamy,
107. Their view of the sanctity of
chastity, 108, 109. Celibacy of some
of their priests and priestesses,
109. Early traces of a religion of
nature, 169. Universal providence
attributed to Zeus, 169. Scepticism
of the philosophers, 169, 170. Im-
portance of biography and the
moral teaching of the, 183. Dif-
ference between the teaching of the
Roman moralists and the Greek
poets, 206. Their fables on death,
and scenes of infernal torments,
216, 217. Greek suicides, 224.
Gentleness and humanity of the
Greek character, 240. Influence of
the union of the Greek and Roman
civilisation on the Roman character,

HAP

240, 241. The Greek spirit at first
as far removed from cosmopolitanism
as that of Rome, 241. Causes of
Greek cosmopolitanism, 242. Ex-
tent of Greek influence at Rome, 242.
Gladiatorial shows among them, 292.
Spirit of their religion contrasted
with that of the Egyptians, 344.
Their strong intolerance of foreign
religions, 432. Condition and fall of
their empire of the East, ii. 13-15.
Their practice of infanticide, 27-29.
Their treatment of animals, 174.
Their treatment of prisoners taken
in war, 272, 273. Their marriage
customs, 293. Women in the poetic
age, 294. Peculiarity of Greek feel-
ing on the position of women, 297,
298. Unnatural forms assumed by
vice amongst them, 311
Gregory the Great, his contempt for

Pagan literature, ii. 213, note. His
attitude towards Phocas, 279
Gregory of Nyssa, St., his eulogy of
virginity, ii. 342

Gregory of Tours, manner in which he
regarded events, ii. 254-256, 277
Grotesque, or eccentric, pleasure derived
from the, compared with that from
beauty, i. 87

Gundebald, his murders approved of by
his bishop, ii. 251
Gunpowder, importance of the invention
of, i. 131

Guy, Brother, his society for protection
and education of children, ii. 35, and

Hall, Robert, on theological Utilita-
rianism, i. 16, note

'Happiness, the greatest, for the greatest

number,' theory of the, i. 3. The
pursuit of the, of others, Hutcheson's
theory of, revealed to us by a 'moral
sense,' 4. Happiness the sole end of
human actions, according to the Utili-
tarians, 8, note. The best man seldom
the happiest, 70. Mental compared
with physical happiness 90. Influ-
ence of health and temperament on
happiness, 90, and note

HAR

Hartley, his doctrine of association, i.
23. Coleridge's admiration for him,
29, note. On animal food, 50, note.
His attempt to evade the conclusion
to which his view leads, quoted, 68,
note. His definition of conscience, 84
Hegesias, the orator of death, i. 227
Heliogabalus, his blasphemous orgies,
i. 275

Hell, monkish visions of, ii. 234, 253, note.
Glimpses of the infernal regions fur-
nished by the 'Dialogues of St.
Gregory, 235. Modern publications
on this subject, 237, note
Helvétius, on the origin of human
actions, i. 8, note. On customs of
the people of Congo and Siam,
105, note. Compared with Aulus
Gellius, 332. Account of him and
his works, 333

Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, his profes-
sion of the doctrine of innate ideas, i.
128

Hercules, meaning of, according to the
Stoics, i. 171

Hereford, Nicholas of, his opposition to
indiscriminate alms, ii. 102

Heresy, punishment of death for, i. 100;

ii. 43

Hermits. See Asceticism; Monasticism
Heroism, the Utilitarian theory unfa-
vourable to, i. 68. War, the school of
heroism, 182

Hilarius, St., legend of him and St.
Epiphanius, ii. 169

Hildebrand, his destruction of priestly
marriage, ii. 351

Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. 171
Historical literature, scantiness of, after
the fall of the Roman empire, ii. 249
Hobbes, Thomas, his opinions concern-
ing the essence and origin of virtue, i.
7, 8, note. His view of the origin of
human actions, quoted, 8, note. His
remarks on the goodness which we
apprehend in God, quoted, 9, note.
And on reverence, 9, note. On charity,
9, 10, note. On pity, 10, note.

Re-

view of the system of morals of his
school, 11. His the first great im-
pulse to moral philosophy in Eng-
land, 19, note. His extreme selfish-
ness in morals, 19, note. His denial
of the reality of the existence of
benevolence, 20, 21. His definition
of conscience, 29, note. His theory of
compassion, 74, note
Holidays, importance of, to the servile
classes, ii. 258

IMA

Homer, his views of human nature and
man's will, i. 206

Horace, his ridicule of idols, i. 174.
His description of the just man, 207
Hospitality enjoined by the Romans, ii.

84

Hospitals, foundation of the first, ii. 85,

86

Human life. its sanctity recognised by
Christianity, ii. 19. Gradual acquire-
ment of this sense, 19
Human nature, false estimate of, of the
Stoics, i. 202. Composition of, 202
Hume, David, his theory of virtue, i. 4.
Misrepresented by many writers, 4.
His recognition of the reality of bene-
volence in our nature, 20, 21, note. His
comment on French licentiousness in
the eighteenth century, 51, note. His
analysis of the moral judgments, 78.
Lays the foundation for a union of
the schools of Clarke and Shaftes-
bury, 78

Humility, new value placed upon it by
monachism, ii. 196, 199
Hutcheson, Francis, his doctrine of a

'moral sense,' i. 4. Establishes the
reality of the existence of benevolence
in our nature, 20. His analysis of
moral judgments, 78

Hypatia, murder of, ii. 208. A virgin
wife, 334

Ideas, confused association of, and
the anomalies arising from it, i. 96,
97. Question whether our, are derived
exclusively from sensation or whether
they spring in part from the mind it-
self, 127. The latter theory repre-
sented by the Platonic doctrine of
pre-existence, 127. Doctrine of in-
nate ideas, 127

Idols and idolatry, views of the Roman
philosophers of, i. 174. Discussion
between Apollonius of Tyana and an
Egyptian priest respecting, 174, note.
Idols forbidden by Numa, 175, note.
Plutarch on the vanity of, 175, note
Ignatius, St., his martyrdom, i. 465
Ignis fatuus, legend of the, ii. 238, note
Imagination, sins of, i. 46. Relation of
the benevolent feelings to it, 138, 139.
Deficiency of imagination the cause
of the great majority of unchari-
table judgments, 140-142. Feeble-
ness of the imagination a source of