161.

Character of that of the Ro-
mans, 248. Moral consequence of sla-
very, 277. Three stages of slavery
at Rome, 318. Review of the con-
dition of slaves, 318-324. Opinion
of philosophers as to slavery, 324.
Laws enacted in favour of slaves,
325.
Effects of Christianity upon
the institution of slavery, 65. Con-
secration of the servile virtues, 72.
Impulse given to manumission, 74.
Serfdom in Europe, 74, 75, note. Ex-
tinction of slavery in Europe, 76.
Ransom of captives, 76

Smith, Adam, his theory of pity, quoted,

i. 10, note. His recognition of the
reality of benevolence in our nature,
20. His analysis of moral judgment,

77

Smyrna, persecution of the Christians
at, i. 469

Socrates, his view of death, i. 216. His
closing hours, 218. His advice to a
courtesan, ii. 313

Soul, belief of the Stoics in the resur-
rection of the, i. 173. The immortal-
ity of the soul resolutely excluded
from the teaching of the Stoics, 191.
Character of their first notions on the

subject, 192. The belief in the re-
absorption of the soul in the parent
Spirit, 192. Belief of Cicero and
Plutarch in the immortality of the,
215. But never adopted as a motive
by the Stoics, 215. Increasing belief
in the, 351. Vague belief of the
Romans in the, 176
Sospitra, story of, i. 397

Spain, persecution of the Christians in,

i. 491. Almost complete absence of
infanticide in, ii. 27, note. The first
lunatic asylums in Europe established
in, 94, 95

Spaniards, among the most prominent of
Latin writers, i. 248. Their suicides,
ii. 57

Spartans, their intense patriotism, i.
187. Their legislature continually
extolled as a model, 211. Condition
of their women, ii. 307

STO

Spinoza, his remark on death, i. 213.
Anecdote of him, 306

Speculating character, characteristics of
the, i. 146, 147

Stael, Madame de, on suicide, ii. 62
Statius, on the first night of marriage,
i. 111, note

Stewart, Dugald, on the pleasure de-
rived from the knowledge or the pur-
suits of virtue, i. 33, note

Stilpo, his scepticism and banishment,
i. 170. His remark on his ruin,
201

Ac-

Stoics, their definition of conscience, i.
85. Their view of the animation of
the human foetus, 94. Their system
of ethics favourable to the heroic
qualities, 133, 134. Historical fact
in favour of the system, 134. Their
belief in an all-pervading soul of
nature, 170. Their pantheistic con-
ception of the Deity, 171. Their con-
ception and explanation of the pre-
vailing legends of the gods, 171.
Their opinion as to the final destruc-
tion of the universe by fire, and the
resuscitation of souls, 173. Their
refusal to consult the oracles, 174.
Stoicism the expression of a type
of character different to Epicurean-
ism, 180, 181. Rome pre-eminently
the home of Stoicism, 181.
count of the philosophy of the Stoics,
186. Its two essentials-the un-
selfish ideal and the subjugation of
the affections to the reason, 186. The
best example of the perfect severance
of virtue and interest, 190.
views concerning the immortality of
the soul, 191-193. Taught men to
sacrifice reputation, and do good in se-
cret, 195. And distinguished the obli-
gation from the attraction of virtue,
196. Taught also that the affections
must be subordinate to the reason,
197-201. Their false estimate of
human nature, 202. Their love of
paradox, 202. Imperfect lives of
many eminent Stoics, 203. Their
retrospective teachings, 203. Their
system unfitted for the majority of
mankind, 204. Compared with the
religious principle, 205.
The cen-

Their

tral composition of this philosophy,
the dignity of man, 205. High sense
of the Stoics of the natural virtue of
man, and of the power of his will,
205, 206. Their recognition of Pro-
vidence, 206, 207. The two aspects

STR

under which they worshipped God,
208. The Stoics secured from quie-
tism by their habits of public life,
210-212. Their view of humanity,
212. Their preparations for, and
view of, death, 213. Their teaching
as to suicide, 223, 225, et seq. Con-
trast between the activity of Stoicism
and the luxury of Roman luxury,
238, 239. The Stoical philosophy
quite capable of representing the cos-
mopolitan spirit, 252, 253. Stoicism
not capable of representing the sof-
tening movement of civilisation, 255.
Influence of the eclectic spirit on it,
258. Stoicism becomes more es-
sentially religious, 259. Increas-
ingly introspective character of later
Stoicism, 261. Marcus Aurelius the
best example of later Stoicism, 263-
269. Effects of Stoicism on the cor-
ruption of Roman society, 308, 309.
It raised up many good Emperors, 309.
It produced a noble opposition under
the worst Emperors, 310. It greatly
extended Roman law, 312. The Stoics
considered as the consolers of the
suffering, advisers of the young, and
as popular preachers, 327. Rapid
decadence of Stoicism, 336, 337. Dif-
ference between the Stoical and Egyp-
tian pantheism, 344. Stoical natu-
ralism superseded by the theory of dæ-
mous, 351. Theory that the writings
of the, Stoics were influenced by
Christianity examined, 352. Domi-
tian's persecution of them, 459
Strozzi, Philip, his suicide, ii. 59
Suffering, a courageous endurance of,
probably the first form of virtue in
savage life, i. 136

Suicide, attitude adopted by Pagan
philosophy and Catholicism towards,
i. 223, et seq. Eminent suicides,
226. Epidemic of suicides at Alex-
andria, 227. And of girls at Miletus,
227, note. Grandeur of the Stoical
ideal of suicide, 228. Influences con-
spiring towards suicide, 228. Seneca's
touching remarks on self-destruction,
229, 230, 232. Laws respecting it,
230, note.

Eminent instances of self-

destruction, 231, 233. The concep-
tion of, as an euthanasia, 233. Neo-
platonist doctrine concerning, 351.
Effect of the Christian condemna-
tion of the practice of, ii. 46-65.
Theological doctrine on, 48, note.
The only form of, permitted in the

THE

early Church, 50. Slow suicides,
51. The Circumcelliones, 52. The
Albigenses, 53. Suicides of the
Jews, 53. Treatment of corpses
of suicides, 53. Authorities for the
history of suicides, 53, note. Reac

tion against the medieval laws on
the subject, 54. Later phases of
its history, 57. Self-destruction of
witches, 57. Epidemics of insane
suicide, 58. Cases of legitimate sui-
cide, 59. Suicide in England and
France, 62

Sunday, importance of the sanctity of
the, ii. 258, 259. Laws respecting it,

259

Superstition, possibility of adding to
the happiness of man by the diffusion
of, i. 52-54. Natural causes which
impel savages to superstition, i. 56.
Signification of the Greek word for,
i. 216

Swan, the, consecrated to Apollo, i. 217
Sweden, cause of the great number of
illegitimate births in, i. 151
Swinburne, Mr., on annihilation, i. 192,

note

Symmachus, his Saxon prisoners, i. 304
Synesius, legend of him and Evagrius,
ii. 227. Refuses to give up his wife,

351

Syracuse, gladiatorial shows at, i. 291

TA

ACITUS, his doubts about the ex-
istence of Providence, i. 179, note
Taste, refining influence of cultivation
on, i. 81

Taylor, Jeremy, on hell, ii. 239
Telemachus, the monk, his death in the
arena, ii. 39

Telesphorus, martyrdom of, i. 474
Tertia Emilia, story of, ii. 331
Tertullian, his belief in dæmons, i. 406.
And challenge to the Pagans, 407
Testament, Old, supposed to have been
the source of pagan writings, i. 366
Thalasius, his hospital for blind beg-
gars, ii. 86

Theatre, scepticism of the Romans ex-
tended by the, i. 178. Effects of the
gladiatorial shows upon the, 293
Theft, reasons why some savages do not
regard it as criminal, i. 104. And
for the Spartan law legalising it, 104
Theodebert, his polygamy, ii. 363
Theodoric, his court at Ravenna, ii.
214, and note

THE

Theodorus, his denial of the existence

of the gods, i. 170
Theodorus, St., his inhumanity to his
mother, ii. 136

Theodosius the Emperor, his edict for-
bidding gladiatorial shows, ii. 37.
Denounced by the Ascetics, 148. His
law respecting Sunday, 259
Theological utilitarianism, theories of,
i. 15-17

Theology, view which it takes of
'plagues of rain and water,' and of
epidemics, i. 378. Sphere of induc-
tive reasoning in theology, 379
Theon, St., legend of, and the wild
beasts, ii. 177

Theurgy rejected by Plotinus, i. 351.

All moral discipline resolved into, by
Iamblichus, 351

Thrace, celibacy of societies of men in,
i. 109

Thrasea, mildness of his Stoicism, i. 259
Thrasea and Arria, history of, ii. 329
Thriftiness created by the industrial
spirit, i. 146

Tiberius the Emperor, his images in-
rested with a sacred character, i. 275.
His superstitions, 390, and note
Timagenes, exiled from the palace by
Tiberius, i. 476, note

Titus, the Emperor, his tranquil end, i.
218. Instance of his amiability, 304
Tooth-powder, Apuleius' defence of, ii.

Tracy, M. de, his argument for the moral
importance of a good system of police,
i. 135, note

Tragedy, effects of the gladiatorial shows
upon, among the Romans, i. 293
Trajan, the Emperor, his gladiatorial

shows, i. 304. Letter of Pliny to,
respecting the Christians, 464. Tra-
jan's answer, 465. His benevolence
to children, ii. 81. Legend of St.
Gregory and the Emperor, 223
Transmigration of souls, doctrine of,
of the ancients, ii. 176
Travelling, increased facilities for, of
the Romans, i. 247

Trinitarian monks, their works of mercy,
ii. 77

Troubadours, one of their services to
mankind, ii. 245

'Truce of God,' importance of the, ii.

269

VIC

Truth, possibility of adding to the hap-
piness of men by diffusing abroad,
or sustaining, pleasing falsehoods,
i. 54. Saying of Pythagoras, 54.
Growth of, with civilisation, 143.
Industrial, political, and philosophi-
cal, 144-146. Relation of monachism
to the abstract love of truth, ii. 200.
Causes of the medieval decline of the
love of truth, 225

Tucker, his adoption of the doctrine of
the association of ideas, i. 26, note
Turks, their kindness to animals, i.
306

Types, moral, i. 164. All characters
cannot be moulded in one type, 166

ULPIAN on suicide, i. 230, note

Unselfishness of the Stoics, i. 186
Usury, diversities of moral judgment
respecting, i. 94

Utilitarian school. See Morals; Virtue;
Vice

Utility, rival claims of, and intuition to
be regarded as the supreme regula-
tors of moral distinctions, i, 1, 2.
Various names by which the theory
of utility is known, 3. Views of the
moralists of the school of, 3, et seq.

VALE

VALERIAN, his persecutions of the
Christians, i. 483

Valerius Maximus, his mode of moral
teaching, i. 183

Vandals, their conquest of Africa, ii.
150

Varro, his conception of the Deity, i.
171. His views of popular religious
beliefs, 176

Venus, effect of the Greek worship of,
on the condition of women, ii. 308
Vespasian, his dying jest, i. 274. Effect
of his frugality on the habits of the
Romans, 310. Miracle attributed to
him, 369. His treatment of philoso-
phers, 476, note

Vice, Mandeville's theory of the origin
of, i. 7. And that 'private vices
were public benefits,' 7. Views of
the Utilitarians as to, 13. The de-
grees of virtue and vice do not cor-
respond to the degrees of utility, or
the reverse, 41-43. The suffering
caused by vice not proportioned to
its criminality, 59-61. Plato's ethical
theory of virtue and vice, 188. Grote's
summary of this theory, 188, note.

VIR

Conception of the ancients of sin, 205.
Moral efficacy of the Christian sense
of vice, ii. 3, 4

Virgil, his conception of the Deity, i.
172. His epicurean sentiment, 203,
note. His denunciations of suicide,
224. His interest in animal life, ii.
175

Virginity, how regarded by the Greeks,

i. 108. Eschylus' prayer to Athene,
108. Bees and fire emblems of vir-
ginity, 111, note. Reason why the
ancient Jews attached a certain stigma
to virginity, 112. Views of Essenes,

112

Virgins, Vestal, intense sanctity and
gifts attributed to the, i. 109, 110,
and note. Executions of, 433, and note.
Reasons for burying them alive, ii.
44. How regarded by the Romans,
315

Virtue, Hume's theory of the criterion,
essential element, and object of the
pursuit of, i. 4. Motive to virtue

from the doctrine which bases morals
upon experience, 6. Mandeville's the
lowest and most repulsive form of
this theory, 6, 7. Views of the
essence and origin of virtue adopted
by the school of Utilitarians, 7-9.
Views of the Utilitarians of, 13.
Association of ideas in which virtue
becomes the supreme object of our
affections, 28. Impossibility of vir-
tue bringing pleasure if practised
only with that end, 36, 37. The
utility of virtue not denied by intui-
tive moralists, 40. The degrees of
virtue and vice do not correspond to
the degrees of utility, or the reverse,
4. The rewards and punishments of
conscience, 61, 62. The self-compla-
cency of virtuous men, 67, and note.
The motive to virtue, according to
Shaftesbury and Henry More, 78.
Analogies of beauty and virtue, 79.
Their difference, 80. Diversities ex-
isting in our judgments of virtue and
beauty, 80, 81. Virtues to which we
can and cannot apply the term beauti-
ful, 84. The standard, though not the
essence, of virtue, determined by the
condition of society, 113. Summary of
the relations of virtue and public and
private interest, 121. Emphasis with
which the utility of virtue was dwelt
upon by Aristotle, 129. Growth of the
gentler virtues which are the natural
product of civilisation, 137. Forms

WAR

of the virtue of truth, industrial, poli-
tical, and philosophical, 144. Each
stage of civilisation is specially appro-
priate to some virtue, 154. National
virtues, 159. Virtues naturally grouped
together according to principles of
affinity or congruity, 161. Distinctive
beauty of a moral type, 161. Rudi-
mentary virtues differing in different
ages, nations, and classes, 162, 163.
Four distinct motives leading men to
virtue, 187-189. Plato's fundamental
proposition that vice is to virtue what
disease is to health, 188. Stoicism the
best example of the perfect sever-
ance of virtue and self-interest, 190.
Teachings of the Stoics that virtue
should conceal itself from the world,
195. And that the obligation should
be distinguished from the attraction
of virtue, 196. The eminent charac-
teristics of pagan goodness, 200. All
virtues are the same, according to the
Stoics, 202. Horace's description of
a just man, 207. Interested and dis-
interested motives of Christianity to
virtue, ii. 3. Decline of the civic
virtues caused by asceticism, 148.
Influence of this change on moral
philosophy, 155. The importance of
the civic virtues exaggerated by
historians, 156. Intellectual virtues,
200. Relation of monachism to these
virtues, 200, et seq.

Vitalius, St., legend of, and the courte-
san, ii. 338, 339

Vivisection, ii. 187. Approved by Bacon,
187, note

Volcanoes, how regarded by the early
monks, ii. 234

Vultures, why made an emblem of
nature by the Egyptians, i. 111, note

WAT

Waterland, on the motives to virtue
and cause of our love of God, quoted,
i. 9, note, 16, note
Wealth, origin of the desire to possess,
i. 24. Associations leading to the
desire for, for its own sake, 26
Western Empire, general sketch of the

moral condition of the, ii. 15
Widows, care of the early church for,
ii. 388

Wigs, Clemens of Alexandria and Ter-
tullian on, ii. 158

Will, freedom of the human, sustained
and deepened by the ascetic life, ii.

131

Wine, forbidden to women, i, 95, 96,
note

Witchcraft, belief in the reality of, i.
386. Suicide common among witches,
ii. 57

Wollaston, his analysis of moral judg-
ments, i. 78

Women, law of the Romans forbidding

women to taste wine, i. 95, 96, note.
Standards of female morality of the
Jews, Greeks, and Romaps, 106, 107.
Virtues and vices growing out of the
relations of the sexes, 150. Female
virtue, 150. Effects of climate on
this virtue, 151. Of large towns,
152. And of early marriages, 153.
Reason for Plato's advocacy of com-
munity of wives, 211. Plutarch's
high sense of female excellence, 258.
Female gladiators at Rome, 298, and
note. Relations of female devotees
with the anchorites, ii. 127, 136,
160. Their condition in savage life,
292. Cessation of the sale of wives,
292. Rise of the dowry, 293. Es-
tablishment of monogamy, 294. Doc-
trine of the Fathers as to concu-
piscence, 298. Nature of the problem
of the relations of the sexes, 299.
Prostitution, 299-301. Recognition
in Greece of two distinct orders of
womanhood the wife and the
hetæra, 303. Condition of Roman
women, 315, et seq. Rise among
them of an indisposition to mar-
riage, 222. Legal emancipation
of women in Rome, 322. Un-
bounded liberty of divorce, 324.
Amount of female virtue in Imperial

--

61

ZEU

Rome, 326-330. Legislative mea-
sures to repress sensuality, 330. To
enforce the reciprocity of obligation in
marriage, 330. And to censure pros
titution, 334. Influence of Christianity
on the position of women, 335, et seq.
Marriages, 339. Second marriages,
343. Low opinion of women pro-
duced by asceticism, 357. The canon
law unfavourable to their proprietary
rights, 358, 359. Barbarian heroines
and laws, 361-364. Doctrine of
equality of obligation in marriage,
366. The duty of man towards
woman, 368. Condemnation of tran-
sitory connections, 371. Roman con-
cubines, 372. The sinfulness of
divorce maintained by the church,
371-373. Abolition of compulsory
marriages, 374. Condemnation of
mixed marriages, 374, 375. Educa-
tion of women, 375. Relation of
Christianity to the female virtues,
379. Comparison of male and female
characteristics, 379. The Pagan and
Christian ideal of woman contrasted,
383-385. Conspicuous part
woman in the early Church, 385-387.
Care of widows, 388. Worship of the
Virgin, 389, 390. Effect of the sup
pression of the conventual system on
women, 391. Revolution going on
in the employments of women, 393

XE

of

ENOCRATES, his tenderness, ii.
173
Xenophanes, his scepticism, i. 170
Xenophon, his picture of Greek married
life, ii. 305

ZADOR, the of the of the
VADOK, the founder of the sect of the

existence of a future world, i. 193,
note

Zeno, vast place occupied by his system
in the moral history of man, i. 180.
His suicide, 224. His inculcation
of the practice of self-examination,

262

Zeus, universal providence attributed by
the Greeks to, i. 169