= Droll pathos, indifference, laziness. Expulsive = Irony, mimicry, buffoonery.

Explosive = A sharp taunt or snarl of contempt.

Effusive

Nasal

66

Quality

66

(1) For Effusive Form. Give the continuant tonics, a in ale, a in arm, a in all, e in eve, and o in old with notes of song in all the Qualities admitting of Effusive Form. Repeat with notes of speech in alternate rising and falling inflections.

(2) For Expulsive. Give all the above-named continuant tonics with notes of song in all the Qualities. Give the same and their illustrative words with notes of speech in all the Qualities.

(3) For Explosive. Give the same sounds and the words all, pull, toll, bell, dong, with notes of song in Normal and Orotund Qualities. Give the same with notes of speech.

NOTE. It will be observed that the drills in vocal culture are made up of the elements of expression. It is suggested that the student keep in mind the meaning of these combinations of Forms and Qualities even while he is practicing the exercises, and thus familiarize himself with the "sound and sense" while tuning the vocal organs for the art of expression. To this end he will find the above table of combinations helpful.

Illustrative selection for all Forms.

NOTE. The illustration here used should be analyzed by the student under the direction of the teacher, and the various thoughts and emotions expressed orally in their appropriate Forms.

A HERO OF THE FURNACE ROOM

ANONYMOUS

The duty of the boiler-makers on warships is of the most dangerous nature. In action, between actions, and out of action the repairs that they are called upon at a moment's notice to effect are sufficient to send a chill of fear through the hearts of most men. They will creep right inside a boiler or furnace which had but a few moments before been full of boiling liquid or red-hot coals. They will screw up nuts and fasten bolts or repair leaking pipes or joints in places that other men would consider impossible to approach. While the ship's big guns are making the vessel tremble, and the enemy's shells are bursting in every direction, these men, with positively reckless fearlessness, will venture down into the bowels of the fighting ship, amid roaring machinery, hissing steam, and flaming fires, to rectify an accident which, unrepaired, might send the ship and all her human freight to the bottom more surely and more quickly than shell or shot from the best guns of the enemy. These men are heroes.

The Castine, when she went to work to batter the walls of San Juan, carried on board three of these boiler-makers, Fish, another, and one Huntley, of Norfolk, Virginia. The Castine went into action under full steam, her triple screws revolving at the fullest speed, and her battery of eight guns started her quivering with excitement and the fierce delight of battle. The furnaces were heated almost to white heat, and the forced draught was urging the flames to greater heat, the boiling water to the higher production of steam, the engines to increasing revolutions. Suddenly, without expectation, without warning, far down in the furnace hole, unheard by officer or man, amid the din of battle, the thundering reverberations of exploding gunpowder, there arose a fierce hissing noise right inside one of the furnaces; and those who heard it trembled as no guns or shot or shell had power to make them tremble.

A socket bolt in the back connection at the very farthest interior extremity of the furnace had become loose. A leak had been sprung; the steam was pouring upon the fire, threatening in a few

moments to put it out and stop the progress of the ship if it did not have the more awful effect of causing a terrible explosion and annihilation!

The faces of the men below, in that moment of terrible suspense, blanched beneath the grime that covered them. None knew what to do save wait the awful coming of the shock they knew must come.

None? Nay, but there was one! The first to pull himself together, the first to whom returned the fear-driven senses, was Boiler-maker Huntley. His name does not appear on the navy list. Even his first name was unknown to his confrère, Fish. Only Boiler-maker Huntley, of Norfolk, Virginia; but that is enough, and his deed' should be sufficient to find for him a niche in the annals of fame whenever and wherever the story of the United States and her navy is told.

One instant of startled horror

then, without hesitation, without trepidation, with stern-set jaws and fierce, devoted determination on every line of face and form

"Turn off the force draught!" he cried.

"Goodness, Huntley, what are you going to do?" "Bank the fire! Quick!"

"It's certain death!"

"For one

unless, for all! Turn off the draught! Bank the fire!" The orders were carried out feverishly.

"Now a plank!"

And before they could stop him this hero had flung the plank into the furnace, right on top of the black coal with which it was banked, and had himself climbed and crawled over the ragged mass, far back to where the steam was rushing like some hissing devil from the loosened socket.

For three minutes he remained inside that fearful place, and then the work was done the ship was saved and his friends

drew him out at the door. The force draught went to its work again, and in an instant the furnace was once more raging.

But what of Huntley? Scorched, scalded, insensible, well-nigh dead, he lay upon the iron floor of the furnace room, while around him stood his mates dousing him with water, and using every known means for his resuscitation. He did not die, but when once

more he opened his eyes, and was able to be carefully lifted into daylight, there arose such cheers from the throats of those dirty, grimy mates as never greeted taking of city or sinking of fleet.

The story is briefly chronicled in the log of the Castine, and Huntley simply claims that he "did his duty." But while the United States remains a nation, so long as the banner bearing the silver stars on the field of blue, above alternate stripes of red and white, remains the symbol of purity, bravery, and patriotism to American hearts the whole world over; so long, when her heroes are spoken of, one name should never be omitted, - that of Boilermaker Huntley, of Norfolk, Virginia.

SECTION II. DEGREE

Degree of Force in Elocution is the amount of power with which sounds are sent forth from the vocal organs, and therefore represents the vital nature of man. Though this is a very simple element, a mastery of it is essential, since the entire audience, large or small, must at least hear the speaker in order to understand or appreciate his speech.

1. Scale of Force.

There are three divisions of Degree, — (1) Subdued, (2) Moderate, and (3) Energetic, which may be further divided, each into three degrees as represented in the following diagram:

The first degree of Subdued Force may be the faintest utterance audible to an audience, while the last degree of Energetic

Force may represent the most impassioned emotion of the speaker. This, like all scales in Elocution, is not absolute but relative, and is dependent upon (1) the individuality of the speaker, (2) the acoustic properties of the auditorium, and (3) the thought or emotion to be expressed.

(1) Each individual has a natural or acquired range of vocal strength which is measured by his own scale of Degrees of Force. A weak-voiced person should not strain to the scale of a more vital speaker; nor should the strong-voiced speaker fall into the habit of reducing his Force to a weak, timid

utterance.

(2) Acoustic conditions are dependent first, upon the size and shape of the auditorium, and second, on whether or not it is filled with an audience. The speaker must at the start observe the size of his auditorium and adjust his scale accordingly. He must overcome echo, due to the shape of the room and to its furnishings, by a proper scale of Degrees, remembering always to adapt his scale to the audience, large or small.

(3) The scale thus established, the speaker must remember that the different Degrees of Force express differing intensities of thought and feeling. These may be determined by observing the analogy between the three Forms of Force and the three Degrees of Force as indicated by the above diagram. To illustrate the gentler emotions, such as timidity, tranquillity, pathos, reverence, or veneration, are given in Subdued or Moderate Degrees; those states of mind expressed in ordinary conversation, didactic thought, gladness, patriotism, amazement, scorn, or hate, range through the last of Subdued, the Moderate, and a part of Energetic; while the more intense passions, such as ecstatic joy, defiance, alarm, terror, or rage, require the strongest Degree of Moderate and the Energetic Degrees of Force. By further associating Quality, Form, and Degree of Force, the student may easily determine the proper expression of all the sentiments he may wish to interpret.