to the material laid down in these ponded waters during the final recession of the ice border in the Wisconsin stage of glaciation. The conditions were evidently much more complex than Claypole set forth, however, and ponding of this sort appears to have occurred several times. In each of the glacial invasions the Cuyahoga River was probably ponded in front of the advancing ice until the ice had reached the divide. At the time of the earliest invasion the divide was probably much farther south than Akron, and it may also have been farther south in the Illinoian stage. It did not become located at Akron until near the end of the Wisconsin stage. As a result of this ponding during and after each glaciation, together with the deposition of glacial material, the valley filling is very complex.

The final ponding of the Cuyahoga appears to have been of very moderate length and the amount of deposition in the valley rather slight. So far as known to the writer this final stage is not marked by definite shore features but is more clearly shown in the outlet channel that leads through Akron, the head of which is about 390 feet above Lake Erie and 963 feet above sea level. This channel, however, served as a glacial drainage line before it became the outlet of Lake Cuyahoga.

Each of the branches of the Rocky River probably held a similar lake. The one on the West Branch apparently discharged to the River Styx at an altitude slightly above 1,000 feet, and the one on the East Branch reached 1,060 feet, at the present head of that stream, and discharged into the headwaters of Yellow Creek, a tributary of the Cuyahoga.

Maumee beaches.-The Maumee beaches within the Cleveland district have their best development in the Berea quadrangle. They are much interrupted in the Cuyahoga and Euclid quadrangles. At the west edge of the Berea quadrangle, near Fields, stand two ridges, locally known as Butternut Ridge and Chestnut Ridge. Butternut Ridge is a complex shore line in which each of the two beaches is represented. Chestnut Ridge is an offshore bar of the lower Maumee beach. The portion of the outer shore between Fields and the place where the Cleveland Southwestern Railway & Light Co.'s electric line comes to it is notably prominent, with a relief on its northwest side of 20 to 25 feet. The base of this bluff marks the level of the lowest stage of glacial Lake Maumee, 760 feet above sea level, and the bluff seems to have been cut while the lake was at this low stage. On top of the bluff is a gravelly deposit at 775 to 780 feet, which was formed when the lake rose to the higher level as a result of the advance of the ice on the Thumb of Michigan.

While Lake Maumee was cutting this bluff the offshore bar, Chestnut Ridge, was formed about a quarter of a mile out in the lake. This bar is composed mainly of fine sandy gravel, but when the lake

rose to the higher level a finer sediment was laid down upon it, so the ridge has now a loamy soil. It is thus in striking contrast to the higher beach, Butternut Ridge, the gravel of which has very little clay or loam admixture.

A little farther east the Maumee beaches take on unusual complexity. The lower Maumee beach follows the base of the lake bluff to North Olmsted and seems to have continued eastward to the Rocky River bluff along the 760-foot contour. Later it developed a strong bar, which is followed by the electric railroad from North Olmsted to the Rocky River. It is not a simple bar but has hooks, forks, and other complexities. It seems to have been a long time in forming and to have been built from the west end, near North Olmsted, eastward until it had reached a length of 5 miles. Back of it was very shallow water, extending to and beyond the valley of the Rocky River.

There is a conspicuous gravel bar a mile east of Dover, which probably was formed while Lake Maumee was at this low level. It is entirely isolated from the shore south of it, and was apparently built up on a shallow place in the lake. Its altitude is between 750 and 760 feet, and it stands 8 to 12 feet above the bordering clay plain. A gravel pit on a high part of the bar shows the deposit of gravel to be about 12 feet thick. This bar has hooks running eastward from each end, showing that it was built by waves rolling in from the west.

East of the Rocky River, along the Warren Road, from a point near the line of Rockport and West Park Townships southward, stand clay ridges which correspond in altitude with the low level of Lake Maumee and have about the breadth and height of a shore line but in which there appears to be no sand or gravel. They are in a district in which clay shale is close to the surface, and possibly there was no other material for the waves of Lake Maumee to work upon to form a beach deposit. They are not distinguished on the map from the lake-bed clays.

The higher shore of Lake Maumee is marked by great complexity from North Olmsted eastward, there being several strong bars that radiate toward the valley of the Rocky River. The southernmost of these bars is far outside the others and has a lower altitude, for it does not quite reach the 770-foot level. It lies along a road that branches from the road leading south from North Olmsted and runs southeastward to the bluff of the West Branch of the Rocky River a mile north of Olmsted Falls. The low altitude of this bar may perhaps be due to its having been formed while Lake Maumee was rising from the 760foot to the 780-foot level. That it was submerged after its sand and gravel had been deposited is indicated by the presence of a thin coating of loam. The depth of submergence was only 10 to 12 feet.

The main work of the higher lake stage in the vicinity of North Olmsted consisted in the development of a strong gravel bar for about

2 miles southwest of that village and a series of radiating bars extending eastward from the village. The outer radiating bar is only a mile long and dies out before reaching the bluff of the Rocky River. Two others are strongly developed clear to the river bluff near Olmsted, a distance of about 2 miles. The southern one was formed first. The amount of work done here at this higher stage seems to demand a considerable duration of time.

On the east side of the Rocky River a strong gravel bar sets in directly east of Abram Creek and runs along the road northeastward for about 2 miles, to a place where another eastern tributary of the Rocky River comes in. This bar is in places fully one-eighth of a mile wide, and the gravel is several feet deep. It seems to have been developed entirely at the higher lake stage, its altitude being about 780 feet above sea level.

North of this small eastern tributary another large gravel bar appears and runs northeastward about 11⁄2 miles. Large pits have been opened in this bar to obtain gravel for roads. Its altitude is that of the higher stage of Lake Maumee, and it seems to have been entirely developed at that stage. There are other gravel bars along the east bluff of the Rocky River near Kamms, developed at the same stage. From Kamms eastward the electric railroad runs for about 11⁄2 miles along a gravelly bar built at the higher stage of Lake Maumee. Outside of this bar, setting in at the New York Central Railroad and running northeastward, is another gravel bar, which terminates at the bluff of a small western tributary of Big Creek, a short distance north of Lorain Avenue.

The gravel bars just mentioned are on the prominent shale area north of a western tributary of Big Creek. There was a submerged area south of them, but the water was too shallow for effective wave action, so the limits of the lake south of this submerged area must be arbitrarily placed along or near the 780-foot contour. The waters of Lake Maumee at the lower lake stage seem to have had their limit on the northern slope of this prominent shale area. A gravel bar is developed along part of this slope from the New York Central Railroad eastward, but the shore is mainly a lake cliff west of the railroad.

Near Lorain Avenue the gravel bar becomes split up. An outer bar runs directly south to North Linndale and is paralleled by another bar a short distance to the east. The main bar runs southeastward and crosses the Big Four Railroad near the east edge of the Berea quadrangle. The main bar appears to have been begun at the lower lake stage but was built up to a higher level during the succeeding higher lake stage. The bar continues into the Cleveland quadrangle about a mile and terminates at the north bluff of Big Creek.

South of Big Creek Lake Maumee at the lower stage made a definite lake cliff on the north slope of the moraine in Brooklyn Township for

3 miles westward from Brooklyn, or to the line between the Cleveland and Berea quadrangles. When the lake rose to the higher stage a gravel deposit was spread in places on the slope of the moraine up to a level about 20 feet above the foot of the bluff that had been cut at the lower stage. The gravel coating is usually not more than 2 to 5 feet thick and forms a veneer on the clayey till of the moraine. The moraine becomes so low a short distance east of Brooklyn that the lower Maumee beach is found along its crest. This beach extends only a short distance into Independence Township, where the moraine drops too low to catch it.

The beach sets in on the east side of the Cuyahoga Valley, on Warner Road east of Mill Creek. A bar and hook curve around to the east at its south end. This bar appears to have been built during the higher stage of Lake Maumee, for its altitude is a few feet above the level of the lower lake stage. The shore line of Lake Maumee runs along the east side of Mill Creek from its mouth northward to the falls near the crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroad. On the west side of the creek for about a mile below the falls there is a gravel bar at the height of the lower Lake Maumee shore.

Northward from the falls of Mill Creek the Maumee shores at both lower and higher stages are ill defined or are represented by a steep shale bluff. There is a slight deposit of gravelly material around which Giddings Brook makes a bend as it passes below the 780-foot level. This deposit is traceable for about half a mile southward along the brow of a shale bluff, the base of which seems to have been washed at the lower lake stage. The bluff directly back of Fairmount Reservoir may have been steepened somewhat by the action of Lake Maumee. In the Euclid quadrangle no other features than the steep shale bluff were recognized that seem referable to Lake Maumee. The effect of the lake may have been merely to increase the steepness of this bluff and not to have determined its presence. As a feature of relief it probably antedated the glacial epoch.

Work of Cuyahoga River at time of glacial Lake Maumee.-While Lake Maumee was developing its shore lines the Cuyahoga River graded its channel to a corresponding altitude, and along its border remnants of the stream bed of Maumee time can still be traced. One of the best-preserved remnants lies back of Brecksville station, where an area of more than half a square mile is covered with river rubble. There is a continuous coating with pebbles and cobblestones, the largest 6 inches or more in diameter, extending from 760 feet up to about 790 feet above sea level. There is no terracing of the slope between 790 and 760 feet, which is thought to indicate that the deposit of river rubble was built up with the rise of the lake level. If so the rubble at about 790 feet was laid down later than that lower on the slope. This veneering with rubble ends just east of

the forks of the road midway between Brecksville village and the railroad station. For nearly a quarter of a mile farther west and up to an altitude 10 to 15 feet higher the slope is coated with a clay deposit, which may have been laid down at flood stages. The river rubble seems to represent work along the bed of the stream and not the full upper limit of the water. Remnants of the valley filling of the Cuyahoga on each side of the mouth of Tinkers Creek have about as great extent as those near Brecksville station and are of similar character. There are smaller remnants scattered along the valley down about to the place where the Maumee beaches cross the valley. The northernmost place noted is on the east side of the Cuyahoga about a mile south of the mouth of Mill Creek, where a spur projects into the valley. This spur drops below the level of Lake Maumee, but the part above 760 feet is coated with coarse river rubble, some stones being a foot in diameter. This deposit is exposed along the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad (not shown on the map) for about a quarter of a mile farther north and is from 2 to 6 feet deep.

Work of Rocky River at time of glacial Lake Maumee.-When Lake Maumee was at its lowest level the Rocky River entered the lake immediately north of Olmsted. For 3 miles farther down the river there is on the left or northwest bank a deposit of sandy gravel similar to a natural levee which may have been brought in by the river to fill a lagoon south of the Maumee bar along which the electric railroad runs from North Olmsted eastward. It is probable that this deposit was not extended down the valley until the bar had been developed as far down as the vicinity of the line of Dover and Rockport Townships, for up to that time the lake waves were free to extend clear to the river. When the bar had been developed, the shallow waters of the lagoon were entered by the strong current of the stream, and the stream then extended its deposits into the lagoon and thus built the supposed natural levee. In doing so it reworked some of the material that had been developed by the lake, so that this strip of sandy gravel is a combination of lake and stream work.

When the lake rose to the higher level the water covered this part of the Rocky River Valley and extended up both branches of the river to 775 or 780 feet above sea level. On the East Branch its limit was at Berea; on the West Branch it was as far up as Westview. The stream at this higher lake stage made no conspicuous deposits where it entered the lake, though a thin deposit of pebbly material is found on the till about half a mile above Westview on the west side of the West Branch. On the East Branch in Berea, near the falls by the railroad bridge, there is also more or less waterworn

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