mans, who have not the same aversion to the ultimate accent that we have, lay the stress of voice distinctly on the final syllable, thus, på-riss. HANOVER, which might be pronounced with the native accentuation (HANO'VER) without the slightest offence to the genius of our tongue,* has become irrecoverably HAN'OVER. Thus, also, we pronounce ANDALU SIA, (in Spanish, ANDALUCIA,) AR'AGON, (in Spanish, ARAGON',) &c. So, in our own country, the old NIAGARA has become unalterably fixed as NIAGARA; and HURON' has given place to HuʼRON.

X. It may be observed that with respect to foreign names, not only in the French, Italian, and other languages that are written in the Roman letters, but also in Germant and Greek, (the characters of which may be readily converted into corresponding Roman letters,) it is generally customary in English to retain the literal spelling, e. g. ANSPACH, (German, Anspach,) KÖNIGSBERG, (German, Königsberg,) CHIOS, (Greek, Xios.) &c., excepting a very few well-known names, as LYONS, (French, Lyon,) NAPLES, (Italian, Napoli,) MUNICH, (German, München,) DANTZIC, (German, Danzig,) LEIPSIC, (German, Leipzig;) we often find, however, the last two names spelled literally Danzig and Leipzig.

XI. On the other hand, names in languages of which the characters cannot be readily converted into Roman letters, or which are but little known as written lan

guages, are usually spelled according to their sound in some well-known European tongue. Thus the name of one of the cities of Persia is written, in English, Shooster or Shuster, in German, Schuster, and in French, Chouster, precisely the same sound being expressed by these different spellings.

We find, in English works of the highest character, these various modes of writing oriental and other names employed indiscriminately. Thus in McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, under the article SHUSTER, we find within the space of eight lines Khuzistan, (KHOOZISTAN,) Karoon, and Dezphoul, (DEZFOOL;) the first name being, as regards the sound of the vowels, German or Italian, the second English, and the third French. On

We have a multitude of words similar in accent, as promoter, devotion, &c.

+ It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to remark, that Roman

the map of Persia, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, names written according to these three different modes occur promiscuously in almost every part. Even the same name is frequently spelled differently in different parts of the same work. Thus, on the map just mentioned, OORFA is written " Orfa or Ourfa," while on another of the same set it is spelled Urfa. In the Penny Cyclopædia we find Boossa and Boussa, Soodan and Sudan, Toorkistan and Turkistan, &c. McCulloch gives SHUMLA (Shoomla) under its proper head, but mentioning the town in another place, writes it Schumla: in the same article, AFRICA, he has both Soodan and Soudan, each occurring several times: under MOGADORE he gives Shwera (more properly Sweera) as the Moor

ish name of this town; afterward, in enumerating the principal fortified and garrison towns of Morocco, he gives Suira, (pronounced Sweera,) without so much as mentioning the name of MOGADORE. As neither

Schumla nor Suira are to be found in his

Gazetteer under their respective heads, it is scarcely possible that any one unacquainted with the different modes of writing these names should know what places are meant by them, or in what part of his work to look for information respecting them.

XII. In order to avoid the perplexity and confusion resulting from the diversity which prevails in the mode of writing oriental names and others of the same class, we have made it a point always to spell them after the English manner, except in a few instances where a different spelling appears to have become thoroughly established by usage. Accordingly, we have given OORFA, SOODAN, TOORKISTAN, &c., as the preferable mode of writing such names; at the same time, under the heads of OURFA and URFA, SOUDAN and SuDAN, and TURKISTAN, the reader will find a reference to the names as spelled in the English manner, to which he must look for a de

scription of those places. By adopting this plan, it is believed that the correct pronunciation of oriental names will be taught in the simplest and easiest manner; the perplexity and error into which the prevailing inconsistent mode of writing such names has sometimes led even well-informed geogra

ing German.

contradictions which are so often met with

in our most popular geographical works will be accounted for and reconciled.*

XIII. In giving the pronunciation of this class of geographical names, to represent the accent correctly is the principal difficulty to be encountered. Those acquainted with French are aware that this language has no accent, in the sense in which we employ the term. The same may be said of the Hungarian, and perhaps also of the Arabic, Turk

There can be little doubt, that the practice which prevails among the English, of writing oriental names after the manner of other European nations, has sometimes led geographers of the highest character into error. Thus Mantchoo, the name of a tribe cf Tartars inhabiting the north part of the Chinese empire, is written, by some of the most respectable authorities, Manchow. It is probable that in the first place some English writer or writers spelled it Mantchou, after the French manner, and that others, supposing it to be English, and wishing to adopt a mode of spelling less equivocal, wrote it Manchow. It may be, however, that the latter indicates the true pronunciation, and that the name was originally written correctly Mantchou, the ou having its genuine English sound; and that some English writer, naturally supposing it to be French, (for many, if not most, of the English appear to prefer the French mode of spelling such names to their own,) without investigating the subject, converted the name, as they thought, into English, by writing it Mantchoo. As Mantehooria (the country of the Mantchoos) is rarely visited by Europeans, this question may long remain undecided. At present, Mantchoo appears to have become almost universal. In one of the earlier numbers of the Penny Cyclopædia (article CHINA) we find it written Manchow, but in other parts of the work, Mandshoo, which does not differ materially in sound from Mantchoo.

Had the English uniformly adopted the practice of writing oriental names according to the sounds of their own language, it is probable that CABUL would never have lost its native sound (K&'-b'l) so far as to be generally pronounced

by the English and French, Cubool or Cuboul. (See CABOOL, in the body of this work.) It is true that it was formerly written correctly, in English works, Clubul or Caubul; but the practice of spelling oriental names according to the German or Italian mode is so common among English writers, that analogy would naturally lead us to adopt or confirm that pronunciation of Cabul, which appears to be now so thoroughly established. Had it been the uniform praetice of English travellers and geographers to write such names as Surmul, Dezful, (or Derphoul,) according to the sounds of their own tongue, viz. Soormool and Dezfool, no English reader would have thought of pronouncing the u in Cabul like oo. The erroneous pronunciation of a single name may, perhaps, justly be regarded as of little moment; but the embarrassment and error into which the prevailing practice of English writers on geography is continually liable to lead both the ignorant and learned, appear to us to involve considerations of the highest importance to the Interests of geographical science. From a sincere wish to add as much as possible to the utility of the present work, we have had recourse to the system of writing oriental names which has already been explained. It may be remarked, that though this system is frequently at variance with common usage, it is sanctioned by the example of the most distinguished French geographers, as well as of several English writers of the highest character.

ish, and Persian. At all events, those best acquainted with these languages are not unfrequently at a loss, when they wish to represent accurately in English the accentuation of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian words. Nevertheless, it will be found that here, as in the French and Hungarian, there is something analogous to our accent, which will generally serve to guide us in marking in English the accentuation of names in these languages. The different syllables of oriental names, however, like those of French words, are not unfrequently pronounced with a stress of voice so nearly equal, that it has been deemed proper, in a number of instances, to use the secondary accents, in order to indicate more precisely the true pronunciation. (See Remarks on the French accent, Section XVI.)

OBS. 1. It may not be improper here to remind the reader, that the accents which we often see upon oriental names are by no means to be understood as always indicating the manner in which an Englishman should accentuate these names in pronunciation, as they are often employed to denote some particular sound in the vowels over which they are placed. Thus some authors place an accent upon a, when they wish merely to signify that this letter has the clear full sound of a in far. In the same manner, an accent is placed upon u, in order to show that it has the Italian or German sound, or, in other words, is to be pronounced like oo.

OBS. 2. The sound of a in several of the oriental languages is often very broad, approaching nearly to that of au in English. Hence we often see AFGHAUN instead of AFGHAN, CAUVERY instead of CAVERY, sultaun instead of sultan, &c. In writing NEPAUL and BHOPAUL, the improper diphthong au appears to be almost universally employed by the English. The French indicate the same sound by using a with a circumflex, e. g. NEPAL, BHOPAL, &c. This method is, perhaps, preferable to ours, the sound of â being intermediate between that in the English word far and that in fall.

OBS. 3. The Arabic article al or el is often changed in pronunciation, so as to correspond with the initial consonant of the word to which it is prefixed; thus, EL-RASHEED, (Rashid,) ELSHAM, (the Arabic name of Syria,) and ELSIOOT, are pronounced, and should be written in English, Er-Rasheed, Esh-Sham, Es-Sioot. The vowel sound of the article also varies considerably, sometimes approaching that of 00; thus the " Country of Dates," is usually pronounced Beled'õõl Jer-eed'. So ES-SI0OT (or SI0OT, without the article) is sometimes written Assyout and Osioot.

OBS. 4. Gh, in the Arabic and some other

have not attempted to distinguish it in pronunciation, having represented it merely by a hard g.

OBS. 5. Kh is equivalent to ch in German, and accordingly has been represented by K, distinguished as a small capital.

Ir may, perhaps, be proper to remark that this brief exposition of the peculiar sounds of the different European languages has been prepared solely with reference to the pronunciation of foreign geographical names. The object has been twofold: first, to enable the reader more fully to understand the system of orthoepy adopted in this Gazetteer; secondly, to furnish some general hints for the proper pronunciation of those European names which are not found in the present work. Some explanation of the kind has been deemed indispensable; and, brief and imperfect as this may be, it is hoped that it will be found to answer the particular object proposed.

6. Yis equivalent to the French u or .

7. Aa sounds like o.

8. Ae sounds like a in fate.

9. Je sounds like ee in English.

10. Oe or ö is the same as in German.

11. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, s, t, x, z, are like the English.

12. D, between two vowels, or at the end of a syllable in which it follows a vowel, sounds like th in this; in other situations it is usually the same as in English.

13. G is always hard; at the end of a word it is sounded very slightly, so as to resemble h; e. g. AALBORG is pronounced nearly ol'-bor'h.

14. Jis like the English y, (consonant.)

15. R is similar to the German.

16. is usually like the English, but it sometimes appears to have a vowel sound; thus, havn is pronounced almost houn.

17. Wnas a sound similar to the German.

DUTCH. XV.

1. The vowels a, e, i, o, and u are similar to the French. 2. F is like long i in English, as in nigh. OBS. Ij is sometimes made use of instead of y; thus, OVERYSSEL is not unfrequently written Overijssel. 3. Ae is equivalent to åå or å.

4. Le sounds like ee in English. 5. Oe sounds like oo.

6. Oo sounds like o long.

7. Ui or uy is similar to oi in English, or eu in German. 8. The consonants b, c, f, h, k, l, M, N, P, Q, r, s, t, x, a are similar to the English.

9. D, at the end of a word, is like t; in other cases it is the same as in English.

10. G resembles in sound a strongly aspirated h, or the German ch.

11. Jis equivalent to the English y, (consonant.)

12. V, at the beginning of a word or name, usually sounds Hike f, as in German.

13. W is somewhat like the German, but softer. In the word Nieuw, ("new,") followed by a consonant, as NIEUW. POORT, (written also NIEUPOORT.) it is silent.

14. Ch is similar to the German ch. (15.) Sch, however, has not, as in German, the sound of the English sh, but the pure sound of s, followed by the guttural ch, resembling sk in English.

OBS. The FLEMISH is so closely allied to the Dutch, that it may be regarded as essentially the same language.

FRENCH. XVI.

1. A, in French, is generally considered to have two sounds: the first long, as in the English word far, e. g. in pas; the second short, almost like a in fat, e. g. in bal. A circumflexed, (a,) however, has a sound broader than the a pas, being intermediate between that in far and that in fall. In giving the pronunciation of French names containing an &, we have used the same letter, as we have no equivalent in English.

in

OBS. The French a would frequently seem to be intermediate between its second English sound and that of short u. However this may be, the French writers often employ a in spelling oriental names, when the English make use of u, e. g. in CUTCH, (Fr. Catch ;) FURRUCKABAD, (Fr. Farrakâbâd;) MUSKAT, (Fr. Muscate.)

2. E has three sounds: (1.) close, like a in fate, e. g. in été; (2.) open, nearly as in met, but more prolonged, e. g. in procès and tête (3.) obscure, as in battery, e. g. in retour, devrait.t

*In pronouncing this sound, the mouth must be freely opened, whence the name.

†The e in these and similar cases is often scarcely sounded at all, and appears to pass imperceptibly into e mute; retour and devrait may be pronounced r'toor and d'vray.

3. I has two sounds: the first nearly as in the English word fig, e. g. in il, ami; the second like ie in field, or ee, e. g. in gîte.

4. O has three sounds: (1.) nearly as in robe, e. g. in trône; (2.) as in rob, e. g. in parole; (3.) as in lord, e. g. in corps.

OES. O circumflexed, in French, has a deeper and fuller sound than o long in English: in giving the pronunciation of French names containing this letter, we have used the same, as no English vowel or vowels could accurately indicate its sound, e. g. PUY DE DÔME, pwee d'dôme.

5. The sound of the French u has no equivalent in English. It may be said to be intermediate between ee and oo; but it can be learned from an oral instructor only. In the present work it is represented by the German ü, (or ue.)

OBS. U, before n, nasal, has its second English sound nearly, un being pronounced almost uno.

6. Yis similar to the French i.

7. Ai is like è, or e open.
8. Au is like ō.

9. E is like 2.

Ons. In giving the pronunciation of French names in which ai or ai (not followed by n nasal) occur, e. g. LORRAINE, SEINE, &c., we have sometimes represented the sound of these diphthongs by å or ai, because this is the usual mode of anglicizing such names. But with regard to places less known, ai and ei are rendered by è, (e in met,) as BARTENHEIM, barteh-nêm'. In these instances the sound of should be somewhat prolonged, the mouth at the same time being freely opened.

10. Eu is similar to the English u in tub, but the sound is more prolonged, nearly resembling u in fur.

Ons. Eu, in the different parts of the verb avoir, "to have," always has the sound of simple u.

11. le is like ee in English, or í.

12. Oi ususally sounds like wå, e. g. moi is pronounced mwå or mwoh.

Ons. Oi was formerly used in the termination of the French verbs, e. g. avois, avoit, avoient; also in the final syllable of a number of adjectives, as Polonois, "Polish," and Lyonnois, "belonging to Lyons." The oi in these words-which are now usually written avais, avait, avaient, Plonais, Lyonnais-sounds like ai, (or è.)

13. Ou sounds like oo in English.

14. B, c, d, f, k, p, t, v, and z, are the same as in English. 15. G, before a, o, and u, is hard, as in the English word gap; before e, i, and y, it is soft, having the sound of zh, or of s in pleasure. Gu sounds like g hard; thus, gué, guide, are pronounced gå, gheed.

16. H is never pronounced in French so forcibly as in English. Some orthoepists say that h has no sound in French.t

17. J sounds like soft g in French, or zh in English. 18. L has usually the same sound as in English; but when it ends a word, being preceded by i, or when I follows i, in any situation, it usually has what is called its liquid sound. This may be said to answer nearly to the sound of Uli in million, the sound of l in such cases being blended with that of y, (consonant;) e. g. papillon is pronounced på-peel-yon; CHANTILLY, shon-teel-yee', &c. It should, however, be observed that, according to the present practice of the more polite French speakers, the sound of l is scarcely heard at all in such words, so that their pronunciation might rather be indicated thus-på-pee-yon"'; shỏng-tee-yee'.

19. Mand N, when followed by a vowel, or when double, have the same sound as in English; but when at the end of a word, (not immediately followed by another word beginning with a vowel,) or when followed by another conso

*C, with a cedilla, (g,) before a, o, and u, sounds like s; thus ça, ço, su, are pronounced sa, so, su.

† See Bolmar's Fables-Remark on the letter h, page 4.

nant in the middle of a word, they have what is termed the nasal sound, which resembles that of ng, as in long, pang, &c., but is somewhat softer; thus, m and n are nasal in such words as comparer, coNteNte, but have their natural sound in such as commune, connu. MELUN, before a consonant, or standing by itself, would be pronounced almost m'lun; but if followed immediately by a vowel, as in the sentence, Melun a six mille habitans, "Melun has six thousand inhabitants," the final n is sounded distinctly like nn: the pronoun sien, when not followed by a vowel, is pronounced nearly se-N; but when it takes the feminine termination, the n, being doubled, has the same sound as in English, so that sienne is pronounced se-enn'.

20. Mor n, nasal, when preceded by e, usually causes this vowel to assume the broad sound of a: thus, dents, sens, are pronounced like the French words dans and sans, almost as if written in English done and son".

21. In, im, ain, aim, ein, oin, and en, preceded immediately by i, when nasal, have a sound nearly resembling that of ang in the English word pang. In such cases, in, im, ain, aim, ein, and en are pronounced alike, AN; the o in oin has the sound of our w, so that loin and soin are pronounced almost lwane, swâno.

22. In om and on, nasal, the o is long, as in won't.

OBS. The French nasal sound is represented in the present work by No, and sometimes by N or M distinguished as a small capital, e. g. CHAUMONT, Sho-mÓN; QUIMPER, kâм`-pÅre".

23. Qor qu, in French, always sounds like k, e. g. quel is pronounced kel; qui, kee.

OBS. Q, in French words, (except when terminal, as in coq and cinq,) is always followed by u, though it is sometimes employed without this letter in writing certain foreign names. Thus Balbi and several other authors, both French and English, write Qené for KENEH; Qoum for Kooм, &c. In such cases, q is used to denote a sound like that of k, but somewhat more guttural.

24. R is like the English, but is trilled more strongly, especially when it precedes another consonant, or stands at the end of a word, as in vertu, punir: in similar cases, the English r is but very slightly sounded. This sound is indicated by a small capital E.

25. S, when single and between two vowels, sounds like z: in other cases it is the same as in English.

26. generally has the same sound as in English, but is sometimes sounded like s, e. g. in six, pronounced seece, and Bruxelles, (Brussels,) pronounced brü' sell'; and occasionally like z, as in dixième, dee`-ze-aim!.

27. Ch is like sh in English: th is like t.

28. Gn (the same as in Italian) has a sound which blends that of n and y, (consonant,) or, in other words, is equivalent to the sound of ni in minion. Thus, AVIGNON is pronounced a-veen-yon"'.

OBS. This sound is represented in Spanish by ñ, and bears the same relation to n that the liquid (1) does to the ordinary l. In Hungarian it is expressed by ny, and in Portuguese by nh.

When it occurs in the middle of a word, we have represented it by n and y, as in the example above given; but when it stands at the end of a word, as it cannot then be expressed by any letter or combination of letters in English, it has been indicated by the Spanish : accordingly, the French pronunciation of such names as COLOGNE and BOULOGNE are thus given-ko-loff', boo-loff'.

SILENT LETTERS.

29. The vowel e at the end of a word, when not marked with an accent, is invariably mute, e. g. in parle, con tente, &c.

In uttering this sound, care should be taken not to press the back part of the tongue against the palate, as is done in pronouncing the English ng.

The particles le, ne, and the pronouns je, me, te, &c., are perhaps, strictly speaking, exceptions; but though the e in

30. The French consonants, when occurring at the end of a word, are generally not pronounced, unless they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel, e. g. in content, Bordeaux, and dents. If, however, they are followed by a mute e, or any other vowel, they must always be articulated, e. g. in contente, denté, &c.

OBS. 1. The letters c, f, 1, and r are, when final, very often pronounced; e. g. in avec, neuf, il, and punir.

OBS. 2. The French articulate the final consonants in almost all foreign and classical names, e. g. in AMSTERDAM, (m not nasal,) VÉNUS, &C.

REMARKS ON THE FRENCH ACCENT.

It may be observed that the French language has no actent, in the sense in which we employ this term. The marks called accents, that are placed over the different vowels, serve only to indicate some particular sound of these letters, and not that peculiar impulse of the voice which characterizes an accented syllable in the English and most other European tongues. Thus, the accent over the e in parlé serves to show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the same time distinguishes it from parle, another form of the same verb, in which the e is mute. The circumflex imparts to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and deeper sound than ordinary; e. g. in hâte, tempête, gîte, and apôtre.

It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that they seem, to an English ear, to accentuate the last, because, in our language, the universal tendency is to throw the accent toward the beginning of the word. (See IX. Obs. 2.) Others, on the contrary, maintain that in pronouncing words of a number of syllables, the voice of a native French speaker almost invariably rises and dwells on the last, and that this peculiar terminal intonation is very analogous, and nearly equivalent, to our accent. This last opinion appears to us to be not without a real foundation. But, however the question may be settled, the fact that the English, who have learned the pronunciation of names from hearing them spoken by the French themselves, almost invariably throw the accent on the final syllable, furnishes, in our judgment, sufficient ground for establishing a general rule on this subject. Accordingly, in the present work, we have, with very few exceptions, placed the principal accent on the last syllable of French geographical names; at the same time it has been thought proper to mark the others with secondary accents, in order to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indistinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in English. The pronunciation of ORLÉANS, for example, has been thus given—OR'-lá`-ÔNo.

OBS. Particular care, however, should be taken not to break such names into as many isolated sounds as there are different syllables; but, while pronouncing these syllables with a stress of voice nearly equal, to let each glide smoothly into that which follows it. It may be observed, that the French, in uttering short sentences, usually make the dif ferent words run into each other, as if they were parts of the same word.

GERMAN. XVII.

1. A, in German, usually sounds as in the English word fur, though sometimes approximating the a in fat.

2. E, when long, sounds like a in fate; when short, like e in met: frequently, however, it has an obscure sound, like e in battery.

these words is not always absolutely mute, it is very often so; thus, the sentence vous me trouverez le même, is pronounced voom troov rel mame, the vowel in me and ne being entirely suppressed, and the consonants attached to the preceding words.

3. I, long, sounds like i in marine, (or ee in English,) i, short, like i in pit.

4. O, long, is like that in no; o, short, like that in on. 6. U, long, is like oo in cuckoo; u, short, like oo in good. 6. Y sounds like the German i.

7. Ae, or a, is similar to the German e, or to the English a in fute.

8. Oe, or ö, nearly resembles the eu in French, but has no parallel sound in English; the sound in our language nearest to it is that of e in her, or u in fur: the German poets often rhyme it with e, (à or ẻ.)

9. Ue, or ü, is like the French u.

10. Au is equivalent to the English ou in our.

11. Au and eu resemble in sound the English oi, as in oil. 12. Ei and ey have the sound of i in mine, as pronounced by the Americans, (the English draw the corners of the mouth farther back.)

13. Ai is similar to the preceding, but somewhat broader.

15. Je is equivalent to ee in English.

16. The consonants f, k, l, m, n, p, q, t, and z are pronounced as in English.

17. B and d, at the beginning of a word, have the same sound as in English; at the end of a word, b is pronounced like p, and d like t.

18. C, before a, o, and u, sounds like k; before e, i, and y, like ts.

19. Ch has a sound unknown in our language, and which, consequently, can be learned from an oral instructor only. It somewhat resembles that of our h, with a strong aspiration: after a, o, and u, it is guttural; for example, in the word ach. When it follows e, i, d, ö, ü, äu, or eu, it seems to be sounded more in the palate, as in ich. We have represented this sound in the present work by K, distinguished as a small capital.

OBS. Ch, before s, radical, (i. e. forming a part of the root of the word,) has the sound of k; e. g. Ochs is pronounced oks; Sachsen, såk'-sen, &c.

20. G, at the beginning of a word, sounds as in the English word get. In other situations, it should be pronounced nearly like the German ch,in which cases it is represented by G small capital. (See Section V.) In some German dialects, how. ever, it is sounded, in all cases, nearly like 7 hard, in English. 21. His pronounced only when it begins a word.

OBS. 1. When g and h occur in the middle of a compound word, they have the same sound as when they are initial, provided they begin any part which is a complete word in itself; thus, in the participle gegeben, (given,) the latter g has the same sound as the former, because it begins the verb geben, (to give,) from which that participle is derived. It is sounded in like manner in aufgeben, (to give up,) and vergeben, (to forgive,) &c. H, in similar instances, is pro nounced; e. g. in gehabt, aufhalten, &c.

OBS. 2. Gand h, occurring after a vowel, lengthen its sound; c. g. in Tag, Zahl, Floh, pronounced tåg, tsål, fio, &c.

22. J has the sound of the English y, (consonant.) 23. Q is only used before u, and sounds as in the English word quit.

24. R is pronounced like rr in the English word terror, but somewhat more strongly. (See XVI. 24.)

OBS. Care should be taken to pronounce the r, in Germar,

Those who have no opportunity of acquiring this sound from a German, might perhaps learn it from a Scotchman, as the Scotch ch is essentially the same with the German, though pronounced somewhat more strongly.